(借鑒)語流現(xiàn)象：連讀、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱讀

1、 Copyright ReservedSpeakingCecilia XIE連讀、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱讀、濁化英語常見語流現(xiàn)象1. 連讀：兩個相鄰單詞首尾音素自然的拼讀在一起，中間不停頓，被稱為連讀。連讀只發(fā)生在同一意群之內(nèi)，即意思聯(lián)系緊密的短語或從句之內(nèi)。1）詞尾輔音+詞首元音，如：Standup.Notatall.Putiton, please.Please pickitup.I'manEnglish boy.Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit.Ms Black worked inanoffice.I called you halfanh

2、ourago.2）詞尾不發(fā)音r或re+詞首元音，詞尾r發(fā)音/r/。如：farawayHereis a letter for you.Hereare foureggs.whereis my cup?Whereare your brotherand sister?They're my fatherand mother.I looked forit hereand there.Thereis a football underit.Thereare some books on the desk.注：當有意群進行停頓時不可連讀。如：Isit a hat ora cat?（hat 與or 之間不可

3、以連讀）Thereisa good book in my desk. （book 與in 之間不可以連讀）Can you speakEnglish or French? （English 與or 之間不可以連讀）Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet 與 at，eight 與or 之間不可以連讀）She opened the door and walkedin. （door 與and 之間不可以連讀）2. 加音：在連貫的語流中，人們往往會在兩個元音之間加入一個外加音幫助發(fā)音，從而更加流暢地表達意思。1）詞尾元音/,u:/+詞首元

4、音，在詞尾加上一個輕微的/w/。如：Go w away.How w and why did you come here?The question is too w easy for him to answer.2）詞尾元音/,i:/+詞首元音，在詞尾加上一個輕微的/j/。如：I j am Chinese.She can't carry j it.I j also need the j other one.He j is very friendly to me.She wants to study j English.It'll take you three j hours to

5、 walk there.3. 失去爆破與不完全爆破：1）失去爆破：爆破音+爆破音當兩個爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相鄰時，前一個爆破音只按其發(fā)音部位做好發(fā)音口形、形成阻礙，而不爆破出來，稍微停頓后即發(fā)出后面的輔音。前一個爆破音被稱為失去爆破。失去爆破產(chǎn)生的原因大體上是由于省力原則造成的。如：Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/SuitcaseBig boySharp pencilWhat timeYou must pay.Ask Bob to sit behind me.She took good care of the children.

6、2）不完全爆破：A）爆破音+摩擦音爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/與摩擦音/f,v,s,z,ð,r,h/相鄰時，產(chǎn)生不完全爆破。發(fā)摩擦音時，發(fā)音器官并不形成阻礙而只形成一個很狹小的縫隙，讓氣流從縫隙中摩擦而出。如果一個爆破音與摩擦音相接，它爆破沖出的氣流只能從狹小的縫隙中通過，這種爆破是不完全的。失去爆破產(chǎn)生的原因大體上是由于省力原則造成的。如：Advance/SuccessA good viewOld friendsJust thenGet throughMake sureNight showKeep silence.Keep that in mind.B）爆破音+破擦音爆破音與破

7、擦音/t,d,tr,dr/相鄰時，產(chǎn)生不完全爆破。如：Picture/ObjectThat childGood jobSweet dreamGreat changesA fast trainC）爆破音+鼻輔音爆破音與鼻輔音/m,n,/相鄰時：在詞中，不完全爆破；在詞尾，鼻腔爆破。如：Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/GardenGood morningGood nightStart nowI dont knowJust momentA good neighborD）爆破音+邊輔音爆破音與邊輔音/l/相鄰時：在詞中，不完全爆破；在詞尾，舌側(cè)爆破。如：Lat

8、ely/Badly/Mostly/FriendlyA bit louderId like toStraight lineGood luckAt lastAt lunch4. 同化：人們在說話的時往往會不自覺地讓一個音受相鄰音的影響，使它們變得與其相同或相似；或者兩個音互相影響，變?yōu)榈谌齻€音。這兩種現(xiàn)象被稱為音的同化。同化可以發(fā)生在同一個詞、復合詞內(nèi)或者句子相鄰詞之間。1）因聲帶的影響而發(fā)生的同化： A）濁輔音可變?yōu)榍遢o音，如：of(vf) course，his(zs) pen，with(ð) pleasure。B）清輔音可變?yōu)闈彷o音，如：like(kg) that。2）因發(fā)音部位的影

9、響而發(fā)生的同化：A）/t/+/j/t/。如：Dont hurt yourself!Ill let you go this time.Dont you do that again.Its very nice to meet you.B）/d/+/j/d/。如：Did your sister come?Would you please come in?Could you read this for me please?You didnt like English, did you?C）/s/+/j/。如：I miss you.May God bless you.We will come this

10、year.D）/z/+/j/。如：Heres your ticket.I love you because you are you.Dont expect he tells you the truth.5. 省音：在快速、隨便的言語中，一些音素被省略掉，被稱為省音。省音能提高語速，使說話省力。在正式場合和語速慢的情況下，省音不是必須的。1）同一單詞內(nèi)元音的省略，主要是非重讀音節(jié)中的/和/，如：ord(i)n(a)ry。2）當前一單詞以輔音結尾，后一單詞以/開頭時，/常被省略，如：walk (a)way。3）當前一單詞以否定形式-n't結尾，后一單詞以輔音開頭時，/t/常被忽略，如：Sh

11、e isn'(t) there.I didn(t) hear you.He can(t) believe that. 4）任何一個輔音，若后面緊跟著/h/，/h/可以不發(fā)音。如：Come (h)ere! Must (h)e /ti/ go?What will (h)e /wili/do?Has (h)e done it before?Tell (h)im to ask (h)er5）將多個單詞利用連讀爆破等拼和在一起。如：gotta(got to)gonna(going to)kinda(kind of)lotsa(lots of)gimme(give me)6. 強讀式和弱讀式：在一

12、個句子，有些詞說得又輕又快，而且較為含糊，有些詞則說得又重又慢，而且較為清晰。那些說得響亮而清晰的詞就是句子重音所在。實詞（包括名詞、實義動詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞疑問詞等）一般都接受句子重音，為重讀詞，采用強讀式；虛詞（包括介詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞等功能詞）一般都不接受句子重音，為非重讀詞，采用弱讀式。6.1 一般規(guī)律：1）弱讀式只出現(xiàn)在句子的非重讀詞中。如：Pass me/m/ the/ð/ book. me、the弱讀。2）單詞單獨出現(xiàn)或在句首或句尾時，都采用強讀式。如：What are you listening to/tu:/?3）被特別強調(diào)的詞，無論實詞還是

13、虛詞都采用強讀式。如：I am/æm/ Peter. 我就是皮特。6.2 虛詞弱讀規(guī)律：1）長音變短音，如：she/i:/弱讀/。2）元音前面的輔音被省略，如：him/hm/弱讀/m/。3）輔音前面的元音被省略，如：am/æm/弱讀/m/。4）元音一般弱讀為/，如：can/kæn/弱讀/kn/。5）部分虛詞有多種弱讀式，如：would/wd/弱讀/d,d/。7. 濁化：1）/s/ 后面的清輔音要濁化。 如：/k/濁化成/g/: scar/school/discussion/t/濁化成/d/: stand/student/mistake/p/濁化成/b/: spri

14、ng/spirit/expression2）美音中，當/t/出現(xiàn)在兩個元音之間并且處于非重讀位置的時候，/t/需要濁化成一個近似于/d/的音。這樣，writer聽起來和rider 的發(fā)音幾乎沒有區(qū)別。如：Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/cityI got it.Would you please pick it up?注：/t/如果處于重讀位置的話，即使在兩個元音之間也不需要濁化。請比較：清晰的/t/濁化的/t/I'talian'Italya'tomic'atomLa'tino'Latinpho'tograp

15、her'photograph3）美音中，當/t/前面是一個元音，后面是一個模糊的/l/，且處于非重讀位置，/t/也需要濁化成一個近似于/d/的音。如：Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle4) 美音中，當/t/前面是一個清輔音或前鼻音/n/，后面是一個元音，且處于非重讀位置，/t/也需要濁化成一個近似于/d/的音。如：Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday朗讀練習：1. There are many things to consider when you are look

16、ing for a house, whether you intend to buy or only rent. After all, it is going to be your home, perhaps for quite a long time, and you want to be happy with it. You have to decide exactly what kind of house you want, how much you can afford to pay, and the type of neighborhood you wish to live in.

17、However, its always easy to forget all above, because its most probably that youll fall in love with the house for sale at the first sight.2. YouthYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality o

18、f the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether