中小學英語孚來高考英語培訓學校

1、整理ppt1整理ppt2孚來高考英語培訓學校09年高考英語總復習-語法篇介詞和介詞短語介詞和介詞短語 E-mail:E-mail:整理ppt3介詞和介詞短語介詞和介詞短語.介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu).介詞短語的功能 .介詞、連接詞和副詞 .簡單介詞和復雜介詞 .介詞的含義（重點）整理ppt4.介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)： （前置修飾語+）介詞+介詞補足語 on the table from what he said by signing a peace treaty in terms of moneyHe worked deep into the night last night. 整理ppt5.介詞短語的功能介詞短語

2、的功能1.作名詞短語的后置修飾語 The people on the bus were singing.2.狀語 The people were singing on the bus. In the afternoon, we went to Boston. From a personal point of view, I find this a good solution to the problem. In all fairness, she did try to phone the police. On the other hand, he made no attempt to help

3、 her.整理ppt63.作動詞和形容詞的補足成分We were looking at his awful paintings.Im sorry for his parents.說明：介詞短語有時候可以做主語 A: When are we going to have the next meeting? B: On Tuesday will be fine. In March suits me. During the vacation is what we decided Between 6 and 7 may be convenient. 整理ppt7(The proposal that we

4、 meet) on Tuesday(To meet) in March(Meeting) during the vacation 作補語（表語）用的準形容詞功能 This machine is (very) out of date. This dress seems out of fashion.因此可以與形容詞短語并列或同位 They are happy and in good health. an old and out of date telephone作其他連系動詞的補語 They seem in good health.整理ppt8在特殊的情形中（主要在固定短語中），副詞或形容詞可以

5、發(fā)揮介詞補足語的功能。 at last, at least, at once, at worst, before long, by far, in brief, in there, since when, until now.介詞短語本身可以作介詞的補足語，所以兩個介詞可以連續(xù)出現(xiàn) He picked up the gun from under the table. We didnt meet until after the show. The weather has been fine except in the north. Food has been scarce since befor

6、e the war.介詞作動詞和形容詞的補足語時，它和前面的詞（如look, sorry）的關系比它和后面的補足語關系更密切，介詞的選擇是由它前面的詞決定的。整理ppt9.介詞、從屬連詞和副詞介詞、從屬連詞和副詞1. 介詞和連詞都具有關聯(lián)或連接功能，比較： the day when she arrived of her arrival 注：辨別兩種詞類的一個標準是：介詞引導的是名詞 性或名詞化補足語，而與之相對的從屬連詞引導 一個從屬分句（從句）。 在某些情況下，同一詞項既可以作介詞又可以 作連詞，如after, as, before, since, until.整理ppt10 如果是非謂語動

7、詞，情況就比較復雜，因為在英語 中-ing分句可以用在介詞的后面。 On arriving she took a taxi. 思考下列三個詞是什么詞性：when, after, by?2.介詞和副詞 She looked up the hill. (1) She walked across the street. (2) She looked up the word. (3) She walked across. (4) 整理ppt11 在下列句子中，介詞和副詞的區(qū)別并不明顯： He is near to being mad. This seems next to impossible. Cl

8、ose to 200 people came. She is far from being weak. 簡單介詞near和復雜介詞near to和close to： near to和close to與形容詞有同源關系，他們是僅有的 既有比較級又可加強調(diào)成分的介詞： She sat very near to quite close to much nearer to me. much closer to next to closest to整理ppt12 She is about forty. She is (about) forty. She is about roughly forty. a

9、pproximately 3.注意介詞位置 (1)Has the room been paid for? He was not paid attention to. Hes impossible to work with. Hes worth listening to.整理ppt13(2)Wh- 分句和關系分句（定語從句） At which house did you leave the car? Which house did you leave the car at? Where did you leave the car?（通常情況） The old house about which

10、I was telling you is (which) I was telling you about empty. 整理ppt14.簡單介詞和復雜介詞簡單介詞和復雜介詞1.簡單介詞：as, at, but, by, down, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, out, past, per, round, since, than, through, till, to, up, with, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, before, below, behind, be

11、neath, beside, besides, between, beyond, despite, during, except, inside, into, onto, opposite, outside, over, unlike, until, upon, within, without;整理ppt152.復雜介詞：（1）兩個詞 ： 副詞/形容詞/連詞+介詞 as for, except for, but for apart from, away from, aside from, as from, ahead of, back of, because of, instead of, o

12、ut of, outside of, regardless of, according to, as to, close to, contrary to, due to, near (er) to, next to, on to, owing to, thanks to, up to; along with, together with;整理ppt16(2) 三個詞 介詞1+名詞+介詞2 in view of the election In terms of money, her boss was small. Two men were interviewed at the police st

13、ation in connection with a theft from an Oxford Street store. How many delegates are in favor of this motion? 比較： in the light of the election as a result of in+名詞+of ： in charge of ; in case of; in (the) face of ; in front of; in place of; in need of; in favor of; in the light of; in respect of; in

14、 spite of; in view of; 整理ppt17in+名詞+with： in common with; in comparison with; in line with; in contact with; by+名詞+of ： by means of; by way of; on+名詞+of: on account of; on behalf of; on the grounds of; on the matter of; on (the) top of; on the part of; on the strength of; 其他類型： as far as; at the exp

15、ense of; at the hands of; for (the) sake of ; in exchange for; in return for; in addition to; in relation to; with/in regard of; with/in respect to; with the exception of;整理ppt18(3) 有些以of結(jié)尾的復雜介詞可用屬格形式替代：for the sake of the people for the peoples sake;on behalf of Jim on Jims behalfat the expense of

16、Susan at Susans expense 整理ppt19.介詞的含義（重點）介詞的含義（重點）1.表示空間關系的介詞(1).空間關系的意義 My car is at the cottage. Our cottage is on the road . There is some ice on that road. There is a new roof on the cottage. There are only two beds in the cottage. 整理ppt20(2)肯定位置和目的地:at; to; on; onto; in; into; A)地點介詞短語作狀語(將事件或事

17、態(tài)與某一場所聯(lián)系起來)或作后置修飾語 (將其物與某一場所聯(lián)系起來)。簡單位置和目的地（向某一預定場所移動） 這兩種概念之間，可以有一種因果關系。 目的地 位置 Ann went to Oxford. Ann was at Oxford. Ann climbed onto the roof. Ann was on the roof. Ann jumped into the water. Ann was in the water.整理ppt21B) into和onto常和表示移動的動詞(walk, slide, swim)連用。但是注意比較： Dont run in the school. Don

18、t run into the school.C)另一方面，下列動詞（place, stand, lay, sit）?？梢院蛅o, onto和into結(jié)合，也可以不結(jié)合: She put the typewriter case on (to) the top shelf and the key in (to) the drawer.整理ppt22再舉例子 點： at the bus stop; at the North Pole; at the end of road; 線： on the River Thames; on the coast 面： on the wall; on the cei

19、ling; on my back; 面積：in the world; in the village; in a park; 容積：in a box; in the bathroom; in the drawer;整理ppt23on(面)和in（面積）作一比較，根據(jù)上下文，兩者可以有各種不同的含義： The frost made patterns on the window. A face appeared in the window/mirror. The players were practicing on the field. Cows were gazing in the field.

20、She was sitting on the grass/ in the grass.in用于較大的地方：in Asia; in China; .at和 in都可以用在表示城鎮(zhèn)，村莊的名詞前，但是兩者的著眼點不同。 He works in London, but lives in the country. Our plane refueled at London on its way from New York to Moscow.整理ppt24比較：Shes at Oxford. in Oxford. Sid works at a publishing house . in Ann is a

21、t school. in school. in the school. 比較： The Smiths drove to Edinburgh. They drove towards Edinburgh. 整理ppt25 They drove as far as Edinburgh. He is learning against the wall. There are still apples on the tree. hanging from 注意：She arrived at the shop/ bus stop. her arrival at the shop/ bus stop.(3)來源

22、或否定的位置：away from; off; out of; Ann drove away from home. The book fell off the shelf. Tom got out of the water. 整理ppt26(4)相對位置：above; over; on top of; under; underneath; beneath; below; above X over Xin front of X on top of X behind X X before X under X after X below X beneath X（使用頻率較底） underneath X

23、（使用頻率較底）整理ppt27 over和under往往指恰好垂直的關系，或有空間上接近 的含義，而above和below可能僅僅表示“高于（或低 于）的水平上”的含義。(5)空間：by; beside; with; near to; close to; opposite; He was standing by/beside the door. at the side of He was killed by an inch. I left the keys with my wallet. in the same place Beside Mary there stood a young man

24、. at the side of Besides Mary there were several other students inn the hall. in addition to She is intelligent. Besides, she is good-looking. adv. in addition to整理ppt28She was sitting near (to) me. close toShe was sitting nearer to/ nearest to /next to me. closer to/ closest to Her house is opposit

25、e (to) mine. facing整理ppt29(6)空間：around; round; about; around和round指圍繞的位置或物體的運動。 We were sitting around /round the campfire. The spaceship is traveling around/ round the globe. about和around“在某一范圍里”或“在里面的不同部位”。 The guests were standing about/around the room. There are very few taxis about/around here.

26、 相對位置還可由通常表示“通過”或“路線”的介詞表達： The tree lay across the road. The road runs through the tunnel.整理ppt30(7)空間: between; among; between將某一物體的位置與特定的或單一的某組分離物體聯(lián)系起來;among將非分離的物體聯(lián)系起來. The house stands between two farms. The house stands among farms.(8)相對的目的地:over; under; behind;(沒有通過的意義) He threw a blanket ove

27、r her. The bush was the only conceivable hiding place, so I dashed behind it. When it started to rain, we all went underneath the trees.整理ppt31(9)通過意義:over; under; behind. 這類介詞與移動動詞連用,既表示目的地等概念,又可表示通過(即向某處移動,然后離開)的概念. He jumped over a ditch(渠道). Someone ran behind the goalposts.(10)通過: across; throu

28、gh; past; on the grass across the grass in the grass through the grass(11)定向路線移動: up; down; along; across; around; towards;整理ppt32 We walked up the hill and down the other side. 但在習慣用法中, up和down也用于指水平軸線,相當于along沿著的意思. I walked up and down the platform. She walked up/down the street. along表示“從一端向另一端(

29、from one end towards the other)”或“在一條與平行的線上（in a line parallel with）” We walked along the street, just looking at people. I took my dog for a walk along the river.整理ppt33along與across在水平軸線上相對立 Be careful when you walk across a street.around表示定向路線有拐角或弧度 They ran around the corner.towards表示“朝向方向”（in th

30、e direction of）的“實際的”或“隱含的”兩種意義 We walked towards the old farmhouse. The windows faces towards the south. Is this the bus to Oxford? She glanced over her shoulder. He spoke into the microphone.整理ppt34(12)方位：beyond; over; past; up; across; beyond主要指方位 over; past; up; across和through即表示方位，又和線、面、容積概念相結(jié)合

31、 The village is past the bus stop./through the wood. up; down; along; around在下例中用來指軸線的方位 Her office is up the stairs / down the stairs. We live just around the corner. He lives up/ down/ along/ across the road the road from me. from me表示方位點。整理ppt35 (13)結(jié)果含義：from; out of ; over; past; 已經(jīng)到達目的地的狀態(tài) The

32、horse jumped over the fence. The horse are over the fence. 這些詞可以和副詞already; just; at last; not yet等連用表示結(jié)果。 At last we are out of the forest. When youre past the next obstacle, you can relax.(14)遍及意義：over; through; with over和through具有遍及的意義，尤其是當他們與all連用時： That child was running all over the flower bor

33、ders. throughout的含義是all through,唯有這個介詞主要表示“遍及” 整理ppt36The epidemic(流行病) has spread throughout the country.all along; all around; 也用來表示遍及 There were crowds all along the route. They put flowers all around the country.with在下列詞組中也表示具有遍及的意義 The ground was covered with snow. The garden was buzzing with b

34、ees. surrounded with; loaded with; paved with等。整理ppt37（15）over的8種含義： 位置： A lamp hung over the door. 目的地: They threw a blanket over her. 通過： They climbed over the wall. 方位： They live over the road. 結(jié)果： At last we were over the crest of the hill. 遍及（靜態(tài)）：Leaves lay thick all over the ground. 遍及（移動）：The

35、y splashed(潑) water over me. 伴隨情況： We discussed it over a glass of wine. 整理ppt38(16)地點介詞的比喻用法或抽象用法(難點、重點) in shallow water in deep water in difficulties in a tough spot A)位置-狀態(tài) to be in /out of danger to keep out of trouble to be in/out of office to be out of a job to be in difficulties 整理ppt39B)包含存

36、在之內(nèi)-抽象的包含 in books/plays in/out of race in a group/partyC) into/out of目的地-抽象的情況或環(huán)境 He got into difficulties/ trouble/debt/ a fight. Can you get me out of this mess?D) in/on位置-成員資格，參與 in the army on the board/ committee/ projectE) above/ below/ beneath垂直方向-抽象的水平 to be above /below someone on a list a

37、bove/ below beneath* ones income Such behavior is beneath below* him.整理ppt40 Hes above over*such behaviour. above the average above suspicionF) under垂直方向-遭受，從屬，過程 under discussion under orders He has a hundred people working under him. The bridge is under construction.G) up/down在垂直軸線上移動-名次或度數(shù)，等級上變 動

38、位置 climb up/down the social ladderH) from/to出發(fā)點/目的地-始發(fā)者/接受者 a letter from A to B整理ppt41I) beyond/ past/ over結(jié)果含義，有形的-抽象的 beyond belief/ endurance/ hope/ recovery past We are over the worst. J) between/among 相對位置-參與者之間的抽象關系 a fight /match between X and Y We quarrel agree among ourselves. relationship

39、/contrast between two things K) through通過-堅忍不拔，忍耐 She came through the ordeal.(苦難經(jīng)歷，折磨) We put him through his paces. We are through the worst.整理ppt422.表示時間的介詞： (1)時間位置:at; on; in; by; A) at用來指時間點(主要指鐘點)習慣上有用來指假 日時節(jié),也可以表示作時間點考慮的時間段. at ten oclock; at 6.30p.m. ; at noon; at the weekend; at Christmas指

40、整個圣誕節(jié),而不是只指那一天 at the /that time; at breakfast time; at night; B) on用來指當作時間段看待的一天 on Monday; on the following day; on May the first; on New Years day;整理ppt43 c) in或during表示比一天更長或更短的一段時間 in the evening; in summer; in August; in 2008; in the months that followed; d) on Monday morning; on Saturday afte

41、rnoon; on the following evening; in the late afternoon; in the early morning; e)指夜晚的一段時間時,用in I woke up several times in the night. At night, I usually have the window open. during the night整理ppt44 (2)將來時間的衡量：in 注意和副詞ago的區(qū)分 a) Well meet in three months time./in three months from now. in表示從現(xiàn)在起展望到將來與上

42、述相同的一段時間。這里in 的意義：at the end of three months starting from now b) We met three months ago.從現(xiàn)在起回溯到過去某一點之間的時間段 c)要從過去某一點時間向前衡量時，只有下面的結(jié)構(gòu)才是正確的：He finished the job in three months. in the space of three months from when he started整理ppt45(3) 持續(xù)：for; during; over; all through; throughout; A) A: How did you

43、 camp(野營) in Scotland? B: We camped there for the summer. all through, from the beginning to the end of the summer (for the summer-整個一個夏天) A: When did you camp in Scotland? B: We camped there in the summer. at some time during the summer整理ppt46B) We managed to stay awake during the whole meeting. 這里

44、如果沒有stay, whole這兩個詞，during 指的是持續(xù)的時間范圍以內(nèi)的一個時間點或時間段，而不是指持續(xù)的時間本身。 She spoke during the meeting. During our stay in Japan we met several old friends. our visit to C) I have done that for years. 內(nèi)包時間 I havent done that for years.時間之外的動作整理ppt47D) over, all through, throughout具有持續(xù)時間的含義，和他們表示地點的遍及含義對應 We ca

45、mped there over the holiday/over the weekend/ over night. We camped there throughout the summer.(4)持續(xù)：fromto; until; up to; We camped there from June to/till September. A)如果沒有from, 就只可以用until, till, up to(但 是不 能僅用to). We camped there until/ till/ up to/through/to* September.整理ppt48B) to和till可以替換 You

46、 can stay to /till the end of September. There are a few days to/till September.C) from, up to都表示一段時間的起點和終點。up to 通常表明一段較長的時間，其中不包括介詞不足語中的那一段時間 We worked up to Christmas.不包括ChristmasD) till /until 只能與持續(xù)動詞，即表示一段時間動詞 連用。by 表示終點，只和瞬間動詞連用。 My girlfriend worked/arrived* there till Christmas. She worked*/

47、 arrived by Christmas.整理ppt49E)在否定語境中，until /till不論與持續(xù)動詞還是瞬間動詞連用都成立。 She didnt arrived there till Christmas. F) till/until與肯定謂體連用，表示時間的終點；與否定的謂體連用，表示時間的起點： We slept until midnight. We stopped sleeping then. We didnt sleep until midnight. We started sleeping then.整理ppt50 (5) before, after, since, til

48、l, until既作介詞又作連詞,他們作介詞時,全是指時間的介詞,后面接:時間名詞短語after next week, 無主語-ing分句since leaving school, 或接從動詞派生來的名詞短語或視為相當于分句的其他的名詞短語since electricity; for 表示持續(xù)的一段時間; before和after表示兩個時間或兩個事件的關系,這兩個詞的詞義相反: The meeting will take place after the ceremony. The ceremony will take place before the meeting.整理ppt51 (6)

49、betweenand;by; A) betweenand表示在由起點和終點指明的一段時 間中, 但是與fromto不同,它并不表示動詞在整個 這一段時間的延續(xù) Well probably arrive some time between 5and 6 oclock. Ill phone you between lunch and dinner. B) between還用來表示重復出現(xiàn)的相同事物之間的間隔 between meals/dances/acts/classes C) by表示一件事情出現(xiàn)結(jié)果的那一點時間,即表示終點。 它在含義上和already, still, yet和any mor

50、e有聯(lián)系。整理ppt52 Your papers are to be handed in by next week. not later than By the time wed walked five miles, he was already exhausted. 對比： By that time he was already exhausted. Until then he was not exhausted. D) by短語不與持續(xù)動詞連用 The troops remained there until /by* midnight.(7)表示時間的短語中，介詞的省略（略）。 整理ppt

51、533.地點和時間以外的意義范圍:(原因/目的系列；手段/施動者系列） 原因/目的系列 原因：She lost her job because of her age. 理由：He was fined for drunken driving. 動機：He did it out of kindness. 目的：Everyone ran for shelter. 目的地：Im leaving for Beijing. 目標：This novel is aimed at a young audience. 手段/施動者系列 方式：She performed the operation with gre

52、at skill. 手段：They left by plane. 工具：She tried to open the lock with a knife. 施動者：They were noticed by no one. 刺激：Im astonished at your reaction.整理ppt541)原因/目的系列 (1)原因/理由/動機：because of ; on account of ; for; through; from;We have to drive slowly because of the heavy rain.On account of his wide experi

53、ence, he was made chairman.The survivors were weak from exposure and lack of food.Some support charities out of duty, some out of a sense of guilt.I hid the money, for fear of what my parents would say.The plane was destroyed through the pilots carelessness. 整理ppt55 A) on account of;表示理由或原因，是because

54、 of 的正式語體中的替代形式。 B) out of和for主要限于表達動機-心里因素：out of gratitude/kindness C) for出現(xiàn)在相對來說數(shù)量較小的詞組中：for fear/ love/ joy/ sorrow(2)目的/目的地：for/to Hell do anything for money. in order to gain money Everyone ran for shelter. in order to reach shelter A) for表示預定目的地時，與run, start, head, leave, set out等動詞連用。 He set

55、 out for London.整理ppt56 B)用to短語表示假設將會到達的目的地。 He went to London. He left for London. Is this the train to London? Is this the train for London?(3)接受者/目的/目標 for/ to/ at A)當for的后面接表示人或動物的名詞短語時，多半帶有“預定接受者”的意味 He laid a trap for his enemies. She made a beautiful doll for her daughter. He cooked a dinner for her. 這種預定接受者常常相當于一個間接賓語。 She made her daughter a beautiful doll. He cooked her a dinner.整理ppt57B) to在句子中表示“實際接受者”。 She gave a beautiful doll to her daughter. I gave th