主語和謂語的一致

1、1. 主語和謂語的一致關(guān)系 :謂語要與主語在 人稱和數(shù)上保持一致 : Her dreams have come true.Her dream has come true.She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark.Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored.2. 確定主語單復(fù)數(shù)的三個(gè)原則 :2 1. 語法上一致的原則 : The boy plays football well. The boys play footbal

2、l well.It is bitterly cold. I am very cold.2 2.概念上一致的原則 :My family are all early risers. (指家中的全體成員 ,有復(fù)數(shù)含義 )His family has moved into the new house. (指整個(gè)家 ,用作單數(shù) )Five minutes is enough. (一個(gè)時(shí)間段 ,看作單數(shù) )The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全體船員 ,復(fù)數(shù) )2 3.鄰近詞一致的原則 :Neither he nor they

3、 are wholly right.NeitherTomnor the Browns enjoy theirjourneyto Beijingowing to thebad weather.Either your key or my key is missing.Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party.He or I am in the wrong.-what s worth visiting there?-well, theres the park, the castle and the museum.3.

4、主謂一致的具體原則 :3 1.根據(jù)語法一致的原則確定謂語形式:單數(shù)主語 + 單數(shù)謂語 ;復(fù)數(shù)主語 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語The teacher encourages the students to speak freely.My wages are low, but me taxes are high.Their house has nine room.It always pays to give your paper one final check.在 “主語 +系詞 +表語結(jié)構(gòu)”中,系動(dòng)詞要與主語的數(shù)保持一致,不受其表語的影響 .Their greatest concern is the child

5、ren.The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us.What we need most is books.Paul is friends with bill.在 “單數(shù)名詞 ( 主語 )+(together)with+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語只與主語保持一致,這是因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z只起修飾主語的作用,而非主語的一部分 .短語 :Along with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, as much as, no less than, including,

6、 besides, except, but, like. The factory with all its equipment has been burnt.You as well as I are wrong.The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.An expert,togetherwithsome assistants, wassent to help in thiswork.The teacher, as much as the parents, is to blame fo

7、r the accident.Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife, is arriving tonight.3 2主語含有 and 時(shí)的謂語形式 :“單數(shù)名詞 + and +單數(shù)名詞”作主語 ,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) .Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.Joe and Bob are smart.He and I are good friends.The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.如果由 and所連接的并

8、列主語指的是同一個(gè)人或物事,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall.A / The +單數(shù)名詞人 + and +單數(shù)名詞人 + 單數(shù)謂語指同一個(gè)人身兼兩種職務(wù).A / The +單數(shù)名詞人 + and + a/the +單數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語.指不同職務(wù)的兩個(gè)人 .The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people.

9、The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people.一下已被看成一個(gè)整體 ,因而做主語時(shí) ,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) .Knife and fork,needle and thread,a cup and saucer,a horse and carriage,trial and error, law and order, etc.Law and order has been established.Bread and butter is our daily food.Fish and chips is a popular f

10、ast food.The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA.The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar.主語為“every / each + 單數(shù)名詞 + and + (every/ each +) 單數(shù)名詞”時(shí),謂語用單數(shù) .Every man, woman, and child needs love.Each boy and girl was given a book.Each book and each paper is held in place.Every minute an

11、d every second is precious.主語為 “形容詞 + and + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞” , 并且是涉及到該名詞的品種或類別時(shí) , 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) .Chinese and british beer are served at the pub.Cooling draft beer is served at the pub.Clever and dull students are treated alike.There is a black and white picture on the wall.當(dāng) “ bothand ” 連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語

12、動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) .Both his brother and sister are married.Both whales and dolphins are mammals.3 3根據(jù)鄰近詞一致的原則確定謂語形式:用 or 連接兩個(gè)名 ( 代 ) 詞作主語時(shí) , 依據(jù) “鄰近原則” 確定謂語形式 . George or Tom is wanted.George or I am wrong. Were you or he there?用 eitheror 連接連個(gè)名代詞作主語時(shí) , 鄰近原則 .Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad re

13、sults.Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.Not onlybut also; notbut連接兩個(gè)名代詞作主語時(shí) , 鄰近原則 .Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party.Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party.3 4謂語用單數(shù)形式的情況 :動(dòng)名詞 ,動(dòng)詞不定式或主語從句作主語 .Reasing is a great pleasure in life.To live means to cre

14、at.That we need more time is obvious.數(shù)詞或“數(shù)詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 ( 表示時(shí)間 , 距離 , 金額 ,重量, 大小, 體積等)” 作主語.Eight hours of sleep is enough.Five is an odd number.A hundred miles is quite a drive, isnt it?Five tons is a heavy load.Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞作主語.The Philippines consists of more

15、than 7,000 islands.The United Nations has its head quarters in New York City.The Times has a large circulation.“ many a / more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語 .Many a little makes a mickle.Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.More than on grammatical mistakes was found in his composition.表示群意義的詞組 ,如: a fl

16、ockof birds,a pack of dogs, a pridea herd of cattle, a school of fish作主語 .oflions,A flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of cattle is breaking away.3 5謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況:trousers,pants,pyjamas,shorts,pliers,scissors,pincer,tongs,glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses等;一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但當(dāng)這些詞前面有單數(shù)量詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)

17、形式.Where are my scissors?There is a pair of scissors on the table.有些集合名詞作主語時(shí) ,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, peopleCattle feed on grass.The police are looking into the matter.“Several / (a) few / both / many + (of+)用作主語時(shí) ,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 .Several of you need to work harder.Several have al

18、ready written to me.等 ;復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或上述詞”單獨(dú)3 6謂語用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可的情況:有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù) ,但做主語Means, works, tidings, headquarter,謂語多用單數(shù)等;,也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式.The firm s headquarters are / is in London.The good tiding come / comes too late.There is / are no means of finding out what happened.The steel works is / are closed for the holida

19、y.數(shù)詞組成的數(shù)學(xué)算式作主語,謂語單復(fù)亦可 :Two and three is/are five.Twice two make/makes four.一些復(fù)數(shù)形式疾病名稱作主語,通常用單數(shù) ,復(fù)數(shù)也可以 .The measles is an infectious illness.Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults.3 7不定代詞作主語時(shí)的謂語形式:由 any, some, no, every與 body, one, thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語或主語的一部分 ,謂語用單數(shù) .Somebody, anyone, nothing, everyone等;Every

20、body is doing his best.There is nothing you can do to help.There s something interesting in the newspaper.“ each, each +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 ; each of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式 .Each arrives on time.Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour.Each boy has tried twice.Each 位于復(fù)數(shù)主語之后 ,不影響主語的數(shù) , . The boys eac

21、h have an apple.Either, neither作主語或主語一部分時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式 :Either is acceptable.Either one is good enough for me.Is/are either of them a doctor?Neither is/are to blame.Neither answer is correct.Neither of us wants/want to do it.注意 , neither, either of和 neither of等用于否定或疑問句時(shí),特別在口語中 ,也可以跟復(fù)數(shù)謂語 .All, some, more,

22、 most作主語或主語一部分時(shí)上述 + 不可數(shù)名詞作主語 ,謂語用單數(shù) ;上述 + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語 ,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 ;All hope has gone.Some money was spent on books.All roads lead to Rome.Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian.All is going well.There s some in the pot.The most you can hope for is five dollars.All are agreed on this point.Some are wise

23、 and some are otherwise.Many people support the proposal, but more are against it.All, some, more, most與 of連用時(shí) :同樣原則 ;All of this is yours.Some of the book is good.Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it.Most of his writing is rubbish.Most of the books on that shelf are in English, and th

24、e rest are in Russian or French.None 作主語或主語一部分時(shí):-Is there any milk in the cup?-No, there is none.None have arrived.None has returned from the meeting.“None of +名詞”作主語 :None of us is perfect.None of the guests want to stay.None of this money is yours.None of these suggestions is/are very helpful.Any

25、用作主語或主語一部分:Any is better than none.Any is good enough for me.Give me some if there are/is any.If there is any trouble, let me know.Any child wants to know that.There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.Any of these authorities are/is reliable.I don t think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow.Is

26、 there any more of this stuff?Half用作主語或主語一部分:Half was damaged.Half are here.I broke the chocolate into halves, and heres your half.Half his time was wasted.Half the soldiers were killed.Half my class has/have obtained driver s licenses.Half of the apple was rotten.Half of the time was spent in the c

27、ountry.Half of the fruit is bad.Half of my class has/have obtained driver s licenses.Half of them are here.Half of the plums are bad.Enough 作主語或主語的一部分:Enough has been said on this matter.Enough are here to constitute a quorum.There is enough food for everybody.There are enough players for a game.3 8

28、 表示數(shù)量的短語作主語時(shí)的謂語形式:A lot of,lotsof, plenty of, the percentageof,分?jǐn)?shù)詞 + of,a quantityof, quantities of作主語的一部分時(shí) :Two-fifths of the money is mine.Two-fifthsofthestudents in theclassarefrom Arabic-speakingcountries.There was quantities of rain this fall.Lots of my friends are here.There were a quantity of

29、 people in the hall.A great deal of, an amount of, (a) little of, much of與不可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí) , 謂語用單數(shù) :Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.Little of the equipment was standardized.There is a limited amount of oil in the world.A good many, a great many, a number of與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用 , 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) .There were a great (good

30、) many people in the park.A number of students were absent.“ the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂語” ,因?yàn)?the number of的詞義為“ 的數(shù)目” , 如 the number of days in a week is seven.3 9 there be句型中的謂語形式 :There be句型中 , be的形式通常取決于 be 后的主語的數(shù) ;There aren t any letters in the mail for you today.There isn t any mail for you tod

31、ay.There re some good programs on TV.非正式英語中 , 如果 there be 后是由 and 連接的并列主語 , 可以用復(fù)數(shù)謂語 , 也可以依據(jù)鄰近詞一致的原則來確定謂語形式 .There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.3 10需經(jīng)判斷來確定句子的謂語形式:1. 集合名詞作主語如果集合名詞被看作是一個(gè)整體 , 或一個(gè)組織 , 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式The graduating class

32、 is in the laboratory. The audience was rather small.A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.如果著重其各組成部分或成員的行動(dòng) , 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式 . The class were all cheerful.The audience were excited by his speech. The team were talking over some new plays.常用集合名詞 :Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group,organ