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1、動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWuhan Institute of Shipbuilding TechnologyPower Engineering DepartmentLuobin動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLesson 7 Lubrication System 第7課 潤滑系統(tǒng)動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentDuties of a lubricant潤滑劑 (油)的功用動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The
2、successful operation of any engine or machine and its depends on effective lubrication which involves the formation and maintenance of a lubricating oil film(潤滑油膜) between the moving parts(運(yùn)動部件). 任何發(fā)動機(jī)或機(jī)器的良好工作及無故障運(yùn)行期取均決于有效的潤滑,包括機(jī)器運(yùn)動部件之間潤滑油膜的形成和維持。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The marine die
3、sel engine(船用柴油機(jī)) is no exception and considerable thought has gone into the problem of the lubrication of its many parts with their widely varying operating conditions(工作條件). 船用柴油機(jī)也不例外,人們對其在各種不同的工作條件下眾多零部件的潤滑問題,動了許多腦筋。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department(除了以外) providing (潤滑油膜), oils used in marin
4、e diesel engines(船用柴油機(jī)) have to remove heat from (油冷活塞), (酸性產(chǎn)物) of combustion, cleanse hot moving parts(運(yùn)動部件) of carbonaceous(含碳的) deposits(沉淀物), resist(抗) and wash away(沖走,帶走) .船用柴油機(jī)所使用的滑油除了供形成油膜外,還必須從油冷活塞中帶走熱量,中和燃燒所產(chǎn)生的酸性產(chǎn)物,清洗掉熱的運(yùn)動部件上的積炭,抗氧化并帶走磨屑。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The developme
5、nt of oils has (與保持同步) the increasing demands made by the steady rise in powers produced by modern marine diesels(現(xiàn)代船用柴油機(jī)). 滑油的發(fā)展同現(xiàn)代船用柴油機(jī)功率的穩(wěn)定提高所提出的不斷增加的要求保持同步。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe selection of an oil from the (市場上供應(yīng)的) range depends to a great extent(在很大程度上) on the (工作條件), the d
6、esign of the engine and the type of fuel to be burned.選擇市場上供應(yīng)的滑油在很大程度上取決于發(fā)動機(jī)的工作條件、設(shè)計狀況,以及所用燃油的種類。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLarge marine diesel engines of crosshead construction generally have two systems of lubrication:大型十字頭式船用柴油機(jī)一般有兩種潤滑系統(tǒng):a(全損系統(tǒng)) feeding the cylinders and a (循環(huán)系統(tǒng)) lubri
7、cating the (運(yùn)動部件) and cooling the pistons.供給氣缸潤滑的全損系統(tǒng)和用于潤滑運(yùn)動部件及冷卻活塞的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Cylinder oil system 氣缸油系統(tǒng)動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Temperatures in the cylinder are naturally high, though only the cylinder (燃燒室) and piston crown(活塞頭) (承受) actual (火焰溫度). 雖然
8、只有氣缸燃燒室和活塞頭直接承受實際的火焰溫度,但是氣缸內(nèi)的溫度確實很高。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The piston rings(活塞環(huán)) exert(vt.施加) a varying pressure on the liner walls(缸壁) under conditions involving rapidly changing speed and reversal(反向) of direction of motion. 在運(yùn)動速度和運(yùn)動方向迅速變化的條件下,活塞環(huán)對缸壁施加的壓力不斷變化。 cylinder liner 氣缸套 cy
9、linder wall 氣缸壁 speed of motion 運(yùn)動速度 direction of motion 運(yùn)動方向動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Oil is supplied to the (氣缸套) wall and the piston rings (機(jī)械注油器) giving a carefully(精確地) controlled oil feed, through s(注油器) or s(注油針), and in some designs it is timed (以便)the oil s(注射到) only on the (活塞
10、環(huán)帶), thus ensuring the most efficient lubrication(最佳潤滑). 滑油通過機(jī)械注油器經(jīng)注油器或注油針供入氣缸壁及活塞環(huán),并精確控制注油量。并且,在某些類型中,注油是定時的,以便滑油只射到活塞環(huán)帶上,從而保證最佳潤滑。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCylinder linerPiston Piston ringQuill注油針注油針Belt環(huán)帶環(huán)帶動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentInjectorHydraulic motorCamshaftGear pumpL
11、ubrication oil動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The (油膜) between the rings(活塞環(huán)) and the liner(缸套) and between the rings(活塞環(huán)) and the grooves(環(huán)槽) in the piston are not only (必要的) for lubrication but also (對起重要作用) achieving a (氣密). 活塞環(huán)與缸壁之間以及活塞環(huán)與環(huán)槽之間的油膜不僅對潤滑是必需的,而且對保持氣密也起重要作用。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engi
12、neering Department In carrying out these duties the oil is exposed to(使受到) contamination(污染) by (燃燒產(chǎn)物). 在起到這些作用時,滑油會受到燃燒產(chǎn)物的污染。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Some of these are acidic(酸性的), particularly if are being used and can cause (腐蝕的) conditions which (促進(jìn)) heavy rates of (磨損). 其中有些燃燒產(chǎn)物是酸
13、性的,尤其是使用渣油時,會引起腐蝕,使磨損加劇。 corrosion腐蝕。erosion侵蝕。wear磨損。 Also, and s(積炭) form in the ring belt(環(huán)帶) which (影響) the correct operation of the rings. 而且,還會在(活塞)環(huán)帶上形成漆膜和積炭,從而影響(活塞)環(huán)的正常工作。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentTo counteract(克服,消弱) these (不利的) effects cylinder oils usually contain s(添加劑) to a
14、 high degree of and . 為克服這些不利影響,氣缸油通常含有具有高堿性和去垢能力的添加劑。The alkalinity neutralizes the acid conditions and the detergency cleanses(vt.清潔) the rings and grooves.堿性用于中和酸,去垢能力用以清潔活塞環(huán)和活塞環(huán)槽。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Main lubricating oil system 主潤滑油系統(tǒng)動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Opera
15、ting conditions in the crank chamber(曲軸箱) are very different from those in the cylinder and it is the need for the oil to perform its functions(起作用) over a very long period, which determines the (特性) required in the (潤滑劑). 曲軸箱的工作條件和氣缸的工作條件大不相同,曲軸箱滑油需在很長的時間內(nèi)起作用,這就決定了潤滑劑所需的特性。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineeri
16、ng DepartmentThe following features are essential for crank chamber oils:曲軸箱滑油必須具有如下基本性能:動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department1. They must have good lubricating properties and be able to resist(vt.抵抗) of the film separating the moving parts(運(yùn)動部件) in order to ensure minimum (摩損). 必須具有良好的潤滑性能,并能保持各運(yùn)動
17、部件間的油膜不破裂,以保證最小的摩損。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department 2. They must be able to remove heat from a bearing and to do so the viscosity should be high enough at operating temperatures to (vt.輔助) film maintenance(n.維持). 必須能從軸承帶走熱量,為此,滑油在各種工作溫度下必須有足夠高的粘度以維持油膜。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department 3.
18、They must (能夠) removing heat from oil cooled pistons(油冷活塞) and in doing so must have the highest possible degree of resistance to oxidation(氧化) and other effects of heat. 必須能從油冷活塞帶走熱量。為此必須具有盡可能高的抗氧化性能及其他耐熱性能。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The use of a (劣質(zhì)油) can lead to rapid of its propertie
19、s with the resultant formation of deposits in the (活塞頭) which in turn (導(dǎo)致) a considerable reduction in heat transfer(傳熱) with subsequent (過熱) and thermal cracking(熱裂紋). 使用劣質(zhì)(潤滑)油能導(dǎo)致其性能迅速惡化,結(jié)果在活塞頭中形成沉積物,從而大大降低其傳熱性能,而使活塞頭過熱和熱裂紋。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The cooling oil is usually supplied
20、 to the pistons by means of telescopic pipes(伸縮管)、 connected to the crossheads and passages in the piston rods. 通常,借助于和十字頭相連的伸縮管及活塞桿內(nèi)部通道向活塞輸送冷卻油。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department To ensure a constant supply of clean and temperature controlled oil to the engine requires the provision of a great
21、deal of auxiliary equipment such as pumps, filters, centrifuges, coolers, drain and storage tanks etc. 為了保證向發(fā)動機(jī)不斷輸送清潔且溫度受控的滑油,需要配備大量的輔助設(shè)備,例如:泵、濾器、分油機(jī)、冷卻器、滑油循環(huán)柜和儲存柜等等。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Lubrication 潤滑動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The lubrication system(潤滑系統(tǒng)) of an engine
22、provides a supply of lubricating oil to the various moving parts(運(yùn)動部件) in an engine. 柴油機(jī)的潤滑系統(tǒng)向機(jī)內(nèi)各個運(yùn)動件提供滑油。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Its main function is to enable the formation of a film(油膜) of oil between the moving parts(運(yùn)動部件), which reduces friction(摩擦) and wear(磨損). 它的主要功能是能夠在運(yùn)動部件之間
23、形成油膜以減少摩擦和磨損。 The lubricating oil is also used as a 清潔劑 and in some engines as a (冷卻劑). 潤滑油也用作清潔劑,在某些柴油機(jī)中還用作冷卻劑。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Lubricating oil systems 潤滑油系統(tǒng)動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Lubricating oil for an engine is stored in the bottom(底部) of the crankcase(曲軸箱),
24、known as the (油底殼), or in a located (在下面) the engine. 柴油機(jī)的潤滑油儲存在曲軸箱的底部,即所謂的油底殼,或儲存在位于柴油機(jī)下面的循環(huán)柜中。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe oil is (從吸入) this tank through a (粗濾器), one of a pair of pumps, into one of a pair of s(細(xì)濾器). 滑油從循環(huán)柜吸入,經(jīng)粗濾器、滑油泵(兩臺中的一臺)到細(xì)濾器(兩個中的一個)。It is then ed(經(jīng)過) a (冷卻器) befo
25、re entering the engine and being d(分配) to the various s(支管).經(jīng)冷卻器后進(jìn)入柴油機(jī)并分配到各個支管。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The branch pipe(支管) for a particular(單獨的) cylinder may feed the main bearing, for instance. 例如,有個單獨的氣缸支管可以向主軸承供油。 Some of this oil will (沿著經(jīng)過) a (鉆道) in the crankshaft(曲軸) to the(連桿大
26、端軸承) and then a drilled passage in the (連桿) the (活塞銷) or (十字頭軸承). 有些油將沿著曲軸中的鉆道到達(dá)連桿大端軸承,然后沿連桿鉆道上行到活塞銷或十字頭軸承。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department An alarm at the end of the (支管) ensures that (足夠的) pressure is maintained by the pump. 在支管的端部有報警器以確保(油)泵維持足夠的油壓。 Pumps and fine filters(細(xì)濾器) are arranged(
27、布置) (一式兩份) with one as standby. 泵和細(xì)濾器布置兩套,一套備用。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe s(細(xì)濾器) will be arranged so that one can be cleaned while the other is operating.細(xì)濾器是這樣布置的,當(dāng)一臺工作時另一臺可以清洗。After use in the engine the lubricating oil drains back to the (油底殼) or (泄油柜) for re use. 滑油在柴油機(jī)中使用后,泄回到油底殼
28、或循環(huán)柜以便重新使用。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (液面計,油尺) gives a local (讀數(shù)) of the drains tank(泄油柜,循環(huán)柜) s(含量).循環(huán)柜中的油量可從(柜旁)油尺讀出。A (離心式) is arranged for cleaning the lubricating oil in the system and clean oil can be provided from a (儲存柜). 離心式(分油機(jī))用于在系統(tǒng)中凈化滑油,并且潔凈的滑油可從儲存柜獲得。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department The (滑油冷卻器) is circulated by (海水), which is at a lower pressure than the oil. 滑油冷卻器由海水循環(huán)冷卻,且海水壓力低于滑油。 As a result any (漏泄) in the cooler will (意味) a loss of oil and not (污染) of the oil by sea water. 其結(jié)果是冷卻器中的任何漏泄將意味著滑油損失而滑油不會被海水污染。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department Cylinder l
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