摘要在滇西北金沙江峽谷退耕還林區(qū)域的太安、龍蟠、石鼓、白沙

1、摘要：在滇西北金沙江峽谷退耕還林區(qū)域的太安、龍蟠、石鼓、白沙、上江和金江選擇海棠果Malus micromalus、青梅Prunus mume、核桃Jugians regia、圓柏Cupressus duclouxian、楸木Catalpa bungei等退耕林地作為調查樣地，并設置對照樣地，如農耕地和云南松Pinus yunnanensis天然林，進行昆蟲多樣性調查，進而分析昆蟲物種多度、多樣性指數(shù)和群落穩(wěn)定值等，判斷退耕林地與對照樣地的昆蟲多樣性動態(tài)，以測評退耕還林生態(tài)恢復狀況與趨勢，探索昆蟲多樣性快速評估方法。昆蟲多樣性快速評估(Rapid Assessment on Insect Di

2、versity，RAOID)是指在限定區(qū)域以量化手段獲取和分析昆蟲物種（類群）資料，對多樣性狀況給予快速判定的方法?；静襟E是：第一、選設調查樣地與對照樣地；第二、昆蟲量化調查分析；第三、明確指示昆蟲和其它指標組分；第四、建模進行綜合評估。本文建立了由多樣性指數(shù)、群落穩(wěn)定值和指示昆蟲3個組分和9項變量組成的昆蟲多樣性快速評估體系，通過主成分分析構建了昆蟲多樣性快速評估模型。2006年2月到2007年2月，調查2類樣地198個樣方，采集昆蟲15目507種3536號。退耕林地14目315種1847號；農耕地10目202種1067號；云南松林12目235種622號。鞘翅目(Copleoptera)、

3、半翅目(Hemiptera)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)的種類和個體數(shù)占樣地昆蟲總種數(shù)的63.71%和個體總數(shù)的70.39%。退耕林地的昆蟲物種多度曲線比較接近對數(shù)級數(shù)分布模型，呈現(xiàn)富集種少，稀疏種多的現(xiàn)象。石鼓樣點云南松林的Margalef豐富度指數(shù)R=15.9661、Simpson優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)D=0.9732、Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)H=4.0420和Pielow均勻度指數(shù)J=0.9122比核桃林 (R=15.7728，D=0.9472，H=3.6851，J=0.8002) 高。白沙樣點，云南松林的多樣性指數(shù)(R=14.7196，D=0.9746，H=3.9516，J=0

4、.9070)最高，圓柏林(R=14.4413，D=0.9598，H=3.7664，J=0.8671)次之，農耕地(R=12.5542，D=0.9416，H=3.4815，J=0.7991)最小。金江樣點，農耕地的多樣性指數(shù)(R=10.8256，D=0.9387，H=3.3535，J=0.8125) 比楸木林(R=10.7088，D=0.9132，H=3.2013，J=0.7851)高。太安、龍蟠和上江樣點不同多樣性指數(shù)所反映的退耕林地與對照樣地的昆蟲多樣性有差異。2005年3月、2006年3月和2007年3月退耕林地昆蟲多樣性年際變化中，太安海棠果林的D(0.7410，0.7500，0.880

5、0)和R(2.3780，2.8853，3.4744)呈增加趨勢，H(1.7160，1.3863，2.1640)和J(0.7160，1.0000，0.9849)存在波動；龍蟠青梅林的H(1.9960，1.1537，1.9062)、D(0.8170，0.6122，0.8437)、J(0.8330，0.8322，0.9796)、R(2.7490，1.5417，2.8854)存在較大波動；石鼓核桃林的H(1.8890，1.8675，1.7826)和R(2.6870，2.3297，2.3183)呈下降趨勢，D(0.7960，0.8137，0.7601)和J(0.7360，0.8499，0.7174)存在

6、波動；白沙圓柏林的D(0.7770，0.7811，0.9219)和J(0.7690，0.8904，0.9849)呈增加趨勢，H(1.8320，1.7327，2.5993)和R(2.5740，2.3392，4.6888)存在波動。白沙樣點云南松林的昆蟲種類與個體數(shù)量之比(S/N=0.4171)、捕食昆蟲種類與植食昆蟲種類之比(Sb/Sz=0.3256)以及捕食昆蟲數(shù)量與植食昆蟲數(shù)量之比(Nb/Nz=0.2453)最大，圓柏林(0.3990，0.3171，0.1735)次之，農耕地(0.1692，0.2400，0.1232)最小。而太安、龍蟠、石鼓、上江和金江樣點的3個比值所反映出的退耕林地與對照

7、樣地的穩(wěn)定性情況都有差異。海拔范圍和退耕年份相同，但為不同地點和不同林種的退耕林地，如龍蟠青梅林和上江楸木林；相同海拔范圍和同林種，但不同退耕年份和地點的退耕林地，如上江楸木林(2000年)和金江楸木林(2002年)，昆蟲多樣性指數(shù)差異均未達到顯著水平。緣蝽科(Coreidae)、瓢甲科(Coccinellidae)、蟻科(Formicidae)、蝽科(Pentatomidae)、葉甲科(Chrysomelidae)和步甲科(Carabidae)為退耕林地的指示昆蟲類群。各樣點退耕林地與對照樣地的昆蟲多樣性快速評估指數(shù)比較顯示，退耕林地的生態(tài)恢復狀況各異。所有樣地的昆蟲多樣性快速評估指數(shù)綜合排

8、序表明，除排在第一的太安農耕地和最后的金江退耕林楸木林地外，其它退耕林地的昆蟲多樣性快速評估指數(shù)都高于農耕地，接近云南松林。說明除個別退耕林地外(人為干擾嚴重的)，退耕林地的生態(tài)環(huán)境得到恢復。建議在以后的工作中繼續(xù)加強滇西北金沙江峽谷的退耕還林生態(tài)建設，并對退耕林地的昆蟲多樣性做長期監(jiān)測，同時盡量減小對退耕林地的干擾。關鍵詞：昆蟲多樣性；快速評估；退耕還林；指示昆蟲；金沙江峽谷Abstract: Choosing plantations of Malus micromalus, Prunus mume, Jugians regia, Cupressus duclouxian and Catal

9、pa bungei converting the farmland for forestry as investigated plots, farmland and Yunnan pine Pinus yunnanensis forest as contral plots in the Taian, Longpan, Shigu, Baisha, Shangjiang and Jinjiang, insect diversity of the area converting farmland for forestry in The Jinshajiang Gorge has been inve

10、stigated. Species-abundance of insects, diversity indexes and the values of relative stability have been analysed and the changes of insect diversity in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots have been judged. Aim to assess the situation and trend of converting the fa

11、rmland for forestry and explore the method of rapid assessment on insect diversity.Rapid assessment on insect diversity (RAOID) is a method that could be used to judge rapidly insect diversity by collecting and analysing the data of insect species by quantitative means in the limited area. The steps

12、 are as follows: First, choosing investigated plots and contral plots; Second, investigating and analysing quantitatively insect diversity; Third, clearing indicative insects and the other indicator components; Finally, consitituting model and assessing synthetically. This paper designed a system of

13、 rapid assessment on insect diversity that was made up of 9 variables belonging to three componets and consitituted a model of rapid assessment on insect diversity by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).From February 2006 to February 2007, 2 type plots and 198 samples were investigated. 3536 insect s

14、pecimens belonging to 15 orders, 507 species were collected. There were 1847 specimens belonging to 14 orders and 315 species in plantations converting the farmland for forestry, 1067 specimens belonging to 10 orders and 202 species in farmland, and 622 specimens belonging to 12 orders and 235 speci

15、es in Yunnan pine forest. The species and number of individuals of Copleoptera、Hemiptera and Hymenoptera accounted for 63.71 percent of all species and 70.39 percent of all individuals. The curves of insect species-abundance in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry were closed to log

16、series distribution model, which show that the species containing a great many of individual were less and the species containing few individuals were more. It was showed that Margalef richness index R=15.9661, Simpson dominance index D=0.9732, Shannon-Wiener diversity index H=4.0420 and Pielow even

17、ness index J=0.9122 in Yunnan pine forest were bigger than those in plantation of Jugians regia (R=15.7728，D=0.9472，H=3.6851，J=0.8002) in the Shigu sampling site. In the Baisha sampling sites, the indexes of diversity in Yunnan pine forest (R=14.7196，D=0.9746，H=3.9516，J=0.9070) were the biggest, tho

18、se in plantations of Cupressus duclouxian (R=14.4413，D=0.9598，H=3.7664，J=0.8671) took the second place, and those in the farmland (R=12.5542，D=0.9416，H=3.4815，J=0.7991) were smallest. In the Jinjiang sampling site, the indexes of diversity in farmland (R=10.8256，D=0.9387，H=3.3535，J=0.8125) were bigg

19、er than those in plantation of Catalpa bungei (R=10.7088，D=0.9132，H=3.2013，J=0.7851). In the Taian, Longpan and Shangjiang sampling sites, the insect diversity of plantations converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots that different indexes of diversity showed were different.In March 200

20、5, 2006 and 2007, the result of insect diversity annual change indicated that D (0.7410，0.7500，0.8800)and R(2.3780，2.8853，3.4744) in the plantations of Malus micromalus were increasing, H(1.7160，1.3863，2.1640) and J(0.7160，1.0000，0.9849) were fluctuation. H(1.9960，1.1537，1.9062)、D(0.8170，0.6122，0.84

21、37)、J(0.8330，0.8322，0.9796)、R(2.7490，1.5417，2.8854) in the plantation of Prunus mume were fluctuation widly. H(1.8890，1.8675，1.7826) and R(2.6870，2.3297，2.3183) in the plantation of Jugians regia had a tendency of decrease, D(0.7960，0.8137，0.7601) and J(0.7360，0.8499，0.7174) were fluctuating. D(0.77

22、70，0.7811，0.9219) and J(0.7690，0.8904，0.9849) in the plantation of Cupressus duclouxian were increasing, H(1.8320，1.7327，2.5993) and R(2.5740，2.3392，4.6888) were fluctuation.In Baisha sampling sites, the ratio of the insect species to the number of individuals (S/N=0.4171), the species of predatory

23、insect to phytophagous insect (Sb/Sz=0.3256), the number of predatory insect to phytophagous insect (Nb/Nz=0.2453) in Yunnan pine forest were biggest. Plantation of Cupressus duclouxian (0.3990，0.3171，0.1735) took the second place, farmland (0.1692，0.2400，0.1232) were smallest. In the Taian, Longpan

24、, Shigu, Shangjiang and Jinjiang sampling sites, the situation of stability demonstrated by S/N, Sb/Sz and Nb/Nz in plantation converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots were different.The differences of insect diversity of the plantations converting the farmland for forestry that were i

25、n the same altitude range and planted in the same year, but at different place and planted with different plants, such as plantation of Prunus mume in Longpan and plantation of Catalpa bungei in Shangjiang or in the same altitude range and planted with same plant, but planted in the different year a

26、nd at different place, such as plantation of Catalpa bungei in Shangjiang (2000) and Jinjiang (2003), were not remarkable.It was show that Coreidae, Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Pentatomidae, Chrysomelidae and Carabidae were the indicative insects of the platantions converting the farmland for forestr

27、y.Comparing the rapid assessment on insect diversity index from the plantations converting the farmland for forestry to the contral plots in the each sampling sites showed that the situation of ecological restoration in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry was different. The order of the rapid assessment on insect diversity index in all plots showed t