TPO36閱讀文本和題目正式版

1、TPO36-1The First EyePutting a date on the first appearanee of eyes depends on what one means by eye. If the term refers to a multicellular organ, even if it has just a few cells, the n by defi niti on, eyes could not form before there were multicellular ani mals. But many protists (animal-like, plan

2、tlike, or fungus-like unicellular organisms that require a water-based environment) can detect light by using aggregations of pigment molecules, and they use this information to modify their metabolic activity or motility (the ability to move spontaneously and independently). One of the familiar liv

3、ing examples, probably known to anyone who has taken a biology class, is the aquatic protozoan Euglena, which has an eyespot near its motile fIagellum (hairlike structure). Some living protists are very like their ancestral forms embedded in ancient sedimentary rocks, and this similarity suggests th

4、at the ability to detect light and modify behavior in resp onse to light has bee n around for a very long time. Ani mals arose from one of such uni cellular creatures, perhaps from one already specialized for a primitive ki nd of visi on.An eye is a collectio n of cells that are specialized for ligh

5、t detect ion through the prese nce of photose nsitive pigme nt as well as a means of restrict ing the direct ion of incoming light that will strike the photose nsitive cells. This defi niti on says nothing about image formati on, len ses, eye moveme nts, or any of the other features we associate wit

6、h our own eyes, but it does recog nize the simplest form of fun cti onal and an atomical specialisati on n amely, detect ion of light. Everythi ng else can be built up from this simple begi nning, and some ani mals appear to have had eyes almost from the begi nning of the ani mal kin gdom.Ani mals w

7、ere scarce 600 millio n years ago in the geological era called the Precambria n. There are very few fossil rema ins from that time (though more keep tur ning up), and most evide nce of the prese nce of ani mals is in direct, such as small tunn els in rock that could be ancient worm burrow in gs. But

8、 just 50 millio n years or so later, fossilized bits and pieces of ani mals abo und, suggesti ng that a great burst of evoluti onary creativity occurred in the 50-milli on-year in terval. This surge of new life, marked by an abundance of animals, is called the Cambrian explosion.The first direct evi

9、de nce for the early origi n of eyes comes from fossils that are about 530 milli on years old, a time shortly after the Cambria n explosi on; they were found on a mountain side in British Columbia in a deposit known as the Burgess Shale. The Burgess Shale fossils are extraord in arily importa nt bec

10、ause among them are rema ins of soft-bodied creatures, many of them lacking shells and other hard parts that fossilize easily. Consequently, their preservation is little short of miraculous (as are the delicate methods used to recon struct three-dime nsional structure from these flatte ned fossils),

11、 and they are one of the few known repositories of early soft-bodied ani mals.Not all of the Burgess animals had eyes. However, some did. (Gross features location, size, and hemispheric shape are responsible for the designation of some structures as eyes). The reconstructed eyes of these Burgess ani

12、mals look superficially like eyes of some living crustaceans, particularly those of shrimp and crabs whose eyes are mounted on stalks that improve the range of vision by raising the eyes above the surface of the head. The eyes of some Burgess organisms sat on stalks; those of others were on or a par

13、t of the body surface. One animal, Opabinia, had five eyes: two lateral pairs and a single medial eye; at least one of the lateral pairs had stalks that could have been movable. And some trilobite-like animals in the Burgess Shale had faceted eyes much like those of later fossil trilobites.Although

14、the presence of eyes on some of the Burgess animals indicates that eyes have been around for a very long time, it is unlikely that these were the first eyes; they seem much too large and (potentially) well developed to be brand new inventions. The best we can do is put the origin of eyes somewhere b

15、etween the beginning of the Cambrian explo sion, about 600 milli on years ago, and the death of the Burgess ani mals, some 530 milli on years ago.Paragraph 1: Putting a date on the first appearanee of eyes depends on what one means by eye. If the term refers to a multicellular orga n, even if it has

16、 just a few cells, the n by defi niti on, eyes could not form before there were multicellular animals. But many protists (animal-like, plantlike, or fungus-like unicellular organisms that require a water-based environment) can detect light by using aggregations of pigment molecules, and they use thi

17、s information to modify their metabolic activity or motility (the ability to move spontaneously and independently). One of the familiar living examples, probably known to anyone who has take n a biology class, is the aquatic protozoa n Eugle na, which has an eyespot n ear its motile fIagellum (hairl

18、ike structure). Some living protists are very like their ancestral forms embedded in ancient sedimentary rocks, and this similarity suggests that the ability to detect light and modify behavior in response to light has bee n around for a very long time. Ani mals arose from one of such uni cellular c

19、reatures, perhaps from one already specialized for a primitive kind of visi on.1. The word aggregations" iithe passage is closest in meaning toParts.React ions.Groups.Types.2. Paragraph 1 supports all of the following statements about protists EXCEPT:Some are multicellular.Some are able to move

20、.Some have pigme nt molecules.They live in environments that contain moisture.3. According to paragraph 1, what have scientists concluded from the fact that some living protists are very like their ancestral formsThe eye did not evolve un til multicellular orga ni sms arose.The ability to detect lig

21、ht and cha nge behavior in resp onse to light has existed for a long time.The ancestral forms of these living protists likely had an eyespot near the motile flagellum.The ancestral forms of these living protists depended primarily on light as the mechanism for modifying their metabolic activity or m

22、otility.Paragraph 2: An eye is a collection of cells that are specialized for light detection through the presence of photosensitive pigme nt as well as a means of restrict ing the direct ion of incoming light that will strike the photose nsitive cells. This definition says nothing about image forma

23、tion, lenses, eye movements, or any of the other features we associate with our own eyes, but it does recog nize the simplest form of functional and an atomical specialisati on n amely, detecti on of light. Everyth ing else can be built up from this simple begi nning, and some ani mals appear to hav

24、e had eyes almostfrom thebegi nning of the ani mal kin gdom.4. Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about the early eyesThey were able to detect simple moveme nts almost from the begi nning of their evoluti on.They were not as sen sitive to light as once thought.They could not form images.Thei

25、r cells had more photose nsitive pigme nt tha n do huma n eyesParagraph 3: Ani mals were scarce 600 milli on years ago in the geological era called the Precambria n. There are very few fossil rema ins from that time (though more keep turning up), and most evide nce of the prese nce of ani mals is in

26、 direct, such as small tunn els in rock that could be ancient worm burrow in gs. But just 50 milli on years or so later, fossilized bits and pieces of animals abound, suggesting that a great burst of evolutionary creativity occurred in the 50-million-year interval. This surge of new life, marked by

27、an abundance of ani mals, is called the Cambria n explosi on.5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.There are few fossils from the P

28、recambria n, though more keep turni ng up.Most evide nce of an imals in the fossil record is in direct and little of it is from the Precambria n.Tunn els in Precambria n rocks that may have bee n made by worms provide in direct evide nee of these an imals exist ing at that time.There are very few fo

29、ssils of animals from the Precambrian and most evidenee of animal life from that period is in direct.6. According to paragraph 3, the Cambrian period was characterized byA great abundance of ani malsA slow rate of ani mal exti nctionThe rapid fossilizati on of an imalsAn in crease in the life spa n

30、of some an imalsParagraph 4: The first direct evide nee for the early origi n of eyes comes from fossils that are about 530 milli on years old, a time shortly after the Cambria n explosi on; they were found on a mountain side in British Columbia in a deposit known as the Burgess Shale. The Burgess S

31、hale fossils are extraord in arily importa nt because among them are remai ns of soft-bodied creatures, many of them lack ing shells and other hard parts that fossilize easily. Con seque ntly, their preservati on is|littleshort of miraculous (as are the delicate methods used to recon struct three-di

32、me nsional structure from these flatte ned fossils), and they are one of the few known repositories of early soft-bodied animals.7. The phrase little short of miraculous is closest in meaningTo very highly valuedAmaz ing because almost impossibleCaus ing con troversyAlmost but not quite complete8. A

33、ccording to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the Burgess Shale EXCEPT:Its fossils were in a flatte ned con diti on whe n discovered.Its fossils provide direct evide nee about the origi n of eyes.It contains fossils of both Precambrian and Cambrian animals.It contains fossilized rema ins

34、 of soft-bodied orga ni sms.Paragraph 5: Not all of the Burgess animals had eyes. However, some did. (Gross features location, size, and hemispheric shape are resp on sible for the desig nati on of some structures as eyes). The recon structed eyes of these Burgess ani mals look superficially like ey

35、es of some living crustaceans, particularly those of shrimp and crabs whose eyes are mounted on stalks that improve the range of vision by raising the eyes above the surface of the head. The eyes of some Burgess organisms sat on stalks; those of others were on or a part of the body surface. One anim

36、al, Opabinia, had five eyes: two lateral pairs and a single medial eye; at least one of the lateral pairs had stalks that could have been movable. And some trilobite-like animals in the Burgess Shale had faceted eyes much like those of later fossil trilobites.9. The word designation in the passage i

37、s closest in meaning toEvolutio nIde ntificati onRecon struct ionCon fusi on10. The word lateral in the passage indicates a location at theFrontBackTopSide11. Why does the author point out that The eyes of some Burgess organisms sat on stalks?To suggest that some Burgess orga ni sms had a greater ra

38、nge of visi on tha n do liv ing shrimp and crabsTo expla in why it is thought that one of the lateral pairs of eyes in Opab inia may have bee n movableTo expla in why the eyes of some Burgess ani mals were not recog ni zable as such before they were recon structedTo support the stateme nt that the r

39、econ structed eyes of Burgess ani mals look superficially like the eyes of some livi ng crustacea nsParagraph 6: Although the presence of eyes on some of the Burgess animals indicates that eyes have been around for a very long time, it is unlikely that these were the first eyes; they seem much too l

40、arge and (potentially) well developed to be brand new inventions. The best we can do is put the origin of eyes somewhere between the beginning of the Cambrian explo sion, about 600 milli on years ago, and the death of the Burgess ani mals, some 530 milli on years ago.12. Paragraph 6 suggests that th

41、e first eyes probablyCame into existe nce long before 600 milli on years agoCame into existence at a late point in the Cambrian period Existed before the ani mals of the Burgess Shale existed Were larger tha n those of ani mals found in the Burgess ShaleParagraph 1: Putting a date on the first appea

42、rance of eyes depends on what one means by eye. If the term refers to a multicellular orga n, even if it has just a few cells, the n by defi niti on, eyes could not form before there were multicellular ani mals. KBut many protists (ani mal-like, pla ntlike, or fun gus-like uni cellular orga ni sms t

43、hat require a water-based environment) can detect light by using aggregations of pigment molecules, and they use this information to modify their metabolic activity or motility (the ability to move spontan eously and in depe nden tly). HOne of the familiar liv ing examples, probably known to anyone

44、who has take n a biology class, is the aquatic protozoa n Eugle na, which has an eyespot n ear its motile fIagellum (hairlike structure). HSome living protists are very like their ancestral forms embedded in ancient sedimentary rocks, and this similarity suggests that the ability to detect light and

45、 modify behavior in response to light has been around for a very long time. Hnimals arose from one of such unicellular creatures, perhaps from one already specialized for a primitive kind of visi on.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

46、.Molaria spinifera and H. Optata, both of which lived in water levels beyond the reach of light, fit into this category.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most impo

47、rtant ideas in the passage. Some sentencesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they bel ong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Ans

48、wer ChoicesThe ability of some uni cellular orga ni sms to detect light and cha nge their behavior accord in gly suggests that eyes did not origi nate with multicellular ani mals.The earliest eyes appare ntly contained molecules that were capable of forming and focus ing images.Too few fossils from

49、the Precambria n have bee n found to determ ine which if any Precambria n orga ni sms had eyes.Evidence from the Burgess Shale suggests that eyes of some early animals were similar to the eyes of living crustacea ns.Fossil evide nce suggests that orga ni sms in the Burgess Shale with faceted eyes de

50、veloped later tha n orga ni sms in the Burgess Shale with n on faceted eyes.The large size and possible complexity of the eyes of some orga ni sms in the Burgess Shale suggest that their eyes were not the first eyes.TPO36-2The origin of Earth ' s atmosphereIn order to un dersta nd the origi n of

51、 Earth's atmosphere, we must go back to the earliest days of the solar system, before the planets themselves were formed from a disk of rocky material spinning around the young Sun. This material gradually coalesced into lumps called planetesimals as gravity and chance smashed smaller pieces tog

52、ether, a chaotic and violent process that became more so as pla netesimals grew in size and gravitati onal pull. With in each orbit, collisi ons betwee n pla netesimals gen erated imme nse heat and en ergy. How viole nt these processes were is suggested by the odd tilt and spin of many of the pla ne

53、ts, which in dicate that each of the pla nets was, like a billiard ball, struck at some stage by ano ther large body of some kind. Visual evidence of these processes can be seen by looking at the Moon. Because the Moon has no atmosphere, its surface is not subject to erosi on, so it reta ins the mar

54、ks of its early history. Its face is deeply scarred by millions of meteoric impacts, as you can see on a clear night with a pair of binoculars. The early Earth did not have much of an atmosphere. Before it grew to full size, its gravitati onal pull was in sufficie nt to preve nt gases from drift ing

55、 off into space, while the solar wind (the great stream of atomic particles emitted from the Sun) had already driven away much of the gaseous material from the inner orbits of the solar system. So we must imagine the early Earth as a mixture of rocky materials, metals, and trapped gases, subject to

56、constant bombardment by smaller planetesimals and without much of an atmosphere.As it bega n to reach full size, Earth heated up, partly because of collisi ons with other pla netesimals and partly because of in creas ing internal pressures as it grew in size. In additi on, the early Earth contained

57、abundant radioactive materials, also a source of heat. As Earth heated up, its in terior melted. With in the molte n in terior, un der the in flue nce of gravity, differe nt elements were sorted out by density. By about 40 million years after the formation of the solar system, most of the heavier me

58、tallic elements in the early Earth, such as iron and nickel, had sunk through the hot sludge to the center giving Earth a core dominated by iron. This metallic core gives Earth its characteristic magnetic field, which has played an extremely importa nt role in the history of our pla net.As heavy mat

59、erials headed for the cen ter of Earth, lighter silicates (such as the min eral quartz) drifted upward. The den ser silicates formed Earth's mantle, a region almost 3,000 kilometers thick between the core and the crust. With the help of bombardment by comets, whose many impacts scarred and heated Earth's surface, the lightest silicates rose to Earth's surface, where they cooled more rapidly than the better- insulated materials in Earth's interior. The