高中英語非謂語動詞詳解

1、非謂語動詞一、動詞不定式一）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注：在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，常采用先行it代替主語，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注：這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It mad

2、e us very angry to hear him talk like that.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通?？稍谔囟ǖ纳舷挛幕蚯榫爸锌闯觯部梢杂伞?for + 名詞詞組” 來表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work.注：某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組” 來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，如： Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you t

3、o be so considerate. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 二）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語1主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主語是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention,

4、 mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語部分有動作動詞do 時，作表語的不定式可以省

5、略符號 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 三）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作動詞賓語1“動詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類動詞常見的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refus

6、e, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here.2“動詞 + 疑問詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句）。這類動詞常見的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know,

7、 explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。1 / 33 疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to

8、 put it.注 ：如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語，則應(yīng)使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語, 只有在個別場合, 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my p

9、ictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符號的省略問題！ 四）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語1不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties.

10、Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They

11、will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，如： He has a large family to support (=

12、 that he must support).注：處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是不及物動詞，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in.5有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞組，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be sh

13、own in. 五）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。1表示目的： They ran over to welcome the delegates. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語(參見以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the child

14、ren to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a man to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better.注：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時，通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒?to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early

15、in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean

16、 water. 2. 表示結(jié)果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型：    so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?    such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that.    e

17、nough to The boy is old enough to go to school.    too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 極; 非常

18、; 太;很 有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當(dāng)于一個并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個特點(diǎn)： 不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當(dāng)于一個限定動詞詞組，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home.

19、60; 不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號隔開。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。（有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.   不定式之前有時可以加上only或but only，

20、以加強(qiáng)語氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid me

21、eting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的動作先于謂語動詞的動作） She wept

22、to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.六）、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say. He believed the earth to be a globe. Did you see a young man enter the house?1只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞： 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動

23、詞，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sh

24、eep. 帶有“請求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. 含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動詞，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have

25、 the bad tooth pulled out. 含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動詞，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again. 其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, re

26、port, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.2既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, unde

27、rstand, hate, bring, get, leave, set Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to be dishonest. He set the boys to carry water. Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.注：有些動詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成（即全過程）；而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作

28、正在進(jìn)行，即：謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注：使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，在有些動詞后面，不定式符號to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。 下列動詞用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，必須省去不定式符號to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, l

29、ook at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?feel 一詞在使用 to do 型不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，不帶 to；在使用 to be 型不定式時，要帶 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，如： Do you of

30、ten help your mother (to) do the housework?使用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子，改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語，這時，“to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.不定式的一般式所表示的動作，通常與主要謂語所表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there

31、 this summer. 如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這個不定式就要用完成式，如： Im glad to have seen your mother. (cf. Im glad to see you. )七）、不定式的完成式有下列用法1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It wa

32、s reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much tr

33、ouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native villag

34、e.（主語） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（復(fù)合賓語）She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （復(fù)合賓語） 如果主要謂語所表示的動作（或情況）發(fā)生時，不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行，這時，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。八）、不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如： They are said to be building another bridge a

35、cross the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too.2在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4有時可以作主語或狀語，如： I am glad to be working with you. (狀語) Its nice of you to be thinking of

36、 us. (主語) 九）、如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的時間之前一直在進(jìn)行，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要采用被動形式。十）、 不定式的被動形式有下列用法1作主語： It is an honour fo

37、r me to be asked to speak here.2作賓語： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5作定語： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers

38、 office?6作狀語： She was too young to be assigned such work.十一）、不定式有時還可以有完成式的被動式，在句中作主語、賓語、定語，或者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語、復(fù)合謂語等，如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （復(fù)合賓語）The book is sa

39、id to have been translated into many languages. （復(fù)合謂語）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定語） 十二）不定式作獨(dú)立成分。To tell (you) the truth, he doesnt agree with you. To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city. 1.We were surprised to hear the news.2. We have to get up early to c

40、atch the first train.3. He is considered to be a great scientist.4. To see is to believe.5. I have a lot of words to say.6.Its impossible for him to go alone.7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.8.I find it difficult to understand him.9. To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by ta

41、xi.十三）、動詞不定式省略to 的情況歸納*1 當(dāng)動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，如動詞是 make, let , have 或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 、等，不定式不帶to.*2. 在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, cant help but 等*3. Why. 或 why not 表建議*4. 在介詞 but , except 之后，如果其前有 實(shí)義動詞do 的某種形式，不定式不帶to,反之須帶t

42、o .*5 不定時作表語時，如果解釋do的具體內(nèi)容時，to可以省去。*6 動詞help或help+賓語之后，可用帶to的不定式，也可用不帶to的不定式，但在help+賓語+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果用不帶to的不定式，表示主語參與了不定式所表示的動作；如果用帶to的不定式，表示主語沒有參與不定時所表示的動作。分 詞一、形 式 現(xiàn)在分詞：    過去分詞只有一種形式。二、 功 能1作表語?，F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She

43、looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.注：過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)；被動結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語

44、動作，指主語所承受的動作。此外還有：系表結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞。被動結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時 間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；c. 必須是及物動詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me.

45、The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2作定語：  單獨(dú)作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the ban

46、quet hall.注：分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built

47、a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so mu

48、ch noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r, 用一般時態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間

49、性，如： Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注：如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being d

50、iscussed here.注：如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個不定式的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Sha

51、nghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (應(yīng)改為who has come from

52、Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (應(yīng)改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為who gave us) 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時要用從句來表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (應(yīng)改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA

53、man is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為who is) 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應(yīng)改為which/that died) 3作狀語： 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat a

54、t the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂語之后；e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示行為方式或手段（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the

55、 cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.