國際商務英語名詞解釋

1、Lesson 1Visible trade有形貿(mào)易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade無形貿(mào)易: The form of transportation, commun

2、ication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. Portfolio investment證券投資: Purchases of foreign financial assets for

3、a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds債券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing許可經(jīng)營: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in anothe

4、r country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特許經(jīng)營: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trade

5、marks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特許方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特許方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management c

6、ontract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交鑰匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and fa

7、cility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment國際投資: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business國際商務: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs a

8、reas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreig

9、n company .Lesson 2GNP國民生產(chǎn)總值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per cap

10、ita GDP人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without

11、reference to (不針對) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由貿(mào)易區(qū): The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union關(guān)稅同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy Common market共同市場: Th

12、e members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)經(jīng)濟同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditu

13、re, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨國公司母公司，總部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨國公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies i

14、n which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨國企業(yè): Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country,

15、 through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母國: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country東道國: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates

16、.Lesson 5Absolute advantage絕對利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比較利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for

17、 mutually beneficial trade.International trade國際貿(mào)易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization專業(yè)化: To restrict

18、 ones economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties進口關(guān)稅: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口關(guān)稅: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff關(guān)稅: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota配額: A quota limits the imports or

19、 exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退稅: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠國待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to

20、 all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different i

21、nterpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency

22、.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nations own domestic market and industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one cou

23、ntry, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry詢盤、詢價: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation報盤: Estimate of how much something

24、will costCounter offer還盤: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盤人：A first enquiry首次詢價: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一個合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一個實盤: Sta

25、tement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties default, but of the uncontrollable causes. One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cau

26、se. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation極度通貨膨脹is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, a

27、nd finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation貶值Barter易貨貿(mào)易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向購買、互購貿(mào)易:

28、The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回購貿(mào)易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output

29、 produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 匯付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟單匯票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟單托收: It is means of ensuring that the g

30、oods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、領(lǐng)款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期匯票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawe

31、e.Usance draft遠期匯票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft匯票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws

32、the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申請人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the estab

33、lishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)開證行: The bank that issues the credit. Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank . Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往來行、關(guān)系行:The bank in the exporter

34、s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporters country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兌行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用證:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at t

35、he request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank議付行: The bank buys the exporters draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization et

36、c. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose national identity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用證: credit only require clean draft, which isnt accompanied with shipping documents.

37、The documentary credit跟單信用證: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用證: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用證: The credit that can not be amended or revoked withou

38、t the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兌信用證: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兌信用：The credit isnt confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用證: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term

39、credit, Time credit)遠期信用證:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證: The credit can not b

40、e transferred.Non-draft credit無匯票信用證: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循環(huán)信用證: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit bein

41、g made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商業(yè)發(fā)票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods

42、including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is en

43、titled to it by lawPacking list裝箱單: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading記名提單: It is made out so that on

44、ly the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承運人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契約承運人

45、: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation運輸和貨物運輸: In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, fre

46、ight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保險人，保戶: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the un

47、derwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保險費is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goodsCargo insurance貨物保險: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and im

48、porters, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保險: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保險: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members

49、who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity賠償原則: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insur

50、able interest可保利益: It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最

51、大誠信原則：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分攤原則: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover t

52、he same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原則: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the pr

53、oximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss. Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate匯率、兌換率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotatio

54、n（匯率）直接標價: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元 外幣為基準Indirect quote / quotation（匯率）間接標價: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate買入價: It refers to the rate by which a commercial ban

55、k buys a currency.Selling rate賣出價: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中間價 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特別提款權(quán): Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strate

56、gy綠地戰(zhàn)略: Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并購: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilitie

57、s of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partne

58、rs may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠國: A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences: Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatm