美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)英文介紹.doc

精品文檔American Civil WarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search American Civil WarThe Battle of GettysburgDateApril 12, 1861 April 9, 1865 (last shot ended June 1865)LocationSouthern United States and Northern battle sites including Antietam and GettysburgResultUnion victory Territorial integrity of the United States of America preserved Reconstruction Slavery abolished BelligerentsUnited States of America (Union)Confederate States of America (Confederacy)Commanders and leadersAbraham LincolnWinfield ScottGeorge B. McClellanHenry Wager HalleckUlysses S. GrantGideon Wellesand othersJefferson DavisP.G.T. BeauregardJoseph E. JohnstonRobert E. LeeStephen Malloryand othersStrength2,100,0001,064,000Casualties and losses110,000 killed in action360,000 total dead275,200 wounded93,000 killed in action260,000 total dead137,000+ woundedshow vdeTheaters of theAmerican Civil WarUnion blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coastshow vdeNineteenth century Atlantic/Mediterranean conflicts involving the United StatesQuasi WarAction of 1 January 1800 - Battle of Puerto Plata Harbor - Siege of Curacao - Action of 12 October 1800 - Action of 25 October 1800First Barbary WarAction of 1 August 1801 - First Battle of Tripoli Harbor - Action of 22 June 1803 - Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor - Battle of DerneChesapeake AffairLittle Belt AffairWar of 1812Atlantic Naval CampaignSecond Barbary WarBattle off Cape Gata - Battle off Cape PalosAnti-Piracy OperationsPattersons Town Raid - Action of 31 August 1819 - Action of 26 August 1822 - Action of 9 November 1822 - Action of 2 March 1825 - Battle of Doro Passage - Action of 23 October 1827St. Johns AffairSecond Seminole WarBattle of Wahoo Swamp - Battle of Jupiter InletVeracruz AffItapiru Incident - Paraguay expeditionReform WarBattle of Anton LizardoAmerican Civil WarEastern Theater - Western Theater - Trans-Mississippi Theater - Lower Seaboard Theater - Battle of Cherbourg - Bahia IncidentSinking of the MaineSpanish-American WarCuban Campaign - Puerto Rican Campaignshow vdeNineteenth century Asia/Pacific conflicts involving the United StatesAmerican Indian WarsBattle of Woody PointWar of 1812Action off James Island Action off Charles Island Battle of ValparaisoSumatran ConflictsFriendship Incident Battle of Quallah BattooEclipse Incident Bombardment of Quallah Battoo Battle of MuckieWilkes ExpeditionBattle of MaloloMexicanAmerican WarCalifornia Campaign Pacific Coast CampaignPiracy in ChinaBattle of Ty-ho Bay Antelope IncidentPuget Sound WarBattle of Seattle Battle of Port GambleSecond Opium WarFirst Battle of Canton Battle of the Pearl River Forts Second Battle of Taku FortsFijian ExpeditionBattle of SomattiAmerican Civil WarPacific Coast Theatre Capture of J. M. ChapmanBombardment of Qui NhonJapanese ConflictBattle of Shimonoseki Straits Shimonoseki CampaignFormosan ConflictRover Incident Formosan ExpeditionKorean ConflictBattle of the Keupsa Gates Battle of Ganghwa Bombardment of the Selee River FortsPiracy in MexicoBattle of Boca TeacapanFirst Samoan Civil WarSamoan crisisSecond Samoan Civil WarSiege of Apia First Battle of VaileleSpanishAmerican WarPacific TheaterPhilippineAmerican WarFilipino Rebellion Moro RebellionBoxer RebellionBattle of Peking Battle of TientsinThe American Civil War (18611865), also known as the War Between the States (among other names), was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as the Confederacy. Led by Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states (where slavery had been abolished) and by five slave states that became known as the border states.In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against the expansion of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. In response to the Republican victory in that election, seven states declared their secession from the Union before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and Lincolns incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. Several other slave states rejected calls for secession at this point.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property. This led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union assumed control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. In September 1862, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal,1 and dissuaded the British from intervening.2Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won battles in the east, but in 1863 his northward advance was turned back with heavy casualties after the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after their capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, thereby splitting the Confederacy in two. The Union was able to capitalize on its long-term advantages in men and materiel by 1864 when Ulysses S. Grant fought battles of attrition against Lee, while Union general William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea. Confederate resistance ended after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Ten percent of all Northern males 2045 years of age died, as did 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 1840.3 Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.Contentshide 1 Causes of secession o 1.1 Slavery o 1.2 Sectionalism o 1.3 Nationalism and honor o 1.4 States rights o 1.5 Slave power o 1.6 Free soil o 1.7 Tariffs o 1.8 Election of Lincoln o 1.9 Battle of Fort Sumter 2 Secession begins o 2.1 Secession of South Carolina o 2.2 Secession winter o 2.3 The Confederacy o 2.4 The Union states o 2.5 Border states 3 Overview o 3.1 The beginning of the war, 1861 o 3.2 Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861 o 3.3 Eastern theater 18611863 o 3.4 Western theater 18611863 o 3.5 Trans-Mississippi theater 18611865 o 3.6 Conquest of Virginia and end of war: 18641865 o 3.7 Confederacy surrenders 4 Slavery during the war 5 Blocking international intervention 6 Victory and aftermath o 6.1 Reconstruction o 6.2 Results 7 150th Anniversary o 7.1 Controversy 8 Filmography 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Causes of secessionMain articles: Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil WarHistory of the UnitedStatesThis article is part of a series TimelinePre-Colonial periodColonial period17761789178918491849186518651918191819451945196419641980198019911991presentTopicWestward expansionOverseas expansionDiplomatic historyMilitary historyTechnological and industrial historyEconomic historyCultural historyCivil WarHistory of the SouthCivil Rights (18961954)Civil Rights (19551968)Womens historyUnited States PortalvdeThe Abolitionist movement in the United States had roots in the Declaration of Independence. Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. By 1804 all the Northern states had passed laws to abolish slavery. Congress banned the African slave-trade in 1808, although slavery grew in new states in the deep south. The Union was divided along the Mason Dixon Line into the North (free of slaves), and the South, where slavery remained legal.4Despite compromises in 1820 and 1850, the slavery issues exploded in the 1850s. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction.5 Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories.67 Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.8910Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern resentment of the influence that the Slave Power already wielded in government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Disagreements between Abolitionists and others over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor versus slave plantations caused the Whig and Know-Nothing parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.Northerners ranging from the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to the moderate Republican leader Lincoln11 emphasized Jeffersons declaration that all men are created equal. Lincoln mentioned this proposition many times, including his 1863 Gettysburg Address.Almost all the inter-regional crises involved slavery, starting with debates on the three-fifths clause and a twenty-year extension of the African slave trade in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The 1793 invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney increased by fiftyfold the quantity of cotton that could be processed in a day and greatly increased the demand for slave labor in the South.12 There was controversy over adding the slave state of Missouri to the Union that led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. A gag rule prevented discussion in Congress of petitions for ending slavery from 18351844, while Manifest Destiny became an argument for gaining new territories, where slavery could expand. The acquisition of Texas as a slave state in 1845 along with territories won as a result of the MexicanAmerican War (18461848) resulted in the Compromise of 1850.13 The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico. The extremely popular anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe greatly increased Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.1415John Brown being adored by an enslaved mother and child as he walks to his execution on December 2, 1859.The 1854 Ostend Manifesto was an unsuccessful Southern attempt to annex Cuba as a slave state. The Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery with popular sovereignty, allowing the people of a territory to vote for or against slavery. The Bleeding Kansas controversy over the status of slavery in the Kansas Territory included massive vote fraud perpetrated by Missouri pro-slavery Border Ruffians. Vote fraud led pro-South Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan to attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state. Buchanan supported the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution.16Violence over the status of slavery in Kansas erupted with the Wakarusa War,17 the Sacking of Lawrence,18 the caning of Republican Charles Sumner by the Southerner Preston Brooks,1920 the Pottawatomie Massacre,21 the Battle of Black Jack, the Battle of Osawatomie and the Marais des Cygnes massacre. The 1857 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision allowed slavery in the territories even where the majority opposed slavery, including Kansas.The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 included Northern Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas Freeport Doctrine. This doctrine was an argument for thwarting the Dred Scott decision that, along with Douglas defeat of the Lecompton Constitution, divided the Democratic Party between North and South. Northern abolitionist John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry Armory was an attempt to incite slave insurrections in 1859.22 The North-South split in the Democratic Party in 1860 due to the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories completed polarization of the nation between North and South.SlaveryMain article: Slavery in the United StatesUS Postage, 1958 issue, commemorating the Lincoln and Douglas debates.Abraham Lincoln, 16th President (18611865)Jefferson Davis, only President of the Confederate States of America (18611865)Support for secession was strongly correlated to the number of plantations in the region.23 States of the Deep South, which had the greatest concentration of plantations, were the first to secede. The upper South slave states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides. Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded.2425As of 1860 the percentage of Southern families that owned slaves has been estimated to be 43 percent in the lower South, 36 percent in the upper South and 22 percent in the border states that fought mostly for the Union.26 Half the owners had one to four slaves. A total of 8000 planters owned 50 or more slaves in 1850 and only 1800 planters owned 100 or more; of the latter, 85% lived in the lower South, as opposed to one percent in the border states.27 According to the 1860 U.S. census, 393,975 individuals, representing 8 percent of all US families, owned 3,950,528 slaves.28Ninety-five percent of African-Americans lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North, chiefly in larger cities like New York and Philadelphia. Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North.29The Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford escalated the controversy. Chief Justice Roger B. Taneys decision said that slaves were so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.30 Taney then overturned the Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery in territory north of the 3630 parallel. He stated, The Act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning enslaved persons in the territory of the United States north of the line therein is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void.31 Democrats praised the Dred Scott decision, but Republicans branded it a willful perversion of the Constitution. They argued that if Scott could not legally file suit, the Supreme Court had no right to consider the Missouri Compromises constitutionality. Lincoln warned that the next Dred Scott decision32 could threaten Northern states with slavery.Lincoln said, This question of Slavery was more important than any other; indeed, so much more important has it become that no other national question can even get a hearing just at present.33 The slavery issue was related to sectional competition for control of the territories,34 and the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories was the issue used by Southern politicians to split the Democratic Party in two, which all but guaranteed the election of Lincoln and secession. When secession was an issue, South Carolina planter and state Senator John Townsend said that, our enemies are about to take possession of the Government, that they intend to rule us according to the caprices of their fanatical theories, and according to the declared purposes of abolishing slavery.35 Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession. Even though Lincoln had no plans to outlaw slavery where it existed, whites throughout the South expressed fears for the future of slavery.Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality.36373839 The Texas Declaration of Causes for Secession4041 said that the non-slave-holding states were proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color, and that the African race were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race. Alabama secessionist E. S. Dargan warned that whites and free blacks could not live together; if slaves were emancipated and remained in the South, we ourselves would become the executioners of our own slaves. To this extent would the policy of our Northern enemies drive us; and thus would we not only be reduced to poverty, but what is still worse, we should be driven to crime, to the commission of sin.42Beginning in the 1830s, the US Postmaster General refused to allow mail which carried abolition pamphlets to the South.43 Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the Sout