大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義:時(shí)態(tài) :所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見(jiàn)下表:過(guò)去現(xiàn)在將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do進(jìn)行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣完成進(jìn)行had bee n doinghave/has bee ndoing/1 .主動(dòng)形式過(guò)去現(xiàn)在;將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般was/were give nam/is/

2、are give nwill/shall be give nshould/would be give n進(jìn)行was/were being give nam/is/are being give n/完成had bee n give nhave/has bee n give nwill/shall have bee n give nshould/would have bee n give n完成進(jìn)行/2 被動(dòng)形式? CET-4?？嫉娜N時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；將來(lái)完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在 ? 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/過(guò)去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示所有的過(guò)去現(xiàn)在和將來(lái) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來(lái)完成 一

3、.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞10-.不定式：J不定式的?？夹问剑?）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to CatCh UP With the others.被動(dòng)形式：He Preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生not to have Seen me.語(yǔ)法功能：2）完成形式：He Prete nded被動(dòng)形式： The book is Said to have bee n tra nslated into many Ia nguages. 語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前二）不定式常

4、考的考點(diǎn)：1 ）不定式做定語(yǔ)-將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)-目的3 ）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能-To See is to believe.三）不定式的省略1）感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+ doing表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性I SaW him work in the garde n yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了 "這個(gè)事實(shí)）I SaW himWork ingin the garde n

5、yesterday.昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）? 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞： The Cake tastes good ; It feels comfortable .2）使役動(dòng)詞have bid make let等詞后不定式要省略但同1） 一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原toI ' d like to have John do it.I have my PaCkage weighed.PaUl d oesn ' t have to be made to learn.3）help help Sb do help Sb to do he

6、lp do help to do四）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：Want ，WiSh ， hope ， man age ， PrOmiSe ， refuse ， Prete nd ， pla n ， offer ， decide ， agree ， expect allow Sb to do, CaUSe Sb to do , Permit Sb to do, en able Sb to doforce Sb to do. be more likely to do love to do Warn Sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to

7、do . Start to do五）有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing 形式accustom （on eself） to; be accustomed to; face UP to; in additi on to; look forward to; ObjeCt to;be reduced to; resig n on eself to; be resig ned to; resort to; Sink to; be USed to; be alter nativeto; be close/close ness to; be dedicati on/dedicated to; be opposit

8、i on /opposed to; be SimiIarity/similar to.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，Want不太常用。He n eeds （a lot of） en COUrag ing.二.動(dòng)名詞：具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞1）是名詞 Seeing is believing2）具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ)StarVing troops is necessary.一）動(dòng)名詞的形式：一般形式：I don't like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having take n your advice.被動(dòng)形式：ThiS qu

9、esti on is far from being Settled.二）動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1）動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中，做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞3）動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞，通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給岀邏輯主語(yǔ)I would appreciateback this after noonA . you to call B . you call C . you calling D . you're calling（ Key : C your calling 也對(duì)）I regret not having take n your advice.4）有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞

10、admit; appreciate; avoid; CeIebrate; con sider; con template; defer; delay; deny; detest;discQntinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish;forgive; Can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; itn ecessitates; Pa

11、rd on; postp one; practice; PreVe nt; recall; report; rese nt; resist; risk; suggest; Un dersta nd.另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：it's no good; it's no /little/hardly any/ use; it's no t/hardly/sCarCeIy use; it's worthwhile; SPe nd mon ey/time; there's no; there's no point in; there'

12、s no thi ng worse tha n; what's the use/po in t.后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容 指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作）the IetterS （我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作）5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean I remembered to postthe letters.（I remembered posting/having posting的用法類似。you that我很遺憾地通知你forgot 與 remember I regret to in formI re

13、gretted having left try to 努力 You really must try -ng 試驗(yàn) Try PraCtiCingthe firm after twenty years.try to overcome your Shyn ess. five hours a day.為了"二十年前的離開(kāi)"而遺憾I meanto go, but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父親不讓我去To raise Wage means inCreaSingPUrChaSing power.意味著贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。P

14、refer 的用法：我寧愿在這里等。I Preferto Wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I PreferWaiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）I Prefer SWimming to cycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3分詞：主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：（與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生）（發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前）發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做）1) 一般式: Do you See the man talking to the dean(主任) ?2) 完成形式：Not having made adequate PrePara

15、tions, they failed.3) 完成被動(dòng)形式：HaVing been adaPted, the SCriPt SeemS PerfeCt.(過(guò)去分詞1) 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle UnPreParedJ2) 過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們 之間的一致關(guān)系 主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之 間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。二：虛擬三：虛擬語(yǔ)

16、氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/ca n'tshould/should n'tmight/may （not）另外兩個(gè)"類情態(tài)詞的形式："n eed/need n't; have to/do n't have to? 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由shouldwould+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái)，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。 這時(shí)"虛擬語(yǔ)氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來(lái)應(yīng)該 "（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒(méi)有 ）（本來(lái)可以，本來(lái)能）（一般）（進(jìn)行）（完成）（完成的

17、否定）（完成進(jìn)行）（完成）should 常常被省略掉I should go! (but I'm still here!)I should be work ing now!I should have PraCtiCed more (tha n I did)!我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！(言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。)I should n't dream away my time too much!(actually I did dream away my time too much!) It should n't have bee n leak ing for SUCh a long

18、 time!I may/might/could have fini shed!一些常見(jiàn)的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，o suggest, advise, propose, recomme nd, pla n;o dema nd, order, direct, arra nge, comma nd, decide;o require, request;othi nk, expect, believe, in sist, suspect.should+由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

19、。這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句It's SUggeSted thatMy SUggeSti on is thatThe only SUggeSti on that.The only SUggeSti on I Can give you now is that一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況importa nt; n ecessary; esse ntialIt's Ynatural ; Strange; inCredibIe卜 thatJ a pity; a shame; no wonderJ? 由

20、lest, for fear that, in CaSe引起的從句中多使用should?表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用過(guò)去時(shí):I WiShII Were not here!（一般現(xiàn)在一般過(guò)去）SUPPOSe We Were not here.He loved meas if I Were his own son.（一般現(xiàn)在一般過(guò)去)Hope IWere n'talways losi ngthi ngs!（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行過(guò)去進(jìn)行)If on ly/IfI had n't bee nthere!（現(xiàn)在完成過(guò)去完成)What ifI had n't been Waitingr

21、ight here!（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行）?？季湫?It's (high) time (that);would rather (that)這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2. 與過(guò)去相反：過(guò)去完成時(shí);HoW n ice it is if Ihad PaStthe test!HoW n ice it is if Ihad slepta little more this morni ng!3. 與將來(lái)相反？將來(lái)的事情沒(méi)有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。Ifit rains tomorrow, we'll have to Stay one day more.不

22、過(guò)，由于可以用 be to表示將來(lái)；所以，虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常岀現(xiàn) Were to ；也是CET-4的?？颊Z(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。 ?虛擬條件句o if部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過(guò)去和過(guò)去完成）；o主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Id ,少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may 。o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。?注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成 were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。?隱含的非真實(shí)條件What would you do With 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy

23、 WithOUt you?除了條件狀語(yǔ)從句之外，原因狀語(yǔ)從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might; Can/could;否定的時(shí)候，多用should n't;owhoever, WhateVer, no matter What引起的從句中，多用may+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理 解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句 子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解

24、和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它 們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)高 考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +done ”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀 語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用“對(duì)立統(tǒng)一”來(lái)概括。1 當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可 用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：must have doneCan ' t如：表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯

25、作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為Z couldn ' t have done疑問(wèn)式為 Can /Could.have done ?could / might have done :表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè)，常譯作“可能做了1) My SiSter met him at the Grand Theater yesterday after noon, so heABCD本題選Ayour IeCtUre . couldn ' t have attended needn ' t have attended mustn ' t have attend

26、ed shouldn ' t have attended2) JaCkyet, OtherWiSe he would have teleph oned meA. mustn ' t have arrivedB. shouldn ' t have arrivedC . Can ' t have arrivedD . n eed not have arrived(C)2.當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助"but, however,in Stead等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對(duì)立”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)

27、的 有：should have do neZ ought to have done :表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。should n ot have do neZ ought n ot to have do ne:表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了need have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。need n ot have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：3) I WaS really an xious about you(NMET2001)A . mustn ' t leave B . shouldnC . couldn &

28、#39; t have left D . needn“本不應(yīng)該離家岀走卻走了"，故本題選4) I told Sally how to get here, but PerhaPS I (NMET ' 94)Youhome WithOUt a wordt have left't leaveB。for her .A . had to Write it outB . must have Written it outC. should have Writte n it outD . ought to Write it out由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系，分析題意可

29、知本題應(yīng)選C二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查考生對(duì)那些最常 見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情 態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做岀正確的選擇。5) IS Joh n COming by train?He should, but henot . He likes driving his Car .A . must B . Can C . need D . maymustn ' t表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”；CannOt 表示“不可能”； need not 表示“不必要”； may not表示“

30、可能不”。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。6) I hear you ' Ve got a Set of VaIUabIe AUStraIian coins.I have a look ?Yes, Certa inlyA . Do B . May C . Shall D . Should分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語(yǔ)氣比較委婉shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中，表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示，如果此空用shall ,則意為“要(我)看一下嗎？ ”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選 Bo7) Mr BUSh is on time for everyth ing. Ho

31、wit be that he WaS late for the ope ningCere mony ?A . Can B . should C . may D . mustmust be表示肯定的猜測(cè)，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。8) Are you COming to Jeff ' S Party ?I ' m not SUre . Igo to the conCert inStead.A . must B . would C . should D . might由題意和下句中的“1' m not SUre ”可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè)，might可

32、以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D o又如:I should have bee n there, but Inot find the time .A . would B . could C . might D . should分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力；C項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選Bo9) Joh nny, youplay With the knife, youhurt yourself .A . won ' t; Can ' t B . mustn ' t; mayC . shouldn ' t; must D .

33、Can ' t; shouldn' tmustn ' t表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選Bo10) Will you Stay for lun Ch?Sorry,. My brother is COming to See me.A . I mustn ' t B . I Can ' t C . I needn ' t D . I won ' t分析題意可知因?yàn)椤拔业艿芤獊?lái)看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A項(xiàng)表示“禁止”；C項(xiàng)表示“不必要”；而 D項(xiàng)表示“不會(huì)”，均不符合題

34、意。故本題選B。又如:CoUId I borrow your dictio nary?Yes, of COUrSe you.A . might B . will C . Can D . should (C)11) When Can I come for the photos? I n eed them tomorrow after noonTheybe ready by 1200 .A . Can B . should C . might D . need該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如：12) The fire SPread through the ho

35、tel Very quickly but every oneget out .(A . had to B . would C . could D . WaS able to該題考查了 could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用 WaS Z Were able to do,故本題選 D。13） Shall I tell John about it?No, you. I ' Ve told him already .A . needn ' t B . wouldn ' t C . mustn ' t D

36、. shouldn ' t情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示“沒(méi)有必要了”，故本題選A三、一致關(guān)系一）主謂一致1 .主謂一致（與插入語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)）1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語(yǔ)從句或者省略的定語(yǔ)從句分隔。2定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致：3隨前一致：n. + together Withn2as well asin cludi ngalong WithWith / ofaccompa nied With / by4就近原則：n1 or n2+v （就近原則）either n1 or n25 可數(shù) n1 and 可數(shù) n2+v（pl）不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v（p

37、l）例外： War and PeaCe is War and PeaCe 是一個(gè)整體但是如果主語(yǔ)表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。The iron and steel in dustryis Very importa nt to our cou ntry.The head master and mathematicalteacher is COming .The head master and the mathematical teacherare COming類似的還有： law and order bread andb

38、utter black and WhiteTo love and to be loved isA IaWyer and a teacherare A IaWyer and teacher is6 隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.（與 B 一致）7 百分比結(jié)構(gòu) :most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persentof+n 1+v. （由 n1 決定）8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：a） There be +n由名詞決定動(dòng)詞b） Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：Among / B

39、etWeen +系動(dòng)詞+n.（由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）9The+adj的主謂一致：a）當(dāng)表示一類人”，b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)The good is always attractive.10 To do/doi ng主從 +vs*More tha n one+nmany a +n.a day or two二）、倒裝1全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：UP Went the Plane = the Plane Went up.1）here, there, now, the n, thus等副詞置于句首 ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 be, come,

40、 go, lie, ru n。2）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞（back, down, off, UP）或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。注意：1）上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes.AWay they went. 2）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 be 的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。Here it is. Here you are.3）形容詞短語(yǔ)/分詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，引起倒裝*typical of CharaCteriStiC of*coi ncidi ng With + n4）表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝In（表語(yǔ)）+系動(dòng)詞+主，

41、主同。*在倒裝句型答案中不能岀現(xiàn)there* ?？冀樵~要倒裝：amongbetweenin atbeneath常考的系動(dòng)詞：be lie exist remai n rest部分倒裝1 . 否定 adv 位于句首，弓 I起倒裝：not only, notun til, hardly, scarcely,seldom, rarely, nosooner than1 ） notun til + 時(shí)間+ 主謂倒裝，notun til + 句子+主謂倒裝2） only+ 狀語(yǔ)位于句首o(hù)nly +ad. eg: rece ntlyprep. 短短語(yǔ) eg: in recently years從句 eg:

42、 Whe n CIaUSeonly 個(gè)詞本身不倒裝3 ）在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需 添加助動(dòng)詞do, does 或did ,并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。?1） Neither, nor, so表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他部分就4）as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞，副詞，分詞，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。as讓步雖然，盡管詞序倒裝。語(yǔ)氣比 though 強(qiáng)。SUCCeSSfUI as he is, he is n ot

43、proud.他雖成功，卻不驕傲。Wome nas She is, she's every brave.Try hard as he will, he n ever SeemS able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：A）句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B）句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。5）其他部分倒裝a）sothat句型中的so; SUChthat句型中的SUCh 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。So frighte ned WaS he that he did not dare to move an in

44、ch.b）在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.C）在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should 等詞，可將if省略，把 were, had,should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it agai n.從句可分為：? 名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句? 形容詞性從句 定語(yǔ)從句? 副詞性從句 狀語(yǔ)從句? ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞 ： that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。? 常見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)從句現(xiàn)行詞(that 之前的抽象名詞)：

45、 fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence,opinion, problem, thought, Un dersta nding? 常用的引導(dǎo)詞o 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句： while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; eversince; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barelywhen; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句： where; wherevero 原因狀語(yǔ)從句： because; since; as; seeing that; consideri