湖北省2012屆高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第3模塊 閱讀理解 模塊綜述精品學(xué)案

1、2012屆高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)精品學(xué)案（湖北專用）：第3模塊 閱讀理解 模塊綜述考綱解讀“側(cè)重提高閱讀能力”是高中英語教學(xué)大綱的明確規(guī)定?？v觀近幾年的高考英語試題，我們不難看出，閱讀理解是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，自始至終占著主導(dǎo)地位。閱讀理解能力屬于語言的領(lǐng)會(huì)技能。包括對書面語言的識(shí)別、理解、推理、判斷和快速記憶等幾個(gè)方面。不僅僅涉及語音、語法、詞匯這些語言因素，還涉及非語言因素，即：閱讀者對目標(biāo)語言所在國家的社會(huì)和文化背景知識(shí)的掌握、對所讀材料內(nèi)容的熟悉程度、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、生活常識(shí)、邏輯知識(shí)和語言修養(yǎng)等各方面。命題分析歷年高考試題中閱讀理解命題特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律如下： 1. 內(nèi)容生活化 閱讀理解所選的材料均來源于實(shí)

2、際生活，涉及的內(nèi)容也是表現(xiàn)實(shí)際生活的，強(qiáng)調(diào)語篇選材的真實(shí)性。 2. 體裁多元化 閱讀理解所選的語段包括記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文，繼續(xù)保持了體裁多樣化的特點(diǎn)。選材多源于英文報(bào)刊和網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體，包括名人軼事、歷史傳說、民間故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新聞報(bào)道、社會(huì)背景、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、史地常識(shí)、科普文章等方面的知識(shí)，并且具有鮮明的英語語言文化特點(diǎn)和濃厚的時(shí)代氣息。綜合反映了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和生活的各個(gè)方面，體現(xiàn)了“語言是文化的載體”這一重要理念。3. 信息密集化 閱讀理解試題的材料含有較高的信息量。近年來閱讀理解繼續(xù)保持了較大的閱讀量，要求考生準(zhǔn)確而迅速地從特定語篇中有目的地獲取信息。閱讀理解題五

3、個(gè)選篇都是以簡約的語言負(fù)載高含量的信息，從語言運(yùn)作的表層看，各段文字并不構(gòu)成很大的理解困難，但是隱藏在表層結(jié)構(gòu)下面的則是較復(fù)雜的信息，試題具有較高的區(qū)分度。4. 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化 閱讀理解五篇文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)都具有較大的復(fù)雜性。各篇或在時(shí)間順序上，或在空間順序上，或在邏輯推理上，均使用了較高級的組篇手段，這種來源于真實(shí)語料的作品和考生平時(shí)在課本中接受的清楚明白的語段是很不一樣的。 5用詞高級化高考對詞匯運(yùn)用的要求越來越高，活用詞比比皆是。凡是能利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)判斷出詞性和詞義的都不視為生詞，不再給出漢語注釋；純超綱詞匯也屢有出現(xiàn)；一詞多義、熟詞生義現(xiàn)象更是頻繁出現(xiàn)。6. 設(shè)題創(chuàng)新化 高考閱讀理解題在保持

4、傳統(tǒng)命題的基礎(chǔ)上，也在不斷借鑒大學(xué)英語的命題方式并進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。結(jié)構(gòu)型命題就是近兩年高考閱讀試題中全新的命題形式。這種命題側(cè)重于對文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和修辭(寫作)手法以及例證、引用的功能的考查，是一種凌駕于信息閱讀之上的更高難度的測試手段，較好地體現(xiàn)了“穩(wěn)中有變，變中求新”的基本命題思路。題型探究 閱讀理解的能力要求主要包括如下幾方面：1. 讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)(包括根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義)。2. 既理解具體的事實(shí)，也理解抽象的概念。3. 既理解字面的意思，也理解深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖等。4. 既理解某句、某段的含義，也理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判

5、斷。5. 既能根據(jù)所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)去理解。根據(jù)這五項(xiàng)要求，可將閱讀理解的選擇題歸納為以下幾種題型：探究點(diǎn)一細(xì)節(jié)理解型文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人往往會(huì)要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息，或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)，并對細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行直接或間接辨認(rèn)和理解。對文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解可以細(xì)化為：(1)一一對應(yīng)型。答案與題目在表達(dá)形式和意義上直接吻合，一一對應(yīng)，一目了然。這種屬于淺層次的閱讀試題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例極少。(2)語言轉(zhuǎn)述型。這是一類間接事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，答案與題目在意義上運(yùn)用

6、了詞義之間的轉(zhuǎn)述關(guān)系，即正確選項(xiàng)是原文有關(guān)詞語和句子的另一種表達(dá)。這種屬于中檔難度題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例較大。(3)語意理解型。這是一類深層事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，答案與題目之間存在著一定的邏輯聯(lián)系，這種聯(lián)系需要建立在事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，通過上、下文來進(jìn)行判斷、分析、歸納和整合，才能得出正確答案。這種屬于較高難度的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例很大。(4)是非辨別型。這是一類綜合事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，出題形式常常是“三正一誤”(三項(xiàng)正確，只有一項(xiàng)不符合原文內(nèi)容)或“三誤一正”(三項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，只有一項(xiàng)符合原文內(nèi)容)。(5)事實(shí)排序型。這是一類運(yùn)用多項(xiàng)事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，要求根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序、時(shí)間順序或者句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，

7、找出事情發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序。1細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要設(shè)問的方式有：(1) Which of the following statements is True (Not True)?(2) Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage?(3) What is the reason that ？(4) What do we know about？(5) How did the people know the couple's problem? (6) Why was the bike so

8、important to the couple?2細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要的答題策略有：(1)細(xì)心審題，直接就題找答案。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而應(yīng)采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落或語句，仔細(xì)品味，對照比較，確定答案。(2)變通理解，間接轉(zhuǎn)述找答案。細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常采用詞語和句型轉(zhuǎn)換的形式來取代原文中的表述，命題者在出這類題時(shí)習(xí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點(diǎn)說成B的觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。(

9、3)多點(diǎn)歸納，綜合事實(shí)找答案。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)考查的并不是單一的信息，而是多處信息的整合。解答此類“綜合”信息細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要全面捕捉相關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納，切忌根據(jù)“一面之詞”草率地作出結(jié)論。例1 2011·湖南卷 節(jié)選When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.

10、Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack.The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration，but the environment is truly charming.Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner，the restaurant still attracts al

11、l customers，especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking.A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics，watching news events on TV，drinking a black tea known as Persian chai，and reading local Persian newspapers all the whil

12、e trying to finish off their plates piled with food.The variety of food at the restaurant is limited，but the amount of each dish is fairly large.Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10，so not only is it affordable but practical as well.The food especially appeals to health­cons

13、cious eaters because each dish is very healthy，made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill (烤肉架)The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs，which are different styles of grilled meat.One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob，which is made of

14、grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.Another great kabob is the Chelo Kabob, a kabob consisting of grilled beef.Although the restaurant is small，the atmosphere and the food is delicious.It is a place that should not be overlooked.()1.When first entering the restaurant，one can find

15、 that it_.Ais splendidly decoratedBhas pleasant smells of kabobsCis crowded with dining tablesDlooks like a common restaurant()2.What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant?AWatching news events on TV.BDrinking a kind of black coffee.CReading local English newspapers.DDiscuss

16、ing world topics in low voices.()3.The food of the restaurant _.Ais served in small amountsBis rather expensiveCis rich in varietyDis very healthy()4.What is the dish Joojeh Kabob mainly made of?ARice. BChicken.CBread. DBeef.【要點(diǎn)綜述】本文為說明文。介紹一家飯店的環(huán)境及其飯菜等各方面的特點(diǎn)，以說明其獨(dú)特的一面。 1B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“When first enter

17、ed, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.”可知一走進(jìn)飯店，就可以聞到烤肉串的香味，故選B項(xiàng)。2A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world top

18、ics, watching news events on TV, drinking a black tea”可知在飯店除了吃飯外還可以看新聞，故A項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)與“drinking a black tea”不符；C項(xiàng)與“reading local Persian newspapers”不符；D項(xiàng)與“talking loudly about world topics”不符。3D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段“The food especially appeals to health­conscious eaters because each dish is very healthy”可知飯店的飯

19、菜非常健康，故選D項(xiàng)。A、C兩項(xiàng)與第六段“The variety of food at the restaurant is limited, but the amount of each dish is fairly large.”不符；B項(xiàng)與第六段“Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10，so not only is it affordable but practical as well.”不符。4B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第九段“One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the

20、Joojeh Kabob, which is made of grilled chicken pieces served with either rice or bread.”可判斷，這道菜主要由烤雞肉塊組成，故選B。探究點(diǎn)二主旨大意型每篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。主旨大意型題范圍一般包括：短文標(biāo)題、主題大意或段落大意等。此題型要求考生在理解文章后歸納文章要點(diǎn)， 概括中心思想?？忌枰治鑫恼聝?nèi)容的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)， 抓住文章的開頭或結(jié)尾， 從而找出能概括文章內(nèi)容的主題句。主題句的特點(diǎn)：(1)語言特點(diǎn)：歸納性、概括性、抽象性。(2)位置特點(diǎn)：主題句常出現(xiàn)在“總結(jié)性”語言的“信號詞”后， 如：in sum

21、mary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主題句也出現(xiàn)在“轉(zhuǎn)移話題式”語言的“信號詞”后， 如：but, however, nevertheless等。標(biāo)題的語言特點(diǎn)：獨(dú)特新穎、概括性強(qiáng)、短小精煉。1主旨大意題主要的設(shè)題方式有：(1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?(2)The best headline for this newspaper article is _.(3)W

22、hat is the topic of the text?(4)The text is mainly about _.(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? (6)What would be the best title for the text?2主旨大意題主要的解題策略有：(1) 抓住主題句， 鎖定文章主旨。找準(zhǔn)主題句是關(guān)鍵。主題句通常在文章開頭， 也有可能在一段的開頭、中間或末尾。在很多情況下， 主題句如果在段首， 其后可能有for example, first, s

23、econd等信息詞。主題句如果在段末， 其前可能有above all, all in all等信息詞。利用這些信息詞， 可幫助你迅速找到主題句。一般來說， 文章前三句所提供的信息能夠讓讀者了解其大致內(nèi)容， 而讀懂每段的第一句話則有助于掌握本段的主要內(nèi)容。這樣做的目的不僅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意， 更重要的是， 在時(shí)間緊迫的情況下， 可以對一段話進(jìn)行縮讀、略讀和掃讀。(2)抓住段落大意， 概括中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全， 也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛， 要恰如其分。(3) 抓住主線和關(guān)鍵， 歸納文章中心。

24、分析的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容， 這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系， 然后加以歸納形成主題。了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)， 把握住全篇的文脈， 即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。對這種能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心內(nèi)容、文中某一段的大意或指代關(guān)系的題目中。例2 2011·湖南卷 節(jié)選My father was Chief Engineer of a merchant ship, which was sunk in World War . The book Night of the U­boats told the story.MemoriesIn September, 1940

25、, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torp

26、edo(魚雷)I can remember the arrival of the telegram(電報(bào))，which in those days always brought bad news. My grandmother opened it. It read，“Safe.Love Ted.”My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father's knee, his arm in a bandage.He was judged unfit to return to sea and took

27、 a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart.Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.Ten years later I read Night of the U­boats and was able to comp

28、lete the story.Torpedo One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.By the time he got on deck(甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fa

29、st. When he tried to cut it free，it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm.He had no choice but to jumpstill with the photograph in his pocket.Three days later，he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow.All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.A ToastIn my room is the book and t

30、he photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue? Lest(以免)we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war.()What is the passage mainly about?AA group of forgotten heroes.BA

31、 book describing a terrifying battle.CA ship engineer's wartime experience.DA merchant's memories of a sea rescue.【要點(diǎn)綜述】 本文為記敘文。父親是二戰(zhàn)期間一艘商船的總工程師。在1940年9月的某一天，他的商船不幸被魚雷擊中下沉。幸運(yùn)的是，他活了下來。C主旨大意題。文章首先指出父親的身份二戰(zhàn)期間一艘商船的總工程師。接著描述他負(fù)責(zé)的商船在二戰(zhàn)中被魚雷擊中下沉及其本人逃生的經(jīng)過。由此判斷全文主題是：一位輪船工程師在戰(zhàn)爭年代的一次經(jīng)歷。故選C。例 2011·安徽

32、卷 節(jié)選Ireland has had a very difficult history.The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years，the Irish people fought against the English.Finally, in 1921，the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland.T

33、he result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland，in the north，is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south，is an independent country.In the 1840s the main crop，potatoes，was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage (短缺

34、) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA，the UK, Australia and Canada.As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.For many years，the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work

35、 on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside，where things move at a quieter and slower pace.The Irish are famous for being warm­hearted and friendly.Oscar Wilde，a famous Irish w

36、riter，once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”Since independence，Ireland has revived (復(fù)興)its own culture of music，language, literature and singing.Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments.Other kinds of Irish music use m

37、any different instruments such as the violin, whistles, etc.()1.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?A. How the Irish fought against the English.B. How Ireland gained independence.C. How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.D. How two “Irelands” came into being. ()2.The last paragraph is m

38、ainly about _. Athe Irish character BIrish culture CIrish musical instruments Da famous Irish writer()3.What can be the best title for the text?ALife in Ireland BA Very Difficult HistoryCIreland，Past and Present DThe Independence of Ireland【要點(diǎn)綜述】 愛爾蘭分為南愛爾蘭和北愛爾蘭兩個(gè)部分，北愛爾蘭是英國的一部分(大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國)，南愛爾蘭為愛爾

39、蘭共和國，于1921年脫離英國，取得獨(dú)立。本文主要介紹愛爾蘭的歷史與現(xiàn)狀，特別是愛爾蘭獨(dú)立后文化的復(fù)興。1D段落大意題。第一段的大意就是愛爾蘭的歷史及南愛爾蘭和北愛爾蘭是如何形成的。2B段落大意題。最后一段主要說到愛爾蘭音樂、語言、文學(xué)等與文化相關(guān)的話題，故答案為B。3C主旨大意題。文章主要談?wù)搻蹱柼m的歷史與現(xiàn)狀，故選C。探究點(diǎn)三詞義猜測型歷年高考都把猜測詞義作為考生應(yīng)該掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能列入試題， 詞義推斷可以是一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷， 也可以是對一個(gè)短語或句子意義的推斷， 既可以是生詞意義， 也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對指代詞所指代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中， 所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不會(huì)停

40、留在字面上， 要根據(jù)短文提供的語境， 通過閱讀上下文， 根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來推測尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。1詞義猜測題主要的設(shè)題方式有： (1)The underlined words “took off” in Paragraph 2 means “_”(2)What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?(3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _.(4)Which of the definitions is clo

41、sest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph? (5)The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (paragraph 6) most probably means _.(6)By saying “We need them yesterday” (paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots _.2詞義猜測題主要的解題策略有：語境猜測、語法猜詞和常識(shí)猜詞。語境即上下文。由于上下文中的生詞不是孤立存在的， 其詞義與句中其他詞的詞義或具體

42、的語境有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此在閱讀過程中， 許多生詞的詞義可以充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯、短語并結(jié)合具體的語境來推測。命題者為了考查學(xué)生的這種猜詞能力， 常采用以下幾種命題策略： 策略(1)：依據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號猜測詞義 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是詞義猜測中最直接、最簡單的信號詞。比如， 破折號、冒號常常起解釋說明的作用， 引號和括號有時(shí)也起到相同的作用。例Morning, noon and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the housethe only side whi

43、ch, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_husband. ()The underlined words “henpecked husband” in the paragraph probably means a man who_. Alikes hunting Bis afraid of hens Cloves his wife Dis afraid of his wife 【解析】 D破折號起進(jìn)一步解釋說明的作用。 由句前信息“他為逃避妻子的嘮叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一個(gè)怕老婆的人”， 因此選擇D項(xiàng)。 策略(2)：依據(jù)反義詞和對比關(guān)系猜測詞義 運(yùn)用對比手法描

44、述事物或現(xiàn)象是文章寫作時(shí)一種常用的修辭手法。在這種修辭手段下， 作者常借用一些信號詞來提供相反信息， 從而表明一個(gè)詞與前面的另一個(gè)詞互為反義。常用的信號詞有： but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/on the other hand 等。 例The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exo

45、tic with fascinating objects on display.()Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the sentence? AMessy and untidy. BCommon and expensive. CComfortable and calming. DForeign and unusual. 【解析】 D由 but 引導(dǎo)的前后句可知， exotic 與 quite normal(相當(dāng)平常) 在意義上是相反的， 因此選擇 D 項(xiàng) Foreign and un

46、usual (異乎尋常)。 策略(3)：依據(jù)下定義、作解釋猜測詞義 在說明文和科技文中運(yùn)用下定義或解釋概念的方法來定義或詮釋某一名詞或概念是閱讀理解的又一特點(diǎn)。在文章順序上常采用先總后分(即先定義后解釋)或先分后總(即先說明后結(jié)論)的敘述方式。常用的信號詞有： be defined as(被定義為), be called (被稱為), mean/ refer to(意指， 是)。 例2011·安徽卷 節(jié)選George Prochnik would like the world to_put_a_sock_in_it. He makes his case in a new book,

47、Listening for Meaning in a World of Noise. Here he explains himself (using his indoor voice)：“We've become so accustomed to noise, there's almost a deep prejudice against the idea that silence might be beneficial. If you tell someone to be quiet, you sound like an old man. But it's never

48、 been more important to find continuing quiet. Silence focuses us, improves our health, and is a key to lasting peace and satisfaction.”()What does the phrase “to put a sock in it” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?Ato be quiet Bto be colorfulCto be full of loveDto be attentive to someone【解析】 A詞義猜測題。本題是根

49、據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的“總分”關(guān)系猜測詞義。文章首句先表明觀點(diǎn)， 然后進(jìn)一步清楚地分述自己的觀點(diǎn)沒有噪音， 我們會(huì)專注生活中各種美好的聲音。再結(jié)合上下文可以看出George Prochnik是反對噪音的， 所以他應(yīng)該是喜歡安靜的， 故答案選A。策略(4)：依據(jù)邏輯推理猜測詞義 運(yùn)用邏輯推理猜測詞義是使用最廣、考查最多也最易失分的猜詞方式。這要求考生具備整合分散、復(fù)雜信息的能力， 充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯信息并結(jié)合具體的語境， 從形式和內(nèi)容上把握語言之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系， 理順語言之間的邏輯關(guān)系， 進(jìn)而達(dá)到猜詞的目的。常見的邏輯關(guān)系有：因果關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。 例7 2011·四川卷

50、 節(jié)選So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5：00 am.? What gives me the reason to just say no to ice cream? Commitment. A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases self­confidence and energy, extends life and above all improves my body shape.()What does the un

51、derlined word “commitment” in the last paragraph mean?AGood health. BFirm belief. CA strong power. DA regular habit.【解析】 B詞義猜測題。本題是根據(jù)解說關(guān)系猜測詞義。從文中 “A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, above all improves my body shape.”可知， “減少焦慮、增強(qiáng)信心改變體型”即不定式部分是修飾commitment的， 結(jié)合文意可推斷出

52、commitment意為“堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的信念”， 故選擇B項(xiàng)。本題容易受字面意思的干擾誤選C項(xiàng)。例8 2011·天津卷 節(jié)選 Ultimately, as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book, but by how many people are enriched by the process, or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared

53、_a_word.()The underlined words “shared a word” in Paragraph 5 probably mean _.Aexchanged ideas with each other Bdiscussed the meaning of a wordCgained life experience Dused the same language【解析】 A詞義猜測題。本題是根據(jù)同義句的轉(zhuǎn)換猜測詞義。由語境可知， 該短語就是對此句中的“enjoyed speaking to someone”的另外一種表達(dá)， 故選擇A項(xiàng)。策略(5)：依據(jù)替代詞猜測詞義 使用指代詞

54、 it, they, them, one(s), these, that 或 the other(two) 等指代上下文中詞匯或句義是猜測詞義題的另一種形式。 策略(6)：依據(jù)例證猜測詞義 采用事實(shí)說理(即例證)以加強(qiáng)觀點(diǎn)的說服力或使觀點(diǎn)更加明朗清楚是閱讀理解中的常用手法。借助例證獲取更多信息， 即可實(shí)現(xiàn)猜詞的目的。常用的例證信號詞有： like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of 等。 此外， 運(yùn)用語法和常識(shí)也可以達(dá)到猜詞的目的。英語構(gòu)詞法給英語語言創(chuàng)造了豐富的詞匯源泉， 因此掌握構(gòu)詞規(guī)律是達(dá)到猜詞目的有效捷徑。這種猜詞策

55、略主要包括： 策略(1)：依據(jù)詞性變化猜測詞義 英語語言的詞性變化是非常靈活的， 如名詞動(dòng)化、動(dòng)詞名化等， 閱讀時(shí)要充分抓住這一特點(diǎn)， 從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。 策略(2)：依據(jù)詞義變化 (詞義引申) 猜測詞義 英語語言除了詞性活躍的特點(diǎn)外， 其詞義的變化也是非?；钴S的。同一個(gè)詞在不同的語境中其詞義也會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化， 即所謂的詞義引申。策略(3)：依據(jù)詞的派生和合成猜測詞義 派生法是英語構(gòu)詞法中最主要的構(gòu)詞方法， 它由詞根、前綴或后綴組成。如：前綴 dis­， im­， ir­， un­ 可以構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴 ­less 也可以構(gòu)成反義詞。遇到合

56、成詞時(shí)，在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)結(jié)合原文來把握兩詞之間的關(guān)系， 從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測詞義。探究點(diǎn)四推理判斷型 推理判斷試題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。這種題型包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存， 推理是為了得出正確的判斷， 正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。做好該題型要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容， 在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁， 透過字里行間， 去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”。推理判斷題常常可以分為如下幾類：(1)細(xì)節(jié)推斷。如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系等；(2)邏輯推斷。根據(jù)已知的結(jié)果推斷導(dǎo)致結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的原因；(3)目的、意圖、態(tài)度推斷。根據(jù)文章的論述， 推斷作者的寫作目的以及作者的情感態(tài)度；(4)預(yù)測想象推斷。文章沒有明確說明， 要求根據(jù)語篇對文章可能涉及的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測和判斷。1. 推理判斷題的主要設(shè)題方式有： (1)It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that (2)It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that (3)It can be concl