灌注樁外文翻譯

1、三江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯院 系土木工程專業(yè)建筑工程學(xué)生姓名許學(xué)斌班級學(xué)號 b08084066外文出處knight m a, mitchell r j. modeling of light non-aqueous phase liquid (lnapl) releases into unsaturated sand .canadian geotechnical journal, 1996,33, 33 :913-925 . 附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文（約3000漢字）； 2.外文資料原文(與課題相關(guān)的1萬印刷符號左右)。指導(dǎo)教師評語：指導(dǎo)教師簽名：年月日bored pilesumma

2、ry drill ( flushing, dig ) pile from the nineteen sixties, beginning in henan province nanyang region since the development application, because of its many advantages, has been widely used in soft soil, loess, including soil, expansive soil and other special types of foundation and industrial, civi

3、l, municipal, railway, highway, port and other types of engineering practice. and precast pile, bored pile construction of no noise, no vibration, on the surrounding buildings and small environmental impact, pile diameter, buried deep, large bearing capacity. chinas drilling pile maximum diameter of

4、 pile has reached 4000mm, maximum deep pile has reached 104m, and the steel pipe pile maximum diameter of 1200mm, the largest pile of prestressed concrete pipe pile with deep 83m, maximum diameter of 1300mm, the biggest pile depth 40m. along with our country socialist construction is booming, with h

5、igh-rise buildings, large span bridges on the rise, the bearing capacity of pile foundation with higher requirements. large diameter bored pile therefore gets rapid development, pile length and pile diameter also do bigger more. however, in the existing various methods of pile, bored pile has many a

6、dvantages and is widely used in construction, but it is hard to avoid the impact of mud, which not only reduces the bearing capacity of pile expectations, but also caused a serious waste of materials. manual hole digging pile is difficult to achieve greater depth, its bearing capacity is also diffic

7、ult to just as one wishes. in view of bored pile in this situation, how to improve the pile construction technology level, make the input material to be more reasonable to use, so as to greatly increase the bearing capacity of single pile in engineering field, have become hot issues in recent years.

8、the introduction of bored cast-in-place pile perfusion pile refers to the construction site by mechanical drilling, steel pipe soil compaction or human mining method in the foundation pile hole in form, and on its inner placed reinforcement cage, concrete made with different pile, drilling method, g

9、routing pile can be divided again for cast-in-place pile, bored pile and digging several types of piles. bored pile by pile into the definition and classification of a kind of pile.the characteristics of bored cast-in-place pile1、and sinking pile of hammering method, construction noise and vibration

10、 is smaller2、to construct than the precast pile of large diameter of pile3、in all kinds of ground can be used4、the construction quality of the pile bearing capacity influence5、because the concrete is in the mud perfusion is difficult to control, so the quality of concretebored pile construction meth

11、od percussion drilling, punching grabbing drilling and rotary drilling hole can adopt slurry wall construction method. the construction process is: site formation, slurry preparation, buried tube and laying work platform rig and positioning, drilling, hole cleaning and inspection of hole quality and

12、 lower steel cage, underwater concrete perfusion to pull out the barrel to check quality. construction sequence： (1) the construction preparation construction preparation comprise: selecting drill, drill, layout. construction of bored pile drilling rig is the main equipment, according to the geologi

13、cal conditions and various drilling machine applied to select conditions (2) drilling machine installation and positioning istallation of drilling machine based if not stable, easy to produce in the drilling machine construction, pile and pile inclined inclined eccentric and other adverse effects, t

14、herefore requires the installation of foundation stability. on the formation of softer, sloping ground, be bulldozed, the pad plate or tie reinforcement. in order to prevent the pile position allowed, construction is very important to the set the center position and the correct installation of drill

15、ing machine, the rig drilling machine, first use of the power drill and near the cage with the drill pipe, moving roughly position, and then jack rack jacking, accurate positioning, so that the lifting pulley, drill bit or fixed drill hole cards and casing center in a vertical line, in order to ensu

16、re the verticality of the drilling rig. drilling position deviation is not more than 2cm. aligned with the pile location, with sleeper flat drill beam at the top of the tower, and symmetrical to the drill axis pulling cable wind rope. (3) buried tube underground water level below the kong bitu under

17、 the hydrostatic pressure to the hole collapse, and even the phenomenon of flow of sand. if you can keep the borehole wall high underground water head, increase the hole hydrostatic pressure, to prevent collapse hole, hole wall. casing in addition to play this role, at the same time, good isolation

18、of surface water, ground, protecting the orifice pile hole drill guide fixed (4) slurry preparation drilling mud is composed of water, clay ( bentonite ) and an additive composition. a floating drilling waste slag cooling the drill bit, drill, lubrication, increasing hydrostatic pressure, and in the

19、 hole wall to form a slurry, partition within the bore to prevent seepage, the hole collapse effect. modulation of the drilling mud and circulating purifying mud, should be based on the drilling method and formation conditions to determine the slurry consistency, slurry consistency should be conside

20、red stratigraphic changes or operational requirements of motor control, the mud is too thin, small, poor effect of elimination of slag wall; slurry is too thick will weaken bit impact function, reduce drilling speed. (5) drilling the borehole is a key working procedure, in construction must strictly

21、 according to the operating requirements, in order to ensure drilling quality, attention must be given to the hole quality, must be opposite for this good midline and verticality, and pressed well casing. must pay attention in the construction are continuously added and pumping the slurry slag ( imp

22、act type ), but also at any time to check whether there is deviation phenomenon into hole. using the impulse or clamshell type drilling machine construction, soil due to vibration and impact near the adjacent hole stability. so the drilled hole should be timely cleaning hole, decentralization and po

23、uring underwater concrete reinforcing cage. drill order should also be practical to plan, should not only guarantee a pile hole construction does not affect the last pile hole drill, and the moving distance of not too far and mutual interference. (6) the hole cleaning the drilling depth, diameter, l

24、ocation and shape of hole is directly related to the quality of pile and pile body black. therefore, in addition to drilling process close observation supervision, to meet the design requirements in drilling hole depth, with deep, hole, pore shape, pore size and other inspections. in the end hole in

25、spection in full compliance with the design requirements, shall immediately proceed to bottom hole cleaning, avoid it too long that mud settling, caused by borehole collapse. for friction pile when the hole wall is easy to collapse, in underwater concrete perfusion before the sediment thickness of n

26、ot more than 30cm; when the hole wall is not easy to collapse, not more than 20cm. for the post, in water or shoot the breeze, sediment thickness less than 5cm. hole cleaning method is to use different and flexible application of drilling rig. usually you can use normal circulation rotary drilling r

27、ig, reverse circulation rotary machine vacuum suction machine and slag pumping cylinder hole cleaning. the mud suction machine hole cleaning, required equipment, convenient operation, hole cleaning is thorough, but unstable in the soil should be used cautiously. its principle is to use compressor ge

28、nerates high pressure air into a suction dredge pipeline will mud blowing. (7) pouring underwater concrete after finishing hole, can be prefabricated reinforcement cage hanging vertically into the hole, positioning to be fixed, and then using a perfusion catheter concrete, pouring concrete dont inte

29、rrupt, or prone to the phenomenon of broken pile.effect of bored pile bearing performance factors in the construction process, construction machinery, due to geological effects, often caused by pile soil ( weak layers ), the thickness of 0.2 0.5m, thick and up to 1m. especially in soft soil with mud

30、, drilling, hole bottom sediment is inevitable; even after careful cleaning hole, the hole cleaning after and before concrete, will precipitate some sediment, and in drilling process, widespread presence on the hole wall and the hole bottom soil disturbance. all of these affect the bearing capacity

31、of bored pile play. pile static load test show that, bored pile end bearing capacity of only the ultimate load of the 15% 35%, the side resistance and tip resistance of the existing synchronization phenomenon. give full play to the role of lateral friction resistance is only a few millimeters of the

32、 displacement of pile top, to give full play to the role of tip resistance of pile diameter, needed to reach 10% - 30% of the displacement of pile top. such a large displacement in engineering is not allowed. pile side friction resistance to damage, and the damage limit is reached, and the end resis

33、tance cannot get sufficient play, its potential is great. this is the ultimate bearing capacity of bored pile is not to cause. research shows that, at the bottom of pile soil exists, not only affects the tip resistance of the play, also make the side friction resistance loss. the existence of weak i

34、nterlayer of pile, the pile body and the soil friction between the nature of the change, the friction between pile and soil by load transfer, is very bad. this is the bored pile bearing not tall benefit is another reason.improve the bearing capacity of bored piles according to the bearing capacity o

35、f bored pile is not to cause analysis, engineering and some improving bearing capacity of pile foundation of the method, mostly around the elimination of pile bottom sediment, a pile of weak interlayer. (1)pre loading method in advance of the pile bottom for preloading, the pile soil compaction, imp

36、rove the bearing capacity of piles. but time-consuming, costly, and not easy to implement. (2) extending end bearing area. the belled pile, in the past used in engineering is more, but on the bottom of pile soil are still incapable of action. (3) sand lining pile technology : the method for cast-in-

37、place pile, construction, use double sleeve around the pile in sand filling, become sand set of about 3 10cm, sand set can improve the lateral wall of the friction resistance of pile. (4)grouting technology:routing technology grouting method can be divided into the first grouting and grouting method

38、. the first method of grouting is drilled in the kong zhuangcheng hole and before concrete grouting, the nozzle pipe into the hole bottom is inserted into the soil, spraying slurry, so that at the bottom of pile soil mixed with cement, then pile concrete. pile cap cap refers to bear, distribution fr

39、om pier to carry the load on pile top, set to connect all the top of the pile of reinforced concrete platform. cap is piles and columns or piers contact part. the root cap, even ten piles are linked with the formation of the pile foundation. cap for high pile cap and pile caps: low pile cap generall

40、y buried or partially buried in the earth, high pile cap generally above the ground or water. high rise pile cap having a free length, the surrounding supporting body to withstand horizontal load. pile stress situation is extremely unfavorable. pile internal force and displacement under the action o

41、f external force than the same level of low pile cap to be big, the stability is poor because of low pile cap. high rise pile cap is generally used for port, wharf, marine engineering and bridge engineering. low pile cap is generally used in industrial and civil buildings. pile head generally into p

42、latform 0.1 meters, and a reinforced anchor into the cap. platform to build on the columns or piers, forming a complete power transmission system. in recent years due to the large diameter bored pile, pile rigidity, strength is big, so high pile in bridge foundation construction has been widely used

43、.灌注樁概述鉆（沖、挖）孔灌注樁，從20世紀(jì)60年代初在河南省南陽地區(qū)研制應(yīng)用以來，因其具有眾多的優(yōu)點，已廣泛應(yīng)用于包括軟土、黃土、膨脹土等特殊土在內(nèi)的各類地基和工業(yè)、民用、市政、鐵路、公路、港口等各類工程實踐中。和預(yù)制樁相比，鉆孔樁施工時無噪聲、無振動，對周圍建筑及環(huán)境影響小，樁徑大，入土深，承載力大。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)1統(tǒng)計，我國鉆（沖）孔樁最大樁徑已達(dá)到4000mm，最大樁深已達(dá)104m，而鋼管樁最大樁徑為1200mm，最大樁深為83m，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土管樁最大樁徑為1300mm，最大樁深為40m。隨著我國社會主義建設(shè)事業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，伴隨著高層建筑，大跨度橋梁的興起，對樁基礎(chǔ)的承載力有了更高的要求。大直

44、徑灌注樁因此得到快速發(fā)展，樁長和樁徑也越做越大。然而，在現(xiàn)有的各種成樁方法中，鉆孔樁雖有許多優(yōu)點而被廣泛采用，但在施工中卻難以避免泥漿的影響，這不僅降低樁承載力的期望值，而且造成材料的嚴(yán)重浪費。人工挖孔樁因難以達(dá)到更大的深度，其承載力也難盡如人意。鑒于灌注樁的這種現(xiàn)狀，如何提高樁的施工工藝水平，使投入的材料得到更為合理的利用，以大幅度提高單樁承載力，就成為工程界備受關(guān)注的熱點問題。 鉆孔灌注樁的簡介灌注樁是指在工程現(xiàn)場通過機械鉆孔、鋼管擠土或人力挖掘等手段在地基土 中形成樁孔，并在其內(nèi)放置鋼筋籠、灌注混凝土而做成的樁，依照成孔方法不同，灌注樁又可分為沉管灌注樁、鉆孔灌注樁和挖孔灌注樁等幾類。鉆

45、孔灌注樁是按成樁方法分類而定義的一種樁型。鉆孔灌注樁的特點1、與沉入樁中的錘擊法相比，施工噪聲和震動要小的多； 2、能建造比預(yù)制樁的直徑大的多的樁； 3、在各種地基上均可使用； 4、施工質(zhì)量的好壞對樁的承載力影響很大； 5、因混凝土是在泥水中灌注的，因此混凝土質(zhì)量較難控制。鉆孔灌注樁施工方法 沖擊鉆孔，沖抓鉆孔和回轉(zhuǎn)鉆削成孔等均可采用泥漿護(hù)壁施工法。該施工法的過程是：平整場地泥漿制備埋設(shè)護(hù)筒鋪設(shè)工作平臺安裝鉆機并定位鉆進(jìn)成孔清孔并檢查成孔質(zhì)量下放鋼筋籠灌注水下混凝土拔出護(hù)筒檢查質(zhì)量。施工順序： （1）施工準(zhǔn)備施工準(zhǔn)備包括：選擇鉆機、鉆具、場地布置等。鉆機是鉆孔灌注樁施工的主要設(shè)備，可根據(jù)地質(zhì)情

46、況和各種鉆孔機的應(yīng)用條件來選擇。 （2）鉆孔機的安裝與定位 安裝鉆孔機的基礎(chǔ)如果不穩(wěn)定，施工中易產(chǎn)生鉆孔機傾斜、樁傾斜和樁偏心等不良影響，因此要求安裝地基穩(wěn)固。對地層較軟和有坡度的地基，可用推土機推平，在墊上鋼板或枕木加固。 為防止樁位不準(zhǔn)，施工中很重要的是定好中心位置和正確的安裝鉆孔機，對有鉆塔的鉆孔機，先利用鉆機的動力與附近的地籠配合，將鉆桿移動大致定位，再用千斤頂將機架頂起，準(zhǔn)確定位，使起重滑輪、鉆頭或固定鉆桿的卡孔與護(hù)筒中心在一垂線上，以保證鉆機的垂直度。鉆機位置的偏差不大于2cm。對準(zhǔn)樁位后，用枕木墊平鉆機橫梁，并在塔頂對稱于鉆機軸線上拉上纜風(fēng)繩。 （3）埋設(shè)護(hù)筒 鉆孔成敗的關(guān)鍵是防

47、止孔壁坍塌。當(dāng)鉆孔較深時，在地下水位以下的孔壁土在靜水壓力下會向孔內(nèi)坍塌、甚至發(fā)生流砂現(xiàn)象。鉆孔內(nèi)若能保持壁地下水位高的水頭，增加孔內(nèi)靜水壓力，能為孔壁、防止坍孔。護(hù)筒除起到這個作用外，同時好有隔離地表水、保護(hù)孔口地面、固定樁孔位置和鉆頭導(dǎo)向作用等。 (4)泥漿制備 鉆孔泥漿由水、粘土(膨潤土)和添加劑組成。具有浮懸鉆渣、冷卻鉆頭、潤滑鉆具，增大靜水壓力，并在孔壁形成泥皮，隔斷孔內(nèi)外滲流，防止坍孔的作用。調(diào)制的鉆孔泥漿及經(jīng)過循環(huán)凈化的泥漿，應(yīng)根據(jù)鉆孔方法和地層情況來確定泥漿稠度，泥漿稠度應(yīng)視地層變化或操作要求機動掌握，泥漿太稀，排渣能力小、護(hù)壁效果差；泥漿太稠會削弱鉆頭沖擊功能，降低鉆進(jìn)速度。 (5)鉆孔 鉆孔是一道關(guān)鍵工序，在施工中必須嚴(yán)格按照操作要求進(jìn)行，才能保證成孔質(zhì)量，首先要注意開孔質(zhì)量，為此必須對好中線及垂直度，并壓好護(hù)筒。在施工中要注意不斷添加泥漿和抽渣(沖擊式用)，還要隨時檢查成孔是否有偏斜現(xiàn)象。采用沖擊式或沖抓式鉆機施工時，附近土層因受到震動而影響鄰孔的穩(wěn)固。所以鉆好的孔應(yīng)及時清孔，下放鋼筋籠和灌注水下混凝土。鉆孔的順序也應(yīng)實事先規(guī)劃好，既要保證下一個樁孔的施工不影響上一個樁孔，又要使鉆機的移動距離不要過遠(yuǎn)和相互干