模擬聯(lián)合國用語.doc

AAbstain 棄權During a vote on a substantive matter, a delegate may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This means that the delegate neither supports nor opposes the resolution on the go.在一個關于實體性問題的投票中，代表除了可以選擇“是”或者“否”，還可以選擇“棄權”。這意味著此代表既不支持也不反對正在進行投票表決的決議。Agenda 議程Agenda is the order of topics to be discussed in a conference, usually being set after the roll call.點名完畢后，委員會所設定的議題討論順序。Amendment 修正案Amendment is a form of document to amend a draft resolution. The two types of amendments are friendly amendment and unfriendly amendment.修正案是用來對正在討論的決議草案提出修改意見的文件。修正案分為兩種：友好修正案與非友好修正案。BBackground Guide 背景指導A background guide is a research report of topics on the conference written by the dais and distributed to the delegates before the conference.背景指導是一份關于會議即將討論議題的調(diào)研報告，一般由會議主席團撰寫，并在會前分發(fā)給各國代表。Binding 約束力Binding is the legal force to impose UN resolutions on the Member States. Resolutions of Security Council and the Internaitonal Court of Justice are binding. Decisions made by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are non-binding.約束力是指聯(lián)合國決議對成員國具有法律效力。安理會決議和聯(lián)合國國際法庭的判決是具有約束力的；而聯(lián)合國大會和經(jīng)社委員會的決議不具有約束力。Bloc 國家集團A bloc is a group of countries within a same geographical region or holding similar country positions on a particular topic. The determining factor in forming a bloc is sharing the common national interests.一組處于同一地理區(qū)域或者就某一議題有類似觀點的國家。組成國家集團的決定性因素是具有共同的國家利益。Bloc Leader 集團領導者A bloc leader is the delegate who plays the leading role in a bloc.在一個國家集團中充當著領導者的代表。CCaucus 磋商Caucus is a form of discussion in formal debate, in which delegates may discuss a subtopic more specifically. There are two types of caucus: moderated caucus and un-moderated caucus.磋商是正式辯論過程中一種深入討論議題的方式。磋商分為兩種類型：有主持核心磋商和自由磋商。Chair 主席Chair is a member of the dais who is responsible for moderating debate, timing, ruling on points and motions, and imposing the rules of procedure.主席是負責主持辯論、計時、裁決問題及動議，并執(zhí)行會議流程的主席團成員。Committee 委員會A committee is a deliberative assembly, an organization comprising members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions. In Model UN conference, committees are usually the simulations of principal organs, subsidiary bodies, programs, funds, research and training institutes, special organizations, entities or regional commissions of UN system. Delegates discuss relevant topics and resolutions according to the given functions, powers, and rules of procedure of the committees.“委員會”是一個協(xié)商會議，一個由代表組成,按議事程序討論議題并做出決策的有序組織。模擬聯(lián)合國會議中的委員會大多模仿聯(lián)合國主要機構、附屬機構、規(guī)劃署、基金會、調(diào)研及培訓機構、特殊組織、實體和區(qū)域委員會建立。代表需依據(jù)所在委員會的職權范圍和議事規(guī)則討論相關議題。Crisis 危機Crisis, to which delegates must respond immediately, is an emergent matter or unexpected event that happens during a conference. Usually designed by the dais before the conference, a crisis may be related to the topic being discussed on the floor. The forms of crisis include news report, official document from international organizations, video profile, or directive from embassies or governments.危機是會議進行當中，各國代表需要立即處理的突發(fā)性事件。模聯(lián)會議中的危機一般由主席團在會前設置好，事件可能與代表們討論的議題相關。事件的形式有若干種，可能是突發(fā)事件的新聞報道，可能是國際組織的文件，可能是相關人員的視頻資料，也可能是外交官派出國政府發(fā)來的外交指令等。DDais 主席團Usually consisted of a Chair, a Director and a Rapporteur, a dais is a group of people in charge of a Model UN conference.主席團由主席、會議總監(jiān)和主席助理組成，負責組織模擬聯(lián)合國的會議。Delegate 代表Representing an UN Member State, an observer or an international organization, delegate is a person chosen or elected to express views in a Model UN conference.代表是模擬聯(lián)合國會議中受委托或指派表達意見的人，可以代表一個聯(lián)合國成員國，一個觀察國，或一個國際組織。Delegation 代表團Delegation is a group of delegates representing the same UN Member State, an observer or an international organization in a Model UN conference. Delegation is also used to describe the delegates from the same participating group, e.g. the same high school or college.代表團是指模聯(lián)會議中，在不同委員會代表同一個成員國或觀察國的全體代表。代表團也指來自同一參與團體的所有代表，例如來自同一高中或大學的全體代表。Director 會議總監(jiān)Director is a member of the dais who is in charge of overseeing delegates role-playing, document writing and topic researching.會議總監(jiān)是負責監(jiān)督代表角色扮演、文件寫作及議題調(diào)研的主席團成員。Draft Resolution 決議草案Written by the delegates, draft resolution is a form of document that seeks to solve the issues addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution. Only one draft resolution will be passed for each topic in a committee.決議草案是由代表草擬、為委員會所討論的議題尋求解決方案的一種文件格式。如果被投票通過，那么決議草案就成為正式?jīng)Q議。在一個委員會中，有關同一個議題的決議草案只能通過一份。Draft Directive 指令草案Draft directive is a form of document that aims at successfully solving the crisis. A draft directive is only composed by operative clauses. The actions taken under the directive need to be instant and effective instead of long-term. Amandments are welcome to a draft directive, of which the unfriendly ones shall be passed after votes.指令草案是針對危機處理的文件。指令草案的表決通過標志著危機的成功解決。指令草案由行動性條款構成。指令草案的行動措施要立即、有效，避免長遠規(guī)劃。代表可以對指令草案提出修正案，其中，非友好修正案也需要表決。FFaculty Advisor 指導教師Faculty Advisor is a teacher or faculty responsible for advising students to run a Model UN club and training a delegation.指導教師是負責指導學生運營模擬聯(lián)合國社團并訓練模聯(lián)代表團的教學人員。Flow of the Debate 會議流程Flow of debate is the order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference.會議流程是模聯(lián)會議中事件進行的順序。Formal Debate 正式辯論The standard type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a certain period of time in the order based on the speakers list.在一個模聯(lián)會議中標準形式的討論。代表按照發(fā)言名單確定的順序在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)進行演講。Friendly Amendment 友好修正案A friendly amendment is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agree with. After the amendment signed by all of the draft resolutions sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution.友好修正案是原決議草案全部起草國均贊成的對決議草案內(nèi)容的改動。在全部起草國簽字同意后，一份修正案便成為友好修正案，并自動被加入到原決議草案中。GGavel 槌The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, is used by the Chair to keep order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that committee; therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given.主席用來維持模聯(lián)委員會秩序的一個小木錘形狀的工具。很多會議都把委員會中使用過的槌贈與主席團選出的該委員會的最佳代表。所以，這個詞也常常用來指贈與最佳代表的獎勵，哪怕事實上并沒有。Global Village 地球村Global Village is an activity in which delegates can display different cultures of the countries via exhibitions.在模聯(lián)會議進行過程中舉行的展示各國文化的活動。HHead Delegate 首席代表Head delegate is the chief representative of a Model UN delegation.首席代表是一個模聯(lián)代表團中的領隊。IIn favor of 支持In favor is to agree to pass a motion. There must be over half of the delegates in favor of a motion in order to pass it.即支持該動議通過。當超過半數(shù)的與會代表支持該動議通過，主席團才能予以執(zhí)行。LLobbying 游說Lobbying is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by other delegates during a conference.游說是一種通過陳述觀點來影響會場內(nèi)他國代表意見的行為。MMember State 成員國A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 192 member states. The only internationally recognized state that is not a member state is the Holy See.一個批準了聯(lián)合國憲章、并且加入申請已經(jīng)被聯(lián)合國大會和安理會接受的國家。目前聯(lián)合國一共有192個成員國。唯一一個國際承認的非成員國家是教廷梵蒂岡。Moderated Caucus 有主持核心磋商A type of caucus with a specific topic and restricted total time, moderated Caucus enables delegates to focus on detailed problems in a short period of time.一種有特定主題、限總發(fā)言時間的磋商形式。有主持核心磋商可以讓代表在短時間內(nèi)關注更為具體的問題。Motion 動議A suggestion made by a delegate to change the current process. A motion might refer to a caucus, an adjournment, an introduction to a draft resolution, or closing the debate.由代表提出的改變現(xiàn)有會議進程的建議，需要全體代表投票表決。這些動議的內(nèi)容可以是進行磋商、休會、介紹決議草案或者進入投票階段。Motion to Close Debate 動議停止辯論A motion to close debate is not the same as the motion to suspend meeting. Rather, it is used to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her countrys position clear and there are enough and fully discussed draft resolutions on the floor.動議結束辯論與動議暫停會議有所不同。當結束辯論的動議生效后，會議將進入投票階段。此動議一般在代表認為立場已經(jīng)得到充分闡述，且決議草案已較為完善的情況下提出。Motion for a Moderated Caucus 動議有主持核心磋商動議Delegates make a motion for a moderated caucus in order to set a discussion on a specific topic. To motion for a moderated caucus, delegates are required to propose topic, total time and the speaking time for each delegate.代表通過動議有主持核心磋商來進行議題的深入討論。有主持核心磋商討論的主題、總時間、各代表發(fā)言時間由提出此動議的代表提出。Motion to Set Speaking Time 動議更改發(fā)言時間Delegates propose a motion to set the speaking time for the purpose of setting or changing the amount of time each delegate has to speak in the speakers list.代表可以通過動議更改發(fā)言時間，來重置每位代表在發(fā)言名單中的發(fā)言時間。Motion to Suspend the Meeting 動議暫停會議Delegates propose a motion to suspend the meeting for the purpose of ending a session and having a break.代表動議暫停會議可以結束會議的一個階段，并使會議進入休息時間。Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus 動議自由磋商A motion for an unmoderated caucus is usually proposed under the purpose to set a free discussion so that the delegates can exchange ideas with other delegates in your bloc. Delegates need to set the total time for an unmoderated caucus in the motion.提出自由磋商動議的代表需要規(guī)定時間。一旦動議獲得通過，在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)代表可以離開座位，更為密切地和盟友們交換意見。MUNer 模聯(lián)人People who have participated or are participating in Model UN activity.曾經(jīng)參與過或正在參與模擬聯(lián)合國活動的人。OObserver 觀察員An observer is a state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN nor a member of a specific committee, but participates in the debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters, e.g. the Holy See or the State of Israel participating in the Security Council meeting regarding Israel-Palestine conflict.一個不是聯(lián)合國成員或某特定委員會成員的國家、政府組織、區(qū)域組織或者非政府組織。國家觀察員可以對程序性問題投票，但是不能對實體性問題進行投票。例如教廷梵蒂岡和參與安全理事會巴以問題討論的以色列。On the floor 被討論狀態(tài)At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced by the committee, it is put on the floor and may be further discussed.在模聯(lián)會議中，一份工作文件或者決議草案剛剛完成的時候不能夠被討論。只有在得到會議指導的認可并且被委員會介紹后，它才進入“被討論狀態(tài)”進而可以被廣泛討論。Operative Clause 行動性條款Operative clause is a part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. The clauses are written with verbs in third person singular form as beginning (e.g. decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).決議中描述聯(lián)合國將如何解決問題的部分，以動詞第三人稱單數(shù)（比如決定，成立，建議等等）開頭。PPage 意向條In order to maintain the order of the conference, a delegate should write notes on pages to ask questions, lobby or negotiate with other delegates or a dais member during a session. Pages should be written in the official working language of the committee.為了維持會場秩序，開會期間代表如有任何問題或者需要進行游說、溝通，都要通過書寫并傳遞意向條的方式向其他代表或主席團成員表達。意向條的書寫需要符合該委員會的工作語言要求。Pager 意向條傳遞者A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass pages from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.委員會中志愿在代表間或者代表與主席團之間暫時傳遞意向條的代表。Parliamentary Procedure 議會議事程序Parliamentary procedure is based on the consideration of the rights: of the majority,of the minority,of individual members,of absentee members,of all of these groups taken together.基于平衡原則，為保護各種人和人群的權利（包括意見占多數(shù)的人，意見占少數(shù)的人，甚至是每一個人，以及沒有出席會議的人）而制定出的議事規(guī)則，即為議會議事程序。Placard 國家牌A piece of cardstock with a countrys name on it that a delegate raises in the air to answer the roll call or signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.一塊寫著國家名稱的硬紙板，代表舉起它回應點名或向主席示意希望發(fā)言。Point 問題A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege.代表提出的關于信息或者相關行動的要求。包括程序性問題、詢問性問題和個人權利問題。Point of Order 組織性問題A point of order is used when a delegate believes the chair has made an error in the running of the committee. The delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure, but may not address when the topic being discussed.當代表認為主席在主持會議中產(chǎn)生錯誤時，可提出組織性問題，以糾正主席錯誤。代表需要明晰該錯誤為何不符合該委員會的規(guī)則流程。組織性問題可以打斷進程提出，但不能在討論議題時提出。Point of Inquiry 咨詢性問題A point of inquiry (also known as a point of parliamentary procedure) can be made when the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in order to ask the chairperson a question regarding the rules of procedure.當代表對于會議程序有不明白的地方時，可以在臺上沒有代表發(fā)言時舉牌向主席咨詢。Point of Personal Privilege 個人特權問題A delegate may raise a point of personal privilege in order to inform the chairperson of a physical discomfort he or she is experiencing, such as not being able to hear another delegates speech.當代表在會場上感覺有任何身體上的不適時，可以提出個人特權問題，例如：無法聽到臺上代表講話。Position Paper立場文件An essay details a countrys policies on the topics being discussed in the committee, usually written and delivered to the dais by delegates before a Model UN conference.一份針對委員會即將討論議題的國家立場闡述文件，需要代表在會前書寫完成并提交至主席團。Preambulatory Clauses 序言性條款The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (e.g. noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).決議中描述之前與議題有關的行動以及決議的必要性的部分。一般以分詞或者形容詞開頭。Present 到/出席Present refers to in attendance. Delegates who are in presence are required to raise up their placards and answer Present when their countries names are called during the roll call. Delegates need to send pages to the dais to inform their attendance if they didnt arrive at the conference on time. In special committees consisting of delegates with rights to vote and those without, delegates need to announce Present and Voting or Present according to the procedure.“到”即為“出席”。當國家名在點名中被點到時，代表需高舉國家牌并回答“到”。如果代表未及時出席，需到場后用意向條告知主席團。在一些特殊的委員會中，只有部分代表有權投票。在此情況下，有權投票的代表在點名中需回答“出席并投票”，其他代表只需回答“到”即可。Procedural Questions 程序性問題關于一個委員會運行方式的問題，與和議題相關的問題相反。所有出席會議的代表都必須就程序性問題投票而不能棄權。Having to do with the way a committee runs, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.QQuorum 法定人數(shù)The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but more than nine members must be present to pass a resolution.一個委員會或者會議需要出席的最小代表人數(shù)。在聯(lián)合國大會，開始討論的法定人數(shù)為成員的三分之一，通過決議則需要半數(shù)以上。在安理會沒有開始討論的法定人數(shù)，但是必須有9個以上成員出席才能通過一個決議。RRapporteur 主席助理A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers list and taking the roll call.主席團中負責發(fā)言名單和點名程序的成員。Resolution 決議A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. To the UN, a resolution is the equivalent of a law.聯(lián)合國機構通過的用于解決一個特別的問題或爭議的文件。在聯(lián)合國相當于法律。Right of Reply 答辯權A right to speak in reply to a previous speakers comment, invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by anothers speech. It generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked.回應前面發(fā)言人的評論的發(fā)言權利，當代表覺得個人受到其他代表發(fā)言的羞辱時采用。一般需要給主席一個書面的短簽。Roberts Rules of Order 羅伯特議事規(guī)則After General Henry M. Robert brought the publication of Pocket Manual of Rules of Order to the ordinary societies in 1876, Robert Rules of Order has been recognized as a time-tested method of conducting business at meetings and public gatherings in world wide. It can be adapted to fit the needs of any organization. Today, Roberts Rules of Order newly revised is the basic handbook of operation for most clubs, organizations and other groups including Model United Nations.自1876年首次出版，由羅伯特將軍編撰的羅伯特議事規(guī)則已成為世界上最廣受承認的議事規(guī)則標準，也是模擬聯(lián)合國規(guī)則流程制定的藍本。無論對于議事專家、還是新上任的協(xié)會主席來說，它都是高效、有序、公平的會議的有力保障。Roll Call 點名Roll call is the first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegates countrys name is called, he or she may respond “present” or “present and voting.” A delegate responding “present and voting” may not abstain on a substantive vote.點名是模聯(lián)委員會的第一個程序，其間會務報告人會大聲讀出委員會中每一個成員國的名稱。當國家名被叫到的時候，代表需要回答“出席”或者“出席并投票”，回答“出席并投票”的代表在后面的實體性投票中不能棄權。Roll Call Vote 唱名表決The special voting procedure to draft resolution is roll call vote. After the roll call, delegates may vote for yes, no or abstain on each draft resolution. Each committee will only pass one draft resolution on each topic. Other draft resolutions will not be voted as long as one has been passed.對決議草案的表決為唱名表決。主席團首先點名確認到場的國家代表，隨后被點到國家名的代表需表決贊成、反對或棄權。對于一個議題，一個委員會只能通過一個決議草案，一旦有一份決議草案獲得通過，將不會再對未表決的決議草案進行投票。Rules of procedure 議事規(guī)則The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.模擬聯(lián)合國會議召開所遵循的程序與規(guī)則。SSecond 附議Second is to agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before they are brought to a vote.贊同一個被提出的動議。很多動議必須有附議才能投票表決。Secretariat 秘書處Secretariat is the organ in charge of conference affairs; normally it consists of Director of Academics, Liaison (Delegate Coordinator), Director of Logistics, Director of Technology etc.秘書處又稱組委會，主要負責模擬聯(lián)合國會議的學術及會務組織工作，通常由學術總監(jiān)、代表聯(lián)系人、會務總監(jiān)、技術總監(jiān)等人員組成。Secretary General 秘書長The supreme leader of the Model UN conference, in charge of the secretariat and dais.模擬聯(lián)合國會議的最高負責人，掌控組委會及主席團的各項工作。Signatory 附議國A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A signatory need not support a resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be approved.希望一份決議草案能夠被討論并且簽字支持此行為的國家。附議國并不一定支持此決議，而只是希望能夠得到討論。通常，模聯(lián)會議對通過一個決議草案有最低起草國和附議國數(shù)量的要求。Simple Majority 簡單多數(shù)50% plus one to the number of delegates in a committee. It is the amount needed to pass most votes.委員會中50%加1的代表人數(shù)。大多數(shù)投票所需要的人數(shù)。Speakers List 發(fā)言名單A list that determin