中英文對(duì)照版雅典憲章

1、（中英文對(duì)照版）雅典憲章LT雅典憲章I.城市基本建設(shè)1 .城市都構(gòu)成一個(gè)地理的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的，社會(huì)的, 文化的和政治的區(qū)域單位的一部分，城市即依賴 這些單位而發(fā)展。2 .人類(lèi)的心里和生理與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和政治價(jià)值同等重要，上升為個(gè)人與社會(huì)關(guān)系的問(wèn)題。生 命與個(gè)人、社會(huì)這兩個(gè)對(duì)立因素同等重要。3 .心理和生理常數(shù)受環(huán)境影響：地理和地貌狀況以及經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治局勢(shì)。地理和地貌情況是最 重要的，包括自然資源，土地和水，植物，土壤, 氣候等。4 .接下來(lái)是經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，與外界溝通的手段包 括本地區(qū)的自然資源或人造資源。5 .第三是政治局勢(shì)以及政府和管理制度。6 .自有歷史以來(lái)，城市的特征，均因特殊的 需要而定：如軍事性的

2、防御，科學(xué)的發(fā)明，行政 制度生產(chǎn)和交通方法（公路，水路，鐵路，航空） 的不斷發(fā)展。7 .影響城市發(fā)展的基本因素是經(jīng)常在演變的。8 .現(xiàn)代城市的混亂是機(jī)械時(shí)代無(wú)計(jì)劃和無(wú)秩序的發(fā)展造成的，改變了人的習(xí)慣，居住地點(diǎn) 和工作類(lèi)型,機(jī)械運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展,造成城市的混亂。II.城市四大功能A.居住9 .歷史上，城市中心區(qū)的人口密度太大，甚 至有些地區(qū)每公頃的居民超過(guò)一千人。（每英畝 400-600 人）。10 .在過(guò)度擁擠的地區(qū)中，生活環(huán)境是非常 不衛(wèi)生的。這是因?yàn)樵谶@種地區(qū)中，地皮被過(guò)度 的使用，缺乏空曠地，而建筑物本身也正在一種 不衛(wèi)生和敗壞的情況中。這種情況，因?yàn)檫@些地 區(qū)中的居民收入太少，故更加嚴(yán)重。1

3、1 .因?yàn)槭袇^(qū)不斷擴(kuò)展，圍繞住宅區(qū)的空曠地帶亦被破壞了，這樣就剝削了許多居民享受鄰 近鄉(xiāng)野的幸福。12 .集體住宅和單幢住宅常常建造在最?lèi)毫?的地區(qū)，無(wú)論就住宅的功能講，或是就住宅所必 需的環(huán)境衛(wèi)生講，這些地區(qū)都是不適宜于居住的13 .比較人煙稠密的地區(qū)，往往是最不適宜 于居住的地點(diǎn)，如朝北的山坡上，低洼、潮濕、 多霧、易遭水災(zāi)的地方或過(guò)于鄰近工業(yè)區(qū)易被煤 煙、聲響振動(dòng)所侵?jǐn)_的地方。14 .人口稀疏的地區(qū)，卻常常在最優(yōu)越的地 區(qū)發(fā)展起來(lái)，特享各種優(yōu)點(diǎn)：氣候好，地勢(shì)好， 交通便利而且不受工廠的侵?jǐn)_。15 .這種分區(qū)不合理的住宅配型，至今仍然 為城市建筑法規(guī)所許可。16 .在交通頻繁的街道上及路口

4、附近的房 屋，因?yàn)槿菀自馐芑覊m噪音和臭味的侵?jǐn)_，已不宜作為居住房屋之用。17 .在住宅區(qū)的街道上對(duì)于那些面對(duì)面沿街 的房屋，我們通常都未考慮到它們獲得陽(yáng)光的種 種不同情形。18 .社會(huì)公共服務(wù)用房被隨意設(shè)置。19 .學(xué)校，經(jīng)常設(shè)于繁忙的交通干道上，遠(yuǎn) 離所服務(wù)的住宅區(qū)。20 .郊區(qū)發(fā)展沒(méi)有計(jì)劃，沒(méi)有良好地組織與 城市的聯(lián)系。21 .現(xiàn)在，將郊區(qū)納入城市管轄范圍的嘗試 都顯得太晚了。22 .目前，向郊區(qū)收取公路基礎(chǔ)稅金很困難。建議23 .住宅區(qū)應(yīng)該占用最好的地區(qū)，我們不但 要仔細(xì)考慮這些地區(qū)的氣候和地形的條件，而且 必須考慮這些住宅區(qū)應(yīng)該接近一些空曠地，以便 將來(lái)可以作為文娛及健身運(yùn)動(dòng)之用。24

5、居住區(qū)的選擇應(yīng)考慮健康的因素25 .在每一個(gè)住宅區(qū)中，須根據(jù)影響每個(gè)地 區(qū)生活情況的因素，訂定各種不同的人口密度。26每個(gè)居住單元最少擁有一小時(shí)日照。27 .為了居民的健康，應(yīng)嚴(yán)禁沿著交通要道 建造居住房屋28 .在人口密度較高的地區(qū)，我們應(yīng)利用現(xiàn) 代建筑技術(shù)建造距離較遠(yuǎn)的高層集體住宅29 .高層住宅間留出必需的空地。游憩30 在今日城市中普遍地缺乏空地面積。31 .空地面積位置不適中，以致多數(shù)居民因 距離遠(yuǎn)，難得利用。32 .因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)的空地都在偏僻的市外圍或 近郊地區(qū)，所以無(wú)益于住在不合衛(wèi)生的市中心區(qū) 的居民。33 .通常那些少數(shù)的游戲場(chǎng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所占的 地址，多是將來(lái)注定了要建造房屋的。

6、這說(shuō)明了 這些公共空地時(shí)常變動(dòng)的原因。34周末去空地休閑的行為變得困難建議35 .所有住宅區(qū)域應(yīng)提供足夠的休憩用地， 以滿足兒童，青少年和成人娛樂(lè)和體育運(yùn)動(dòng)需 要。36 .在人口稠密的地區(qū)，將敗壞的建筑物加 以清除，改進(jìn)一般的環(huán)境衛(wèi)生，并將這些清除后 的地區(qū)改作游憩用地，廣植樹(shù)木花草。37 .新建住宅區(qū)，應(yīng)該預(yù)先留出空地作為建 筑公園運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)及兒童游戲場(chǎng)之用。在兒童公園或 兒童游戲場(chǎng)附近的空地上設(shè)立托兒所、幼兒園或 初級(jí)小學(xué)。38 .它應(yīng)該是可能的花費(fèi)在方便和有利的地 方周末空閑時(shí)間39 .公園適當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)應(yīng)留作公共設(shè)施之用， 設(shè)立音樂(lè)臺(tái)、小圖書(shū)館、小博物館及公共會(huì)堂等， 以提倡正當(dāng)?shù)募w文娛活動(dòng)

7、。40 .在城市附近的河流、海灘、森林、湖泊 等自然風(fēng)景幽美之區(qū)，我們應(yīng)盡量利用它們作為 廣大群眾假日游憩之用。工作41 .工作地點(diǎn)（如工廠、商業(yè)中心和政府機(jī) 關(guān)等）不再合理分布在城市綜合體42 .工作地點(diǎn)與居住地點(diǎn)的連接不合理，這 樣使兩者之間浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)。43 .在上下班時(shí)間中，車(chē)輛過(guò)分擁擠，即起 因于交通路線缺乏有秩序的組織。44 .由于在城市規(guī)劃方案缺乏遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的情況 下，地價(jià)高昂，賦稅增加，交通擁擠及城市無(wú)管 制而迅速的發(fā)展，工業(yè)常被迫遷往市外。45 .辦公樓都集中在市中心商業(yè)區(qū)，其中作 為城市最優(yōu)越的部分，提供通信系統(tǒng)最完整的服 務(wù)，只能在巨款購(gòu)置和拆毀周?chē)慕ㄖ锏那樾?下，方能擴(kuò)

8、展。46 .工作地點(diǎn)與居住地點(diǎn)之間的距離，應(yīng)該 在最少時(shí)間內(nèi)可以到達(dá)。47 .工業(yè)區(qū)與居住區(qū)（同樣和別的地區(qū)）應(yīng) 以綠色地帶或緩沖地帶來(lái)隔離。48 .重要的工業(yè)地帶應(yīng)接近鐵路線、港口、 通航的河道和主要的運(yùn)輸線。49 .與日常生活有密切關(guān)系而且不引起擾亂 危險(xiǎn)和不便的小型工業(yè)，應(yīng)留在市區(qū)中為住宅區(qū) 服務(wù)。50 .公共和私人商業(yè)區(qū)應(yīng)有專(zhuān)人管理，應(yīng)保證城市中住宅區(qū)與工業(yè)區(qū)有著良好的聯(lián)系、V父遇51 .今日城市中和郊外的街道系統(tǒng)多為舊時(shí) 代的遺產(chǎn)，都是為徒步與行駛馬車(chē)而設(shè)計(jì)的；現(xiàn) 在雖然不斷的加以修改，但仍不能適合現(xiàn)代交通 工具（如汽車(chē)電車(chē)等）和交通量的需要。52 .今日城市中和郊外的街道系統(tǒng)多為舊

9、時(shí) 代的遺產(chǎn)，都是為徒步與行駛馬車(chē)而設(shè)計(jì)的；53 .現(xiàn)在雖然不斷的加以修改，但仍不能適 合現(xiàn)代交通工具（如汽車(chē)電車(chē)等）和交通量的需 要。54交叉路口過(guò)多55城市中街道寬度不夠，引起交通擁擠。56 .目前顯然不合理的街道布局缺乏效率和 靈活性，分化和秩序，使得今日新的交通工具（汽 車(chē)電豐等）不能發(fā)揮他們的效能。57 .一個(gè)主要追求特殊紀(jì)念意義的城市設(shè) 計(jì)，往往會(huì)使得交通情況變得更為復(fù)雜。58 .鐵路線往往成為城市發(fā)展的阻礙，它們 圍繞某些地區(qū)，使得這些地區(qū)與城市別的部分隔 開(kāi)了，雖然它們之間本來(lái)是應(yīng)該有便捷與直接的 交通聯(lián)系的。建議59 .我們實(shí)在需要一個(gè)新的街道系統(tǒng)，以適 應(yīng)現(xiàn)代交通工具的需要

10、。同時(shí)為得準(zhǔn)備這新的街 道系統(tǒng)，需要一種正確的調(diào)查與統(tǒng)計(jì)資料， 以確 定街道合理的寬度。60 .街道上的行車(chē)速率，須根據(jù)其街道的特 殊功用，以及該街道上行駛車(chē)輛的種類(lèi)而決定。61 .行車(chē)速率亦為道路分類(lèi)的因素，以決定 為快行車(chē)輛行駛之用或?yàn)槁熊?chē)輛之用，同時(shí)并 將這種交通大道與支路加以區(qū)別。62 .人行道與車(chē)行道應(yīng)該分開(kāi)設(shè)置。63 .道路應(yīng)根據(jù)其功能區(qū)別：住宅街道，海 濱長(zhǎng)廊，通過(guò)公路，主要公路等64 .各種建筑物，尤其是住宅建筑應(yīng)以綠色 地帶與行車(chē)干路隔離。有歷史價(jià)值的建筑和地區(qū)65 .有歷史價(jià)值的古建筑均應(yīng)妥為保存，不 可加以破壞。66 .真能代表某一時(shí)期的建筑物，可引起普 遍興趣，可以教

11、育人民者。67 .但是保護(hù)文物不代表人們必須保持低水 平的生活。68 .在所有可能條件下，將所有干路避免穿行古建筑區(qū)，并使交通不增加擁擠，亦不使妨礙 城市有轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的新發(fā)展。69 .在古建筑附近的貧民窟，如作有計(jì)劃的 清除后，即可改善附近住宅區(qū)的生活環(huán)境， 并保 護(hù)該地區(qū)居民的健康。70 .以美觀為借口將歷史建筑風(fēng)格應(yīng)用在新 建筑上，會(huì)造成災(zāi)難性的后果，繼承或引進(jìn)這種 風(fēng)氣，將不被允許?？偨Y(jié)71 .我們可以將前面各章關(guān)于城市四大活動(dòng) 之各種分析總結(jié)起來(lái)說(shuō)：現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)城市中的生 活情況，未能適合其中廣大居民在生理上及心理 上最基本的需要。72 .自機(jī)器時(shí)代開(kāi)始以來(lái)，這種生活情況是 各種私人利益不斷滋

12、長(zhǎng)的的一個(gè)表現(xiàn)。城市的滋 長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)大，是使用機(jī)器逐漸增多所促成-一個(gè)從工 匠的手工業(yè)改成大規(guī)模的機(jī)器工業(yè)的變化。73 .雖然城市是經(jīng)常的在變化，但我們可以 說(shuō)普遍的事實(shí)是：這些變化是沒(méi)有加以預(yù)料的， 因?yàn)槿狈苤坪臀茨軕?yīng)用現(xiàn)代城市計(jì)劃所認(rèn)可 的原則，所以城市的發(fā)展遭受到極大的損害。74 .一方面是必須擔(dān)任的大規(guī)模重建城市的迫切工作，一方面卻是市地的過(guò)度的分割。這兩 者代表了兩種矛盾的現(xiàn)實(shí)。75 .城市范圍內(nèi)的一切因素都應(yīng)考慮人口的 規(guī)模。76 .城市規(guī)劃的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是城市四大功能：居 住、工作、休憩、交通。77 .將各種預(yù)計(jì)作為居住、工作、游息的不 同地區(qū)，在位置和面積方面，作一個(gè)平衡的布置， 同時(shí)建

13、立一個(gè)聯(lián)系三者的交通網(wǎng)。訂立各種計(jì) 劃，使各區(qū)依照它們的需要和有機(jī)律而發(fā)展。78 .建立居住、工作和游息各地區(qū)間的關(guān)系， 務(wù)使在這些地區(qū)間的日?；顒?dòng)可以最經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí) 間完成。在建立城市中不同活動(dòng)空間的關(guān)系時(shí)， 切不可忘記居住是為首的要素。79 .機(jī)械化的運(yùn)輸速度破壞了城市環(huán)境，造 成將長(zhǎng)期存在的危險(xiǎn)，阻礙交流，危害健康80 .市區(qū)和郊區(qū)流通的原則，必須修改。一 個(gè)可接受的速度必須建立分類(lèi)。一個(gè)類(lèi)型區(qū)劃改 革必須建立能夠帶來(lái)成一個(gè)和諧的關(guān)系，城市的 主要功能和發(fā)展它們之間的連接。這些連接可以 發(fā)展成為一個(gè)理性的主要公路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。81 .城市規(guī)劃的三個(gè)層面為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)，而不是兩班倒。這引入了元素的高度釋

14、放提供了現(xiàn) 代的交通和空間作康樂(lè)用途的可能性82 .檢查的城市應(yīng)該是在其區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的影 響力。一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的總計(jì)劃 -城市區(qū)域-必 須替換一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的城市總體規(guī)劃83 .城市應(yīng)該能夠成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)和諧運(yùn)作，其 所有不同的部分城市統(tǒng)一按預(yù)定的開(kāi)放空間及 連接手段，而是一種平衡狀態(tài)，應(yīng)該存在于它的 每一個(gè)發(fā)展階段。84 .這是迫切需要每一個(gè)城市的規(guī)劃方案編 制說(shuō)明哪些法律將需要使計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn)。85 .規(guī)劃方案的基礎(chǔ)必須是由專(zhuān)家進(jìn)行了嚴(yán) 格的分析研究。它必須預(yù)見(jiàn)到在時(shí)間和空間發(fā)展 的階段。它必須協(xié)調(diào)該網(wǎng)站的自然資源，其地形 的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)資產(chǎn)，其社會(huì)需要和其精神的 愿望。86 .從事城市規(guī)劃的建筑師應(yīng)確定

15、與人性化 的規(guī)定的。87 .對(duì)所有的城市規(guī)劃的出發(fā)點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是單一 住宅或單元格，并將其納入適當(dāng)?shù)拇笮∴徖飭挝?分組。88 .隨著這些居委會(huì)為依托單位，城市綜合體可以設(shè)計(jì)成帶出住宅之間的關(guān)系，工作場(chǎng)所和 地方用于娛樂(lè)。89 .現(xiàn)代科技的全部資源都需要進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)艱 巨的任務(wù)。這意味著獲取豐富的專(zhuān)家合作，用科 學(xué)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)的建筑藝術(shù)。90 .這些事態(tài)發(fā)展的進(jìn)展情況將極大地影響 了政治，社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素91 .不僅如此，它還是建筑體系結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題中 最終的解決手段92該城市的緊急整治任務(wù)的艱巨，以及城 市土地所有制過(guò)度細(xì)分提出了兩個(gè)對(duì)立的現(xiàn)實(shí)。93 .這種尖銳的矛盾造成了我們這個(gè)時(shí)代最 嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題之一：迫切需要規(guī)范

16、和法律上的平等 的基礎(chǔ)上，土地配置，以滿足社會(huì)和個(gè)人的基本 需求。這個(gè)尖銳的矛盾，在我們這個(gè)時(shí)代造成了 一個(gè)最為嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題：這個(gè)問(wèn)題是使我們急切需 要建立一個(gè)土地改革制度，它的基本目的不但要 滿足個(gè)人的需要，而且要滿足廣大人民的需要。94 .私人利益要服從社會(huì)的利益Charter of Athens (1933)1. THE CITY IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING1. The city is only a part of the economic, social and political entity which constitutes the region.2. Econ

17、omic, social and political values are juxtaposed with the psychological and physiological attributes of the human being, raising problems of the relations between the individual and the community. Life can only expand to the extent that accord is reached between these two opposing forces: the indivi

18、dual and the community.3. Psychological and biological constants are influenced by the environment: its geographic and topographic situation as well as its economic and political situation. The geographic and topographic situation is of prime importance, and includes natural elements, land and water

19、, flora, soil, climate, etc.4. Next comes the economic situation, including the resources of the region and natural or manmade means of communication with the outside world.5. Thirdly comes the political situation and the system of government and administration.6. Special circumstances have, through

20、out history, determined the character of individual cities: military defense, scientific discoveries, different administrations, the progressive development of communications and methods of transportation (road, water, rail, air).7. The factors which govern the development of cities are thus subject

21、 to continual change.8. The advent of the machine age has caused immense disturbances to man's habits, place of dwelling and type of work; an uncontrolled concentration in cities, caused by mechanical transportation, has resulted in brutal and universal changes without precendent sic in history.

22、 Chaos has entered into the cities.II. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF THE CITYA. Dwelling9. The population density is too great in the historic, central districts of cities as well as in some nineteenth century areas of expansion: densities rise to 1000 and even 1500 inhabitants per hectare (approximately 40

23、0 to 600 per acre). 10. In the congested urban areas housing conditions are unhealthy due to insufficient space within the dwelling, absence of useable green spaces and neglected maintenance of the buildings (exploitation based on speculation). This situation is aggravated by the presence of a popul

24、ation with a very low standard of living, incapable of initiating ameliorations (mortality up to 20 per cent).11. Extensions of the city devour, bit by bit, its surrounding green areas; one can discern the successive rings of development. This ever greater separation from natural elements heightens

25、the harmful effects of bad sanitary conditions.12. Dwellings are scattered throughout the city without consideration of sanitary requirements.13. The most densely populated districts are in the least favorable situations (on unfavorable slopes, invaded by fog or industrial emanations, subject to flo

26、oding, etc.)14. Low in density developments (middle income dwellings) occupy the advantageous sites, sheltered from unfavorable winds, with secure views opening onto an agreeable countryside, lake, sea, or mountains, etc. and with ample air and sunlight.15. This segregation of dwellings is sanctione

27、d by custom, and by a system of local authority regulations considered quite justifiable: zoning.16. Buildings constructed alongside major routes and around crossroads are unsuitable for dwellings because of noise, dust and noxious gases.17. The traditional alignment of houses along the sides of roa

28、ds means that good exposure to sunlight is only possible for a minimum number of dwellings.18. The distribution of community services related to housing is arbitrary.19. Schools, in particular, are frequently sited on busy traffic routes and too far from the houses they serve.20. Suburbs have develo

29、ped without plans and without well organized links with the city.21. Attempts have been made too late to incorporate suburbs within the administrative unit of the city.22. Suburbs are often merely an agglomeration of hutments where it is difficult to collect funds for the necessary roads and service

30、s.IT IS RECOMMENDED23. Residential areas should occupy the best places in the city from the point of view of typography, climate, sunlight and availability of green space.24. The selection of residential zones should be determined on grounds of health.25. Reasonable densities should be imposed relat

31、ed both to the type of housing and to the conditions of the site.26. A minimum number of hours of sunlight should be required for each dwelling unit.27. The alignment of housing along main traffic routes should be forbidden sic28. Full use should be made of modern building techniques in constructing

32、 highrise apartments.29. Highrise apartments placed at wide distances apart liberate ground for large open spaces.Recreation30. Open spaces are generally insufficient.31. When there is sufficient open space it is often badly distributed and, therefore not readily usable by most of the population.32.

33、 Outlying open spaces cannot ameliorate areas of downtown congestion.33. The few sports fields, for reasons of accessibility, usually occupy sites earmarked for future development for housing or industry: which makes for a precarious existance sic and their frequent displacement.34. Land that could

34、be used for week-end leisure is often very difficult of access sic.IT IS RECOMMENDED35. All residential areas should be provided with sufficient open space to meet reasonable needs for recreation and active sports for children, adolescents and adults.36. Unsanitary slums should be demolished and rep

35、laced by open space. This would ameliorate the surrounding areas.37. The new open spaces should be used for well-defined purposes: children's playgrounds, schools, youth clubs and other community buildings closely related to housing.38. It should be possible to spend week-end free time in access

36、ible and favorable places.39. These should be laid out as public parks, forests, sports grounds, stadiums, beaches, etc.40. Full advantages should be taken of existing natural features: rivers, forests, hills, mountains, valleys, lakes, sea, etc.C. Work41. Places of work are no longer rationally dis

37、tributed within the urban complex. This comprises industry, workshops, offices, government and commerce.42. Connections between dwelling and place of work are no longer reasonable: they impose excessively long journeys to work.43. The time spent in journeying to work has reached a critical situation

38、.44. In the absence of planning programs, the uncontrolled growth of cities, lack of foresight, land speculation, etc. have caused industry to settle haphazardly, following no rule.45. Office buildings are concentrated in the downtown business district which, as the most privileged part of the city,

39、 served by the most complete system of communications, readily falls prey to speculation. Since offices are private concerns effective planning for their best development is difficult.46. Distances between work places and dwelling places should be reduced to a minimum.47. Industrial sectors should b

40、e separated from residential sectors by an area of green open space.48. Industrial zones should be contiguous with railroads, canals and highways.49. Workshops, which are intimately related to urban life, and indeed derive from it, should occupy well designed sic areas in the interior of the city.50

41、. Business districts devoted to administration both public and private, should be assured of good communications with residential areas as well as with industries and workshops within the city and upon its fringes.D. Transportation51. The existing network of urban communications has arisen from an a

42、gglomeration of the aids sic roads of major traffic routes. In Europe these major routes date back well into the middle ages sic, sometimes even into antiquity.52. Devised for the use of pedestrians and horse drawn vehicles, they are inadequate for today's mechanized transportation.53. These ina

43、ppropriate street dimensions prevent the effective use of mechanized vehicles at speeds corresponding to urban pressure.54. Distances between crossroads are too infrequent.55. Street widths are insufficient. Their widening is difficult and often ineffectual.56. Faced by the needs of high speed sic v

44、ehicles, present the apparently irrational street pattern lacks efficiency and flexibility, differentiation and order sic.57. Relics of a former pompous magnificence designed for special monumental effects often complicate traffic circulation.58. In many cases the railroad system presents a serious

45、obstacle to well planned urban development. It barricades off certain residential districts, depriving them from easy contact with the most vital elements of the city.IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT59. Traffic analyses be made, based on accurate statistics, to show the general pattern of circulation in the c

46、ity and its region, and reveal the location of heavily travelled sic routes and the types of their traffic.60. Transportation routes should be classified according to their nature, and be designed to meet the rrquirements sic and speeds of specific types of vehicles.61. Heavily used traffic junction

47、s should be designed for continuous passage of vehicles, using different levels.62. Pedestrian routes and automobile routes should follow separate paths.63. Roads should be differentiated according to their functions: residential streets, promenades, through roads, major highways, etc.64. In princip

48、le, heavy traffic routes should be insulated by green belts.E. Legacy of History65. Fine architecture, whether individual buildings or groups of buildings, should be protected from demolition.66. The grounds for the preservation of buildings should be that they express an earlier culture and that th

49、eir retention is in the publicinterest.67. But their preservation should no sic entail that people are obliged to live in unsalubrius sic conditions.68. If their present location obstructs development, radical measures may be called for, such as altering major circulation routes or even shifting exi

50、sting central districts - something usually considered impossible.69. The demolition of slums surrounding historic monuments provides an opportunity to create new open spaces.70. The re-use of past styles of building for new structures in historic areas under the pretext of asthetics has disastrous

51、consequences. The continuance or the introduction of such habits in any form should not be tolerated.III. CONCLUSIONS71. Most of the cities studied present an image of chaos. They do not correspond in any way to their ultimate purpose: to satisfy the basic biological and physiological needs of their

52、 inhabitants.72. The irresponsibility of private enterprise has resulted in a disastrous rupture of the equilibrium between strong economic forces on one side and, on the other, weak administrative controls and powerless social interests.73. Although cities are constantly changing, their development

53、 proceeds without order or control and with no attempt to apply contemporary town planning principles, such as have been specified in professionally qualified circles.74. The city should assure both individual liberty and the benefits of collective action on both the spiritual and material planes.75

54、. The dimensions of everything wi thin sic the urban domain should relate to the human scale.76. The four keys to urban planning are the four functions of the city: dwelling, work, recreation(use of leisure time), transportation.77. The city plan sould sic determine the internal structure and the in

55、terrelated positions in the city of each sector of the four key functions.78. The plan should ensure that the daily cycle of activities between the dwelling, workplace and recreation (recuperation) can occur with the utmost economy of time. The dwelling should be considered as the prime center of al

56、l urban planning, to which all other functions are attached.79. The speeds of mechanized transportation have disrupted the urban setting, presenting an ever-present danger, obstructing or paralyzing communications and endangering health.80. The principle of urban and suburban circulation must be rev

57、ised. A classification of acceptable speeds must be established. A reformed type of zoning must be set up that can bring the key functions of the city into a harmonious relationship and developconnections between them. These connections can then be developed into a rational network of major highways

58、.81. Town planning is a science based on three dimensions, not on two. This introduces the element of height which offers the possibility of freeing spaces for modern traffic circulation and for recreational purposes.82. The city should be examined in the context of its region of influence. A plan for the total economic unit - the city-region - must replace the simple master plan of a city.83. The city should be able to grow harmoniously