船舶與海洋工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ).pdf

1、船舶與海洋工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ).pdf作者:日期:Lesson OneThe Naval ArchitectA naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as “ an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots" to a fully detailed speciprecisely planned requirements. He is

2、 usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers ) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-densit

3、y cargoes, such as grain.Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the

4、 lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draftwhich is governed by freeboard rulesenables the depth to be determinedto a first approximation.After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a w

5、eight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The

6、 strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses ) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.The vessel should possess satisfactory steering ch

7、aracteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage re

8、presents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docki

9、ng charges. ) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision.Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a

10、 master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first prod

11、uce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation.TrainingThere are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have

12、 direct application to shipsmathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, andpropulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, con

13、struction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions.The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries. Unimany universities and polytechnic s

14、chools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard.Trends in designThe introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required innaval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design. There are many combi

15、nations of length, breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement. Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design. Such a procedure is best carr

16、ied out as a joint exercise by owner and builder. As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common.（From " Encyclopedia Britannica ” , Vol. 16, 1980）Technical terms1. naval architect造船工程（設(shè)計(jì)）師 naval architecture 造船（工程）學(xué)2. inst

17、ruction任務(wù)書、指導(dǎo)書3. oil tanker 油輪4. deadweight 載重量5. knot 節(jié)6. specification規(guī)格書，設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書7. vessel 船舶8. cargo 貨物9. passenger 旅客10. trade 貿(mào)易11. machinery 機(jī)械、機(jī)器12. hold capacity 艙容13. consumable store 消耗物品14. light weight輕載重量、空船重量15. hull 船體16. dimension尺度、量綱、維（數(shù)）17. displacement排水量、位移、置換18. tonnage 噸位19. fin

18、eness 纖瘦度20. draft 吃水21. breadth 船寬22. freeboard 干舷23. rule 規(guī)范24. tentative試用（暫行）的25. longitudinal direction 縱向26. vertical direction 垂向27. trim 縱傾28. stability 穩(wěn)性29. shaft horse power 軸馬力30. strength 強(qiáng)度31. service航區(qū)、服務(wù)32. scantling結(jié)構(gòu)（件）尺寸33. frame 肋骨34. classification society 船級(jí)社35. steering操舵、駕駛36

19、. vibration 振動(dòng)37. net register tonnage 凈登記噸位38. harbour 港口39. dues 稅收40. gross tonnage 總噸位41. deductible space 扣除空間42. revenue 收入43. docking 進(jìn)塢44. charge費(fèi)用、電荷45. bulkhead 艙壁46. subdivision 分艙（隔）、細(xì)分47. collision 碰撞48. compromise 折衷、調(diào)和49. coefficient 系數(shù)50. training 培訓(xùn)I51. fluid mechanics 流體力學(xué)52. struc

20、tural strength 結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度53. resistance 阻力54. propulsion 推進(jìn)55. shipbuilding 造船56. aptitude （特殊）才能，適應(yīng)性57. maritime航運(yùn)，海運(yùn)58. polytechnical school 工藝（科技）學(xué)校59. academic 學(xué)術(shù)的60. shipyard 造船廠61. electronic computer 電子計(jì)算機(jī)62. owner船主，物主63. encyclop（a）edia 百科全書1. the Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine

21、Engineering (CSNAME) 中 國(guó)造船工程學(xué)會(huì)2. the Chinese Society of Navigation 中國(guó)航 海學(xué)會(huì)3. “Shipbuilding of China中國(guó)造船4. Ship Engineering 船舶工程5. “Naval 安定 Merchant Ships”艦船知 識(shí)6. China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC)中國(guó)船舶工業(yè)總公司7. China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation (COPECO)中國(guó)海洋石油 平臺(tái)工程公司8. Royal Inst

22、itution of Naval Architects (RINA)英國(guó)皇家造船工程師學(xué)會(huì)9. Society of Naval Architects and MarineAdditional Terms and ExpressionsEngineers (SNAME)美國(guó)造船師與輪機(jī)工程師協(xié)會(huì)10. Principle of naval architecture 造船原理11. ship statics (or statics of naval architecture)造船靜力學(xué)12. ship dynamics船舶動(dòng)力學(xué)13. ship resistance and propulsion

23、 船舶阻力 和推進(jìn)14. ship rolling and pitching 船舶搖擺15. ship manoeuvrability 船舶操縱性16. ship construction 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)17. ship structural mechanics 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)18. ship strength and structural design 船舶 強(qiáng)度和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)19. ship design 船舶設(shè)計(jì)20. shipbuilding technology 造船工藝21. marine (or ocean) engineering 海洋工程N(yùn)ote to the Text1. range

24、from A to B 的意思為“從 A至U B的范圍內(nèi)”，翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)這個(gè)基本意思可以按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯 成中文。例：Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length.車床有大有小，小的車床其車身只有幾英寸，大的車床能車削數(shù)英尺長(zhǎng)的工件。2. Such that可以認(rèn)為是 such a kind/value等的縮寫，意思為“這樣的類別/值等以至于”。譯成中文是，可根據(jù)具

25、體情況加以意譯。例：The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed.錨鏈艙的深度應(yīng)該使錨鏈容易存儲(chǔ)。Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage,the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based.Possessing an attractive appearance現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，用作表示條件的狀語(yǔ)，意譯成“船舶除有

26、一個(gè)漂亮的外形”。一般說(shuō)，如分詞短語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)句首，通常表示時(shí)間、條件、原因等。The factor on which - are based的 the factor 是前面 the minimum net register tonnage 的銅謂語(yǔ)， 而 on which - are base昵定語(yǔ)從句,修飾 the factor o4. Electroniccomputers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the

27、 economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design.句中的 it 是形式賓語(yǔ)， 實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)為不定式短語(yǔ)to prepare series of designs 和 to - assess the economic returnsLesson TwoDefinitions, Principal DimensionsBefore studying in detail the various technical branches of naval architecture it is important to define chapt

28、ers. The purpose of this chapter is to explain these terms and to familiarise the reader with them. In the first place the dimensions by which the size of a ship is measured will be considered; they are referred to as ' principal dimensions The ship, like any solid body, requires three dimension

29、s to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a depth. Each of these will be considered in turn.Principal dimensionsLengthThere are various ways of defining the length of a ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered. The length between perpendiculars is the di

30、stance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular. The after perpendicular is taken as the after side of the rudder post where there is such a post, and the forward perpendicular is the vertical line drawn through

31、 the intersection of the stem with summer load waterline. In ships where there is no rudder post the after perpendicular is taken as the line passing through the centre line of the rudder pintals. The perpendiculars and the length between perpendiculars are shown in Figure 1.The length between perpe

32、ndiculars (L bp) is used for calculation purposes as will be seen later, but it will be obvious from Figure 1 that this does not represent the greatest length of the ship. For many purposes, such as the docking of a ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is. This length i

33、s known as the length of the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end. This can be clearly seen by referring again to Figure 1. In most ships the length overall will exceed by a considerable amount the length between perpendiculars. The excess will include the overhang of

34、 the stern and also that of the stem where the stem is raked forward. In modern ships having large bulbous bows the length overall L oa may have to be measured to the extreme point of the bulb.A third length which is often used, particularly when dealing with ship resistance, is the length on the wa

35、terline Lwl. This is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the length is not a fixed quantity for a particular ship, as it will depend upon the waterline at which the ship is floating and upon the trim of the shi

36、p. This length is also shown in Figure 1 .LM十 dqr 口廣科c廣T :OF-Af tr 511d受 C rUolclt0" poSrli ©r 亡gntre II小& of8 rutfder plnllebihcus 匕l(fā)ength be + weFh- 口EHpenditijlorsL.EPSLEKQlth甯口士 eiHinpLefioth 0廿型tSIICLl口AFig 1BreadthThe mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called'

37、amidships ' and the ship is usually broadest at tpoint. The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.