非謂語動詞的用法講解.ppt

非謂語動詞語法講解 Non finite 非謂語動詞的類型 Infinitive不定式 Gerund動名詞 Participle分詞 Non finite Structure tobedone Infinitive todo Negative 否定 nottodo Passivevoice 1 主語Subject 不定式作主語時 往往放在謂語之后 用it作形式主語 Togetenoughsleepatnightisimportant It Itisadj forsb todosth Itis apleasure anhonor apitytodo Ittakessb timetodo Non finite isimportanttogetenoughsleepatnight 1 吸煙對你來說是不好的 Itisnotgoodforyoutosmoke 2 和你一起共進(jìn)晚餐很愉快 Itisapleasuretohavedinnerwithyou Itonlytooktwoyearstocompletetheproject 3 完成這項工程只花了二年時間 鞏固練習(xí)1 2 表語Predicative Myjob is Yourtask 努力學(xué)習(xí) istostudyhard Non finite Toseeistobelieve toteachyouEnglish Thesedayseveryonewantstogetrichfast 3 賓語Object 常用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有 fail happen mean wish hope decide refuse offer learn agree etc todo Non finite liketodo managetodo thinkconsiderfindmakefeel 形式賓語 4 我希望很快收到你的信 Ihopetohearfromyousoon 5 我決定不留下來 Idecidednottostay 6 學(xué)生們認(rèn)為玩電腦游戲很有趣 Studentsthought 7 她覺得沒有沒有必要和他辯論 Shethoughtitunnecessarytoarguewithhim itinterestingtoplaycomputergames it adj todo 鞏固練習(xí)2 Theteachertoldmetocleantheblackboard 4 賓補(bǔ)Complement 五看 watch see lookat observe notice 三使 let make have 二聽 listento hear 一感覺 feel 當(dāng)遇到下列動詞時 不定式省略to allow cause ask advise expect force permit persuade tell want warn teach等 Non finite 醫(yī)生建議他去南方 Thedoctoradvisedhimtogotothesouth sbtodo Imadehimdohiswork He byme Seesbdosth sbbeseentodo Hewasseen fromthetreeandgethurt fallB tofallC fallingD fallen 改錯 Hewasheardtalktohismotherforanhour totalk wasmadetodohiswork 5 定語Attributive 如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞 則不定式中要有介詞 Heislookingfor 一間可以住的房子 Thereisnothing 我想要幾本書在旅途中看 I dlike afewbookstoreadduringthejourney Whatdoyouthinkoftheschool Itisaverygood A schooltostudyinB schoolforchildrentostudyC studyingschoolD schooltostudy toworryabout Thetopicstobediscussedattomorrow smeetingisconcernedabouttheOlympics2008 沒有什么可擔(dān)心的 aroomtolivein Icameheretoseeyou Hegotupearlytocatchthetrain 6 狀語Adverbial inorderto soasto 1 表目的 2 表原因 Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews 3 表結(jié)果 Thisroomisbigenoughtoholdus enough to too to onlyto etc Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet Non finite 1 lateinthemorning Bobturnedoffthealarm A TosleepB SleepingC SleepD Havingslept2001春季高考第21題 鞏固練習(xí)2 翻譯 1935年 他離開家再也沒回來 In1935helefthomenevertoreturn 1 作主語 2 作表語 3 作賓語 4 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 5 作定語 6 作狀語 在句中承擔(dān)的成分 TenseandVoice 時態(tài)與語態(tài) tobedoing tohavedone tohavebeendone tohavebeendoing 1 Theypretendednottoseeus 2 Hepretendedtobesleeping 3 Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore 一般式表示與謂語的動作同時 發(fā)生在它之后 在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時 不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行 完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前 1 Theboypretended whenhismotherentered A readingB toreadC tobereadingD beingread 2 Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth Sheappears everything 01年高考 A totellB tobetoldC tobetellingD tohavebeentold 鞏固練習(xí)3 3 CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered thefirstcomputer MET9334 A toinventB inventingC tohaveinventedD havinginvented 4 TheEmperororderedthewonderfulcloth forhimwithoutdelay A tohavewovenB tobewovenC tobeweavingD toweave who which when how what whom whether等連用 在句中起名詞作用 可充當(dāng)主語 表語 賓語等 我不知道是否要接受邀請 Idon tknowwhethertoaccepttheinvitationornot 賓語 Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant 主語 如何解決這個問題很重要 我的問題是什么時候開始 Myquestioniswhentostart 表語 Non finite 不定式與疑問詞連用 關(guān)于省略 1 不定式中的動詞上文已出現(xiàn)過 下文要省略該動詞 e g Wouldyouliketogowithme 2 不定式是tobe結(jié)構(gòu) be不可省 e g Wouldyouliketobeateacher A I dliketoB I dliketogo Yes Non finite A I dliketobe B I dliketo Yes 1 Didyougetajob No I butit snouse A expectedB triedtoC managedtoD planned 2 Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet buthismothertoldhim A nottoB nottodoC notdoitD donotto 鞏固練習(xí)4 不定式用在介詞but except besides后時 如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的各種形式 那么介詞后的不定式不帶to 相反則帶to 1 Shecoulddonothingbut cry 2 Ihavenochoicebut go 3 Whatdoyoulike besides do sleep cry togo todo sleep Non finite Exercise eat giveup finish explain tell 1 Myteacherwasmade histeachingbecauseofpoorhealth togiveup explaining tobeexplained tobefinished nottoeat 3 Wefinditimpossibleforthework aheadoftime 4 Thepatientwaswarned oilyfoodaftertheoperation 2 Thesentencewants oncemore 5 Imeant youaboutit butIforgottodoso tohavetold 1 MET9214 Iusuallygotherebytrain Whynot byboatforachange A totrygoingB tryingtogoC totryandgoD trygoing 2 Ratherthan onacrowdedbus healwaysprefers abicycle MET9422 A ride rideB riding rideC ride torideD toride riding 4 Shecan thelp thehousebecauseshe sbusymakingacake 97上海12 A tocleanB cleaningC cleanedD beingcleaned 3 Whileshopping peoplesometimecan thelp intobuyingsomethingtheydon treallyneed 96上海14 topursueB persuadingC beingpersuadedD bepersuaded 5 Robertissaid abroad butIdon tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin tohavestudiedB tostudyC tobestudyingD tohavebeenstudying6 Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier itmoredifficult notmakeB nottomakeC notmakingD don tmake 7 Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple butitremains whethertheywillenjoyit toseeB tobeseenC seeingD see8 Themotherdidn tknow toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout A whoB whenC howD why 9 Pauldoesn thavetobemade Healwaysworkshard learnB tolearnC learnedD learning 10 Thelightintheofficeisstillon Oh Iforgot turningitoffB turnitoffC toturnitoffD havingturneditoff 11 Iwouldlove tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport A togoB tohavegoneC goingD havinggone 12 I veworkedwithchildrenbefore soIknowwhat inmynewjob A expectedB toexpectC tobeexpectingD expects 13 LittleJimshouldlove tothetheatrethisevening A tobetakenB totakeC beingtakenD taking14 Theteacheraskedus somuchnoise A don tmakeB notmakeC notmakingD nottomake 不定式作定語時 應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面 而且放在其他后置定語之后 1 不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系 1 動賓關(guān)系Ihavealotofworktodo 2 主謂關(guān)系Heisalwaysthefirsttocome 3 同位關(guān)系Weallhaveachancetogotocollege 固定句型 hadbetter not dosth 最好 不 做某事Why not dosth prefertodo preferdoing prefer n doingA to n doingB prefer todoAratherthan to doB wouldrather not dosth wouldratherdoAthan do B wouldrather 句子 過去式 虛擬語氣 要做 注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法 在thefirst thesecond thelast和only之后 只能用todo 如 Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom 如果understand realize know用在begin start attempt intend后 只能用todo 如 Ibegantounderstandthetruth 表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo 而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo 如 Inordernottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Nottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen soastodo一般不放在句首 Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus X Soastocatchtheearlybus hegotupatfivethismorning Myteacherwasmade histeachingbecauseofpoorhealth givingupB togiveupC giveupD givenup2 Thesentencewants oncemore explainedB toexplainC beingexplainedD explaining3 TheArcticisconsidered thenorthernpartoftheAtlantic havingbeenB tohavebeenC tobeD being B D C 4 TheEmperororderedthewonderfulcloth forhimwithoutdelay tohavewovenB tobewovenC tobeweavingD toweave5 IfoundtheGermanlanguagehard learnedB learningC tobelearnedD tolearn6 Thelightintheofficeisstillon Oh Iforgot turningitoffB turnitoffC toturnitoffD havingturneditoff B D C 7 Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers Thekey theproblemistomeetthedemand bythecustomers tosolving makingB tosolving madeC tosolve makingD tosolve made8 Whatdoyouthinkoftheschool Itisaverygood schooltostudyinB schoolforchildrentostudyC studyingschoolD schooltostudy B A 9 Didyougetajob No I butit snouse expectedB triedtoC managedtoD planned10 Wefinditimpossibleforthework aheadoftime tofinishB finishingC beingfinishedD tobefinished11 IusuallygotoShanghaibytrain Whynot therebyboatforachange totrytogoB trygoingC totrygoingD trytogo B D B 12 aliving shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight TomakeB MadeC MakingD Tohavemade13 Iwouldratherstarvetodeaththan forfood begB beggingC beggedD tobeg14 Theboypretended whenhismotherentered readingB toreadC tobereadingD beingread A A C Exercise 1 Robertissaid abroad butIdon tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin tohavestudiedB tostudyC tobestudyingD tohavebeenstudying2 Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier itmoredifficult notmakeB nottomakeC notmakingD don tmake3 I veworkedwithchildrenbefore soIknowwhat inmynewjob expectedB toexpectC tobeexpectingD expects 4 Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple butitremains whethertheywillenjoyit toseeB tobeseenC seeingD see5 ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows itwhattodowithB whattodowithitC whattodoitwithD todowhatwithit6 Themotherdidn tknow toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout A whoB whenC howD why 7 Pauldoesn thavetobemade Healwaysworkshard A learnB tolearnC learnedD learning8 Weagreed herebutsofarshehasn tturnedupyet A havingmetB meetingC tomeetD tohavemet9 Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet buthismothertoldhim A nottoB nottodoC notdoitD donotto 10 Thepatientwaswarned oilyfoodaftertheoperation A toeatnotB eatingnotC nottoeatD noteating11 Iwouldlove tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport A togoB tohavegoneC goingD havinggone12 CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered thefirstcomputer A toinventB inventingC tohaveinventedD havinginvented 13 LittleJimshouldlove tothetheatrethisevening A tobetakenB totakeC beingtakenD taking14 lateintheafternoon Bobturnedoffthealarm A TosleepB SleepingC SleepD Havingsleep15 Theteacheraskedus somuchnoise A don tmakeB notmakeC notmakingD nottomake 1 Toseeyouisglad It sgladtoseeyou 2 Iwanttoseeyou 3 Iwanthimtoseeyou 4 Myhopeistoseeyou 5 Heisthemantoseeyou 6 I mgladtoseeyou 7 Iwenttoseeyou 8 Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou9 Totellyouthetruth Idon tagreewithyou 10 Howtosolvethisproblemisveryimportant 作主語 作賓語 作賓補(bǔ) 作表語 作定語 作原因狀語 作目的狀語 作結(jié)果狀語 獨立成分 和疑問詞連用 Gerund 一 Structure doingNegative notdoing 二 時態(tài)和語態(tài) making havingmade 不作定語 beingmade havingbeenmade 不作定語 三 在句中承擔(dān)的成分 1 作主語 2 作賓語 3 作定語 4 作表語 Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusiness 1 作主語 Seeingisbelieving e g Whatmadehimsounhappy theticketforthefootballmatch HavingbeenlostB LostC BecauseoflosingD Losing Key D Losingtheticketforthefootballmatchmadehimsounhappy 對著打翻了的牛奶哭是沒用的 Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk 類似的還有 Itisnogooddoingsth Itisnousedoingsth IenjoylearningEnglish Howaboutmeetingoutsidethetheatre 2 作賓語 Vt Prep doing 下列動詞通常用 ing形式作賓語 admit appreciate deny resist stand imagine suggest mind finish enjoy keep practise miss avoid delay excuse escape consider can thelp 等 如 1 你介意我在這兒抽煙嗎 Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere 2 這女孩被告知每天練習(xí)三個小時的鋼琴 Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday 3 Goodnewskeepscoming 下列V prep 通常用 ing形式作賓語 尤其注意介詞to e g insiston prevent from dependon feellike befondof succeedin beproudof excuse for apologizefor lookforwardto objectto beusedto beopposedto etc Prep 后通常用 ing形式作賓語 e g Theboystoodstillwithout dare toraisehisheadbecauseof break avase daring havingbroken todo和doing的區(qū)別 remembertodorememberdoingforgettodoforgetdoingstoptodostopdoinggoontodogoondoingtrytodotrydoingregrettodoregretdoingmeantodomeandoing 注意 動詞如 permit allow admit forbid imagine consider有不同的用法 V sbtodosth V doingsthe g Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst Yousurelycan tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid night Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes advise permit allow admit forbid considerdoingsth e g Thelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglass Theyshouldn tallowparkinginthestreet it stoonarrow Iforbidsmokinginmyhouse Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice 3 作表語 Myhobbyiscollectingstampsandfishing Hisjobisteaching What sthedifferencebetweenthem I mfishing Myhobbyisfishing 動名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 4 作定語 awalkingstickAswimmingpoolAsleepingcar 區(qū)別 ThewalkingmanTheswimminggirlThesleepingboy 動名詞修飾名詞表示名詞的功能 現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞表示該名詞所處的狀態(tài) Gerund的邏輯主語 Tominsistedoncomingtotheparty Tominsistedonmycomingtotheparty 我?guī)缀鯚o法想象peter在五天內(nèi)橫渡大西洋 IcanhardlyimaginePetersailingacrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays 動名詞表示被動意義 在動詞或詞組need want require beworth deserve etc 后的動名詞表示被動意義 Yourcompositionneedsimproving Yourcompositionneedstobeimproved Thebookisworthreadingasecondtime Thebookisworthytoberead ofbeingreadasecondtime 非謂語動詞語法講解 WuxunHighSchool Non finite 非謂語動詞的類型 Infinitive不定式 Gerund動名詞 Participle分詞 Non finite ing分詞 ed分詞 ing分詞 以make為例 ed分詞 Havingmade making beingmade Havingbeenmade made X X X 分詞在句中承擔(dān)的成分 由于分詞具有形容詞性和副詞性 在句子中不能充當(dāng)具有名詞特征的主語和賓語 1 作定語 thesunwhichisrising ing分詞和 ed分詞修飾名詞有前置位 后置位 1 therisingsun 2 Heisaretiredworker Heisaworkerwhohasalreadyretired e g 3 Theproblembotheringusisthelackofmoney 4 ThesearegoodsimportedfromJapan 前置位 后置位 Theproblem whichis botheringusisthelackofmoney What sthedifferencebetween edand ingparticiple ing分詞表示 進(jìn)行 ed分詞表示 完成 ing分詞表示 主動 ed分詞表示 被動 主動 進(jìn)行 被動 完成 在時態(tài)上 在語態(tài)上 Thesearegoods whichwere importedfromJapan Exercises The work peoplehaveplayedagreatroleintheactivity Idon tlike can food Iprefersomethingfresh working canned 1 站在她媽媽旁邊的那個女孩看上去很膽小 Thegirl byhermotherlookedverytimid 2 最近到處在議論的話題都與2008年奧運會有關(guān) Thetopics everywhererecentlyisconcernedabouttheOlympics2008 whowasstanding standing beingdiscussed whicharebeingdiscussed What sthedifference 1 ThetopicsbeingdiscussedeverywhererecentlyisconcernedabouttheOlympics2008 tobediscussed discussed 進(jìn)行 完成 將來 2 Thetopics discuss attomorrow smeetingisconcernedabouttheOlympics2008 3 Thetopics discuss atyesterday smeetingwasabouttheOlympics2008 鞏固練習(xí)一 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1 Theman question inthepolicestationnowisaspy 2 Aman respect otherswillberespected 3 Halfoftheguests invite totheconferencewereforeigners 4 Thematter discuss isveryimportant beingquestioned respecting invited beingdiscussed 5 被汽車撞傷的小孩馬上被送到了醫(yī)院 Theboywassenttothehospitalimmediately 6 每天給我辦公室送郵件的人是位退休工人 Themaneverydayisaretiredworker injuredbythecar deliveringmailstomyoffice Theglassisbroken Thefoodsmellsinviting 2 作表語 Whathesaidsounds convince Hewas interest inwhathelearnedinCanadaandhethoughteverythinginCanadawas interest convincing interested interesting 這道菜香味怡人 Pleasefillintheblankwiththeverbgiven 使 信服 類似情況還有 surprising surprised exciting excited tiring tired disappointing disappointed encouraging encouraged amazed amazing bored boring pleasing pleased astonishing astonished ed分詞Sb Link v ed分詞 ing分詞Sth Link v ing分詞 人的感覺 事物本身的特點 鞏固練習(xí)二 用所給動詞的 ed或 ing形式填空 1 Thejourneywasquite tire 2 Theresultoftheexammademe disappoint 3 Thiswasreallyan moment excite 4 His looksuggestedthathedidn tunderstandit puzzle 5 Heseemedquite attheidea delight 6 Thepresentsituationis encourage tiring disappointed exciting puzzled delighted encouraging Theycaughthimcheatinginthemid termexaminationHewascaughtcheatinginthemid termexamination Youcan tleavetheworkshopwiththemachinerunning 3 作補(bǔ)語 1 賓語補(bǔ)足語 2 主語補(bǔ)足語 3 介詞賓語補(bǔ)足語 Fillintheblank 1 Hewassurprisedtofindhisroomthoroughly clean 2 LastnightIsawhim play theviolinwithhiseyes shut 被動 主動 Moreexercises cleaned playing shut 被動 Iheardmysister thatsonginEnglishoutside sing Theyonceheardthesong inEnglish Motherheardherkid thedoor Motherheardthedoor open Withthetest finish webegantoanalyzetheresult We duringourlastmeeting 我們留下了很多問題沒解決 Wouldyoupleasespeakloudersoasto A makeyouhearB makeyourselfhearC makeyouheardD makeyourselfheard leftalotofproblemsunsolved D singing sung opening opened 鞏固練習(xí)三 finished 分詞作狀語 修飾謂語 大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情景 表示時間 條件 原因 讓步 伴隨情況等 一般說來 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語 而句子本身可與狀語從句等句型轉(zhuǎn)換 4 作狀語 1 Whenweheardthenews wejumpedwithjoy Hearingthenews wejumpedwithjoy 2 Whenitisheated themetalexpands Heated themetalexpands 3 Becausehedidn tknowhowtodoit hewenttohisfatherforhelp Notknowinghowtodoit hewenttohisfatherforhelp 4 Astheyweredeeplymoved thechildrenbegantocry Deeplymovedbythestory thechildrenbegantocry 主動 被動 表示時間 表示原因 5 look outofthewindow youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach Ifyoulookoutofthewindow youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach 6 keep inrefrigerator thesevegetableswillremainfresh Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator thesevegetableswillremainfresh 表示條件 Looking Kept 7 Thechildrenrushedout shoutingandjumping 8 Shewalkedoutofthehouse byherlittledaughter follow 9 Shewalkedoutofthehouse herlittledaughter follow 10 consider asabuildingmaterial woodisnotverystrong Althoughitisconsideredasabuildingmaterial woodisnotverystrong e 表示讓步 表示方式和伴隨情況 followed following Considered 11 Thecarwasheldupbythesnowstorm thus cause thedelay 12 Theglassfelltotheground break topieces 表示結(jié)果 分詞作狀語時 分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào) e g heated icecanbechangedintowater When tired Iwentonwiththework walkinginthestreet Isawaroadaccident While Though causing broken 1 作定語 2 作表語 4 作狀語 3 作補(bǔ)語 分詞 分詞的時態(tài) ing ed 主句 不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作先后 HavingdoneHavingbeendonee g 1 UsedasameansoftrafficinChina thebikeisveryuseful 2 Havingbeenusedformanyyears thebikeneedsrepairing Moreexercises 主句 強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后 1 Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers inform ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon 2 be theremorethanonce theoldprofessorofferedtoshowusaroundthenewly builtlibrary 3 invite togotocamping Paulorderedanewsleepingbag 4 notknow histelephonenumber shelosttouchwithhim informed Havingbeen Havingbeeninvited Notknowing 分詞的邏輯主語 分詞的邏輯主語一般為 但當(dāng)分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時 分詞前必須有自己的主語 e g Ifweatherpermits wewillhaveafieldtrip Weatherpermitting we llhaveafieldtriptomorrow 這被稱為 時間允許 我們將在去杭州的路上順道看一下我叔叔 Timepermitting wewillvisitmyuncleonmywaytoHangzhou 主句的主語 分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 但有些分詞作狀語屬習(xí)慣用法 分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語可以不一致 如 Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain Generallyspeaking girlsaremorecarefulthanboys 類似的還有 SpeakingofTalkingof 高考題 1 Theflowers sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature 2004 A tosmellB smellingC smeltD tobesmelt2 Thedisc digitally inthestudio soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight 2004 A recordedB recordingC toberecordedD havingrecorded3 Generallyspeaking accordingtothedirections thedrughasnosideeffect 2003 A whentakingB whentakenC whentotakeD whentobetaken B B A 4 areply hedecidedtowriteagain A NotreceivingB ReceivingnotC NothavingreceivedD Havingnotreceived C 5 Before themachinemustbechecked beingusedB usingitC beingusedtoD using A 6 betterattention thevegetablescouldhavegrownbetterwiththesunshiningbrightlyintheskyand themlight A Giving givenB Given givenC Giving givingD Given giving D 1 inthought healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim A LosingB HavinglostC LostD Tolose C 陷入深思 有兩種表達(dá)法 A LoseoneselfinthoughtB belostinthought 綜合練習(xí) 5 Victorapologizedhis notbe abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan 6 Afterhisjourneyfromabroad RichardJonesreturnedhome exhaust 7 Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief catch 8 Generally speak When take accordingtothedirections thedrughasno