2018高考英語語法專題名詞

1、專題一名詞第步知媒楂理考點(diǎn)一名詞的固定搭配2016 天津The dictionary is out of date : many words have been added to the language since it was published.這本詞典過時(shí)了：自從它出版以來，這種語言已經(jīng)增加了許多單詞。2015 江蘇Someschools will have to makeadjustments in agreement with the national soccer reform.這些學(xué)校將不得不作出一些調(diào)整來和國家足球改革保持一致。1 .動(dòng)詞 have, keep, take ,

2、 make get, pay, play , give , put 等加名詞 構(gòu)成的短語have a good reputation 有個(gè)好的名聲have an idea of 了 解have a sense of 有意識(shí)have a feeling of 有感覺have access to 可以獲得have an advantage over 勝過， 優(yōu)于keep a balance 保持平衡takeinto account 考慮take advantage of 禾用；趁之機(jī)make fun of取笑，嘲弄make the best of 充分利用；妥善處理get/lose contact

3、 with 與取得/失去聯(lián)系get relief 得到緩解give a solution 給出解決方案putinto practice將付諸行動(dòng)2 .介詞后加名詞構(gòu)成的短語in great demand 需求量很大in quantity 大量，大批in progress 在進(jìn)行中in production 在產(chǎn)量方面out of ones reach 某人夠不到out of touch失去聯(lián)系out of sight看不見beyond recognition辨認(rèn)不出來without permission未經(jīng)允許考點(diǎn)二 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)2015 江蘇Go and say sorry to your

4、Mom , Dave. Id like to ， but Im afraid she wont be happy with my apology/apologies.戴夫，去向你媽媽道歉。我想去，但是我怕她對(duì)我的道歉并不會(huì)感到滿意。 Leaves turn green in spring.春天樹葉變綠了。1單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的基本規(guī)則一般情況加一s,以s, x, sh, ch等結(jié)尾，力口一 es,例如：buses, boxes, dishes ， watches 等 (stomachs 例外 ) 。(1) 以輔音字母加y 結(jié)尾的名詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i 再加 es， 例如： families

5、，butterflies ， dictionaries ， stories 等。(2)以一o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，常在詞尾加一s,但中學(xué)英語中下列名詞 要加一es,它們是：黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿，即Negroes, heroes , echoes， potatoes ， tomatoes。但 下 列 以 o 結(jié) 尾 的 名 詞 既 可 以 加 es， 也 可 以 加 s， 它 們 是 ： zeros(zeroes) 零， mosquitos (mosquitoes) 蚊子， volcanos(volcanoes) 火山。(3)以一f或一fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，一般直接加一s,例如：r

6、oofs和 believes 等。但下列以f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞需要把f 或 fe 去掉，加ves，它們是： 為了自己 活命 ， 小偷 和他的妻子 手里拿著刀子 和樹葉 站在架子 上， 把狼 劈成兩半 ，即 selves ， lives ， thieves ， wives， knives ， leaves ， shelves ， wolves , halves。但下列以一f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉 f加ves,也可以直接 加s， 它們是： handkerchiefs(handkerchieves) 手帕， scarfs (scarves) 圍巾。(4)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名

7、詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如果沒有主體名詞，則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：sons in - law女婿；passers by過路人；story tellers 講故事的人；breakfasts 早餐；housewives家庭主 婦。2.常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese 中國人；Japanese 日本人；sheep 2帛羊；deer 鹿；series 系歹!J; means方式；works 工廠；fish 魚；fruit 水果；crossroads 十字路口； horsepower 馬力；jin斤等。其中fish ,fruit 表示種類時(shí)，可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾,即fishes , fruits 。2018高考一輪總

8、復(fù)習(xí)教師用書英語第二部分語法專題講析 考點(diǎn)三抽象名詞具體化2014 遼寧Your contribution will certainly makethe event a huge success.你的貢獻(xiàn)一定會(huì)使這個(gè)事件很成功。一The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday. Yes, news came as a shock to me. 杭州英雄司機(jī)昨天去世了。 是的，這對(duì)我來說是一件令人震驚的事情?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)單詞抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義success成功的人或事pleasure樂趣令人高興的事attracti on吸引有吸引力的人或事物be

9、auty美；美麗美麗的人或美好的事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危險(xiǎn)危險(xiǎn)的人或因素delight局義令人高興的事failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情pride驕傲令人驕傲的事情第且步高考應(yīng)用名詞與語法填空在語法填空中，對(duì)于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞類變換。典題試做1用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空1. . 2016 全國 I But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (attract)2. 2016 全國 I The nursery te

10、am switches him every few(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle fed.3. 2016 全國 n Then , handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of(achieve) .4. 2016 全國 H Recent(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.5. 2016 四川A

11、ny smell might attract natural (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.答案：4. studies應(yīng)對(duì)策略1首先要弄清數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復(fù)數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有 關(guān)名詞的構(gòu)詞法，即有關(guān)名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。這就要求考生要搞清楚名詞在句中作 什么成分，近幾年?？济~作主語、賓語、表語的情況。名詞與短文改錯(cuò)短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格。漢語中的名詞在形式 上沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化，而是通過在其前加數(shù)詞或量詞等方式來表示。而英語則不同, 除了在名詞前加數(shù)詞外，如果是可數(shù)名詞，還須用其名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，而不

12、可數(shù)名 詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。其次名詞的考查還會(huì)涉及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。典題試做2單句改錯(cuò)（每小題1處錯(cuò)誤）1. 2016 -全國 I My uncle tells me that the key to his success is2. 2016 全國 H If we go on a trip abroad , we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from3. 2016 全國田The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for4. 2016 四川

13、Mom has a full time job , but she has to do most of the答案： honesty fknowledge3. yearfyears fhousework應(yīng)對(duì)策略2遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞 前的修飾語或謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來判斷。止匕外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞 的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。書面表達(dá)中名詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1 .寫作中對(duì)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞易疏漏一s或一es,如：（誤）Id love to make friend with you.（誤）All the picture displayed a

14、re of geat value.2 .部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化錯(cuò)誤，如：familys , knifes , difficultys , pianoes , heros , woman doctors , tooths , childrens , medias。3 .部分詞性易混作名詞，如：動(dòng)詞誤作名詞形容詞誤作名詞動(dòng)詞名詞形容詞名詞succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆。如:/、口數(shù)可數(shù)take actiontake measuressome advicesomesuggestionstakeexercis

15、eeye exercisesmakeprogressinformation第步高效演練I .單句語法填空1. . 2017 廣東汕頭二模Without the proper treatment , minor(injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.2. 2017 山東青島一模Theywere the kind that I did not have in my(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag.3. 2017 山東煙臺(tái) 3 月診斷Thre

16、e months later, Zejd was able tocommunicate happily with all his classmates about regular things like homework and(game).4. 2017 江蘇泰興質(zhì)檢For sustainable development, the government has decided to give(prefer) to those energy conserving andenvironment friendly businesses in many aspects.5. 2017 江蘇運(yùn)河中學(xué)一

17、調(diào)Mr Wangis a manof few words, but quick in mind.A still tongue makes a wise , you know.答案： 解析：句意：如果得不到妥善治療，輕傷或輕度燒傷可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更 大的痛苦甚至死亡。形容詞后需加名詞作主語，injury為可數(shù)名詞，minor沒有不定冠詞，故需用injury 的復(fù)數(shù)形式injuries 表示泛指。2 collection 解析：句意：因?yàn)樗鼈兪俏沂詹刂袥]有的那種，因此我把它們小心地放在了我的包里。形容詞性物主代詞后需用名詞形式，故答案為collection 。3 games 解析：句意：三個(gè)月后，Zej

18、d 能夠和他的同班同學(xué)很愉快地對(duì)諸如家庭作業(yè)、游戲等常規(guī)事情進(jìn)行交流了。介詞like 后需用名詞形式，game為可數(shù)名詞，在本句中表示泛指，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。4 preference 解析：句意：為了可持續(xù)發(fā)展，政府已經(jīng)決定在很多方面給那些節(jié)能環(huán)保企業(yè)優(yōu)惠。give preference to. 給以優(yōu)惠。5 head 解析：句意：王先生寡言少語但思維敏捷。你知道：寡言者智。A still tongue makes a wise head. 為諺語，意為：寡言者智。n.單句改錯(cuò)1. 2017 福建南平 3 月質(zhì)檢Often she buys some toy for him to play wi

19、th ， especially on his2. 2017 河北邯鄲一模During the next few days, wevisited the world famous sight ， such as the Great Wall ， the SummerPalace， and the Forbidden City ， which contain a large number of precious3. 2017 河南焦作一模While I was walking on my way to school , I noticed two cleaner sweeping the4. 20

20、17 湖北黃岡 3 月質(zhì)檢And then I went to a department store near the hospitals and contacted her5. 2017 江西八所重點(diǎn)中學(xué) 4 月聯(lián)考We were touched by such an act of kind on a hot答案：toys fsights fcleaners fhospital fkindness m.語法填空a(名詞專練)It was late at (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly，one of them， Mrs. G

21、reen， waswoken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his had three (thousand) dollars in her pocket. “ What should I do ？ Many (thief) usually bring (knife) with them，” she thought in(silent) And at the same time the thief happened to touch a (sport) seemed as if he found there was so

22、meone in the room ， so he went out to the next room where two (Frenchman)were he was looking for (money) or some (jewel) in the next room ， woke up her husband quickly and called the (policeman) And then the thief knew what had was so scared that he took out a then the police showed the thief ran aw

23、ay， the police caught Mrs. Green ， it was really an unusual experience.答案：4 knivesjewelryB2017 河北石家莊高三調(diào)研We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and would it be (surprise) if I tell you that high school life in the US is almost as st

24、ressful and demanding as it is in China?In US high school ， everything (record) and graded ， including your grades on quizzes ， tests and final (turn) in your homeworkon time will directly affect your grade for a certain contrary to used to think ofthe UShigh school students ， they pay great attention to their (academy) performance to try to get into distinguished， theyll be disappointedafter graduation from high school.Like university students ， the UShigh school students have the (free) to choose the courses that most interest (they) Even a 9th grader can sit same