高一英語入門語法一（學(xué)生版）

1、高一英語入門語法一、詞類、構(gòu)詞法. 詞類相互間的關(guān)系1、詞類詞類英語名稱意義例詞名詞The Noun(n.)表示_或_的名稱。_老師,_學(xué)校,_空氣動(dòng)詞The Verb(V.)表示_或_。be, _有，_學(xué)習(xí)形容詞The Adjctive(adj.)用以修飾_詞，表示人或事物的_或_。_好的, _漂亮的, _黑色的副詞The Adverb(adv.)修飾_詞、_詞或_詞,說明_、_和_等。_現(xiàn)在, _這里，_非常代詞The Pronoun(pron.)用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞she,it, my,youself,this,who,數(shù)詞The Numeral(num.)表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。o

2、ne,two, three,_第一,_第二, _第三冠詞The Article(art.)用在_詞前,幫助說明_詞。_,_,_介詞The Prepositon(prep.)表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。in, on, from, above, behind連詞The Conjunction(conj.)用來連接詞、短語或句子。and,or, but, so感嘆詞The Interjection(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。oh, well, hi, hello2.構(gòu)詞法1)合成法：把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成為一個(gè)新詞。如：_同學(xué),_教室，_籃球,_操場(chǎng)2)派生法：在一

3、個(gè)單詞前或后加上一個(gè)詞綴，變成一個(gè)新詞。(1)派生名詞：動(dòng)詞+_ _司機(jī), _教師,_發(fā)明家, _參觀者 名詞+_ _農(nóng)民，_ 政府官員動(dòng)詞+_ _ 游泳, _樓房, _會(huì)議動(dòng)詞+_ _ 祝賀, _發(fā)明，_畢業(yè)動(dòng)詞+_ _同意，_不同意，_定居點(diǎn)形容詞+_ _善良, _粗心，_孤獨(dú)形容詞t_ _無知，_重要性，_自信(2)派生形容詞：名詞+_ cloudy, snowy, _晴天的,_積滿灰塵的名詞+_ _細(xì)心的, _有助的, _有用的，_強(qiáng)大的 名詞+_ _粗心的, _無助的, _無用的,_無權(quán)力的動(dòng)詞+_ _有趣的, _令人興奮的，_令人驚訝的 動(dòng)詞+_ _感興趣的，_興奮的,_驚訝的,_

4、擔(dān)心的名詞+_ _危險(xiǎn)的, _緊張的,其他 _熱情的, daily(每日的) , _英國的, _德國的(3)派生副詞：形容詞+_ slow_, fluen_,gradual_,angryangr_(生氣地)其它 good_, possible_,probable_3)轉(zhuǎn)換法：一個(gè)單詞由某一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)為另一種詞類。(1)形容詞動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)dry(_), clean(干凈的)clean(_)Dry hair can be damaged by washing it too frequently. 干性頭發(fā)洗得太頻繁容易受損。 Lets dry our hair so we dont c

5、atch cold. 我們把頭發(fā)吹干，這樣就不會(huì)感冒。這地板挺干凈。_今天輪到我們打掃教室。_ (2)動(dòng)詞名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, _學(xué)習(xí), swim, go,_聊天 請(qǐng)看黑板。_讓我看看。_ (3)名詞動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)hand (_),face(臉)face(_)我們每個(gè)人都有一雙手。_.請(qǐng)上交你們的作業(yè)。_.她有一張圓圓的臉。_面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧！_(4)形容詞副詞,如：early_, fast_ The early bird catches the worm.(捷足先登) This morning I got up _(早). I ran _ to the

6、 fast food restaurant to buy some fast food.(5)副詞連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)when(_)When are you going home? 你什么時(shí)候回家？當(dāng)你孤單你會(huì)想起誰？_?(6)介詞副詞,如：in(到里)(_), on(在上)on(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))He was in his car. 他坐在他的車?yán)?。我今天早上打電腦給你，你不在家。_3.詞類相互間的關(guān)系1）形容詞、數(shù)詞通常修飾_詞（有時(shí)名詞也可以修飾另一個(gè)名詞），形容詞還可修飾_詞。那三個(gè)高大又強(qiáng)壯的男人都是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_我有些有趣的事情要告訴你。_2)副詞常修飾_詞、_詞和_詞。他哥哥

7、足球踢得很好。_這個(gè)會(huì)議很重要。_3)冠詞只用于_詞和_詞之_，輔助說明_詞和_詞的含義。我們教師前有一棵樹，這棵樹很高。4)介詞與它后面的_詞或_詞構(gòu)成介詞短語。今天我們一整天都呆在家里。_在他前面的那個(gè)女孩是誰？_5)連詞只起連接詞、詞組和句子的作用。他和我都是好學(xué)生。_請(qǐng)看黑板并回答我的問題。_她很丑，但是很善良。_村里有個(gè)姑娘叫小芳。_二、句子成分構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。在英語中，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。 1. 主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，相當(dāng)于句子的主題，說明這個(gè)句子講的是什么人或什么事，一般

8、位于句首，但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等充當(dāng)。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great plea

9、sure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式） 2. 謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： （1）簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。例如

10、：He practices running every morning. （2）復(fù)合謂語：a) 由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. b）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成例如：We are students.3. 表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher o

11、f English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is th

12、at he has never been abroad.（表語從句） 4. 賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He prete

13、nded not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 補(bǔ)足語（賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語）：a) 賓語補(bǔ)足語: 英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般

14、句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We wil

15、l soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）b) 主語補(bǔ)足語：補(bǔ)充說明主語的叫主語補(bǔ)足語。1. The poet Li He died young. =The poet Li He died and he was young. 詩人李賀年輕時(shí)就死了。 (形容詞)2. He returned a hero. = He returned and he was a hero.他回來時(shí)成了一個(gè)英雄。 (名詞)6. 定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）Chi

16、na is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading a

17、n article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）7. 狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，條件，目的，原因等，或說明動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)特征的句子成分叫做狀語。例如：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a mod

18、el plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket

19、 with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）【邊講邊練】一分析下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分：（1）My brother h

20、asnt done his homework. （2）They smiled happily. （3） He gave me a book yesterday. （4）They made him monitor of the class. （5）If you go across the bridge you will find the museum on the left. （6）You will find it useful to learn English after you leave school. （7）They didnt know who Father Christmas rea

21、lly is. （8）He is a qualified teacher in our school.（9）Some of the students want to go swimming三、簡單句的五種基本句型（five Basic Sentence Patterns）英語中句子無論怎樣變化，歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：1）主+謂（不及物動(dòng)詞） Iwork. 我工作。 2）主+謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓 ShestudiesEnglish.她學(xué)英語。3）主+謂（及物動(dòng)詞）+間賓+直賓例如： Mymothermademeanewdress.我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。4）主+謂

22、（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓+賓補(bǔ) Timewouldprovemeright.時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。 5）主+系（動(dòng)詞）+表Johnisbusy.約翰忙。說明：在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，系動(dòng)詞有兩類需要區(qū)別對(duì)待：一類是be動(dòng)詞。另一類是其它系動(dòng)詞(主要是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞). 如：get, become, go, turn, grow, sound, look, taste, smell, seem, appear, remain, keep, stay, prove 等,后面一般跟形容詞或由動(dòng)詞+ing或ed變化而來的形容詞做表語，而become還可以跟名詞和過去分詞作表語。例如：The weather is g

23、etting cold and cold with the season coming into the winter.隨著冬天的來臨，天氣越來越冷了。He has become a college student. 他已經(jīng)成了一名大學(xué)生。Soon the room become crowed. 不久，房子就很擁擠了。The food goes bad. 食物變質(zhì)了。The leaves of trees turn green in spring. 樹葉春天變綠了。The wind sounds strong. 風(fēng)聲聽起來很大。He looks younger than he is. 他看起來

24、比實(shí)際年齡要小。The dish tastes good. 這道菜很好吃。He seems ill today. 他似乎病了。The situation remained unchanged. 情況未發(fā)生變化。Mary keeps silent in the discussion. 討論中瑪麗保持沉默。6）there be 句型和 have（has）表示“有”的不同1. “ There be句型”表達(dá)“有”時(shí)，說明的是“存在關(guān)系”，即“有某物在某處”， 如：There are so many people on the playground. （操場(chǎng)上有許多人）?！癏ave/has”表“有”時(shí)，表示“所屬關(guān)系“，即“某物為某人所擁有”或“部分是整體的一部分”。 如：I have a house with a beautiful garden. 我有一套帶花園的房子。The building has thirty rooms. 這棟樓有三十個(gè)房間。2. 根據(jù)句意的需要，“there be 句型” 的結(jié)構(gòu)還有如下一些變化形式：There is going to be/There will be (將有)There used to be (曾經(jīng)有)There seems to be (似乎有)There happen(s) to be