TPO閱讀134匯總(含原文翻譯解析答案).docx

TPO1-34綜合寫作TPO 111. 閱讀部分12. 聽力部分33. 范文賞析4TPO 261. 閱讀部分62. 聽力部分93. 范文賞析11TPO 3131. 閱讀部分132. 聽力部分153. 范文賞析16TPO4181. 閱讀部分182. 聽力部分203. 范文賞析21TPO5231. 閱讀部分232. 聽力部分233. 范文賞析23TPO6241. 閱讀部分242. 聽力部分243. 范文賞析24TPO7251. 閱讀部分252. 聽力部分253. 范文賞析25TPO8261. 閱讀部分262. 聽力部分263. 范文賞析26TPO9271. 閱讀部分272. 聽力部分273. 范文賞析27TPO10281. 閱讀部分282. 聽力部分283. 范文賞析28TPO11291. 閱讀部分292. 聽力部分293. 范文賞析29TPO12301. 閱讀部分302. 聽力部分313. 范文賞析33TPO13341. 閱讀部分342. 聽力部分353. 范文賞析37TPO14381. 閱讀部分382. 聽力部分393. 范文賞析40TPO15421. 閱讀部分422. 聽力部分423. 范文賞析42TPO16431. 閱讀部分432. 聽力部分433. 范文賞析43TPO17441. 閱讀部分442. 聽力部分443. 范文賞析44TPO18451. 閱讀部分452. 聽力部分453. 范文賞析45TPO19461. 閱讀部分462. 聽力部分463. 范文賞析46TPO20471. 閱讀部分472. 聽力部分473. 范文賞析47TPO21481. 閱讀部分482. 聽力部分483. 范文賞析48TPO22491. 閱讀部分492. 聽力部分493. 范文賞析49TPO23501. 閱讀部分502. 聽力部分503. 范文賞析50TPO24511. 閱讀部分512. 聽力部分513. 范文賞析51TPO25521. 閱讀部分522. 聽力部分523. 范文賞析52TPO26531. 閱讀部分532. 聽力部分533. 范文賞析53TPO27541. 閱讀部分542. 聽力部分543. 范文賞析54TPO28551. 閱讀部分552. 聽力部分553. 范文賞析55TPO29561. 閱讀部分562. 聽力部分563. 范文賞析56TPO30571. 閱讀部分572. 聽力部分573. 范文賞析57TPO31581. 閱讀部分582. 聽力部分583. 范文賞析58TPO32591. 閱讀部分592. 聽力部分593. 范文賞析59TPO33601. 閱讀部分602. 聽力部分603. 范文賞析60TPO34611. 閱讀部分612. 聽力部分613. 范文賞析61如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請(qǐng)登錄時(shí)代焦點(diǎn)360class官網(wǎng)頻道&論壇，或加時(shí)代焦點(diǎn)考試QQ群：高中群號(hào)：219170391本科群號(hào)：219338497，我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流! TPO綜合寫作TPO 11. 閱讀部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美國(guó)，職員一般執(zhí)行的一周五天，每天八小時(shí)工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制，如果能夠滿足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業(yè)提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對(duì)于國(guó)家整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)都是有好處的，同時(shí)獲益的還有個(gè)人，以及執(zhí)行這個(gè)政策的公司。The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.減少工作日會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)閱T工們會(huì)感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會(huì)在工作中較少犯那些可能會(huì)帶來損失的錯(cuò)誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的薪水，這是因?yàn)樗奶旃ぷ魅罩恍柚Ц督o每個(gè)員工80%的工資。這樣，公司花同樣的錢，員工這會(huì)過于勞累和失誤連連了，這樣將會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)。For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.對(duì)于國(guó)家整體來說，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業(yè)率。如果原來全職工作的人縮短了工作時(shí)間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉(zhuǎn)給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個(gè)員工每周都只工作80%的時(shí)間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時(shí)間來雇傭新員工了。Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對(duì)于員工個(gè)人來說也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來增加休息時(shí)間的員工可以提高他們的生活質(zhì)量，因?yàn)樗麄冇懈嗟臅r(shí)間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一些休閑生活。以下是閱讀部分最好提取的觀點(diǎn)：- Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits.- Sub point 2: the country as a whole will benefits.- Sub point 3: the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.如何抽取觀點(diǎn)呢?這篇文章沒有在觀點(diǎn)抽取的時(shí)候?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)O(shè)置障礙，Main point就乖乖地出現(xiàn)在首段段尾，sub points都是在段首出現(xiàn)的。但是需要提醒的是千萬不要把support和detail作為point提取出來。在獨(dú)立寫作的時(shí)候，大家常犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤就是把support和detail作為point放在段首，在閱讀部分也還是難以壓抑對(duì)support和detail的重視。在提取point的時(shí)候不要把細(xì)節(jié)攪和進(jìn)來。比如就不能說第一個(gè)sub point是員工效率更高;第二個(gè)sub point是可以降低失業(yè)率，第三個(gè)sub point是可以提高生活質(zhì)量。如果用細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)point，就會(huì)在聽力部分發(fā)現(xiàn)點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)對(duì)不上了，因?yàn)椴皇撬蓄}目都是會(huì)反駁閱讀部分的細(xì)節(jié)的。即便是，你貌似對(duì)上了，但是邏輯層面不對(duì)還是錯(cuò)的。所以，真正的理解point的含義是非常重要的，point的是觀點(diǎn)，不提煉出來的態(tài)度，而不應(yīng)該是一些起支撐作用的細(xì)節(jié)。實(shí)際上，我們自查sub point的方法就是它是否是支持main point。有的時(shí)候sub point是main point 的一部分，這段就是一個(gè)典型，有的時(shí)候sub point從不同方面支持main point。但是如果抓到的是細(xì)節(jié)，那么就沒有這樣直接的邏輯關(guān)系，則不可用。這樣的視角也可以用在獨(dú)立寫作的自查上，看看自己找的sub point到底對(duì)不對(duì)。在聽力部分，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)到的就是這個(gè)四天工作制是沒有哪個(gè)方面可以從中獲益的，在聽的時(shí)候我們一定要注意那些表原因的詞匯，這樣我們才能找到重點(diǎn)。2. 聽力部分Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek wont affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會(huì)像閱讀部分上所說的對(duì)企業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和雇員個(gè)人的生活帶來積極的影響的。First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.首先，采用四小時(shí)工作制可能會(huì)對(duì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工意味著要在員工培訓(xùn)和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)上花費(fèi)更多的錢。別忘了，無論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個(gè)人在諸如保健福利金方面的花費(fèi)是一樣的。而新增的員工統(tǒng)一也需要更多的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會(huì)影響到公司的利潤(rùn)。Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesnt follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.第二，至于整個(gè)社會(huì)的就業(yè)問題，也不是像閱讀部分所說的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會(huì)創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。鑒于我剛才說的，雇傭新員工花費(fèi)頗多，很多公司都另作選擇了。他們可能就是要求他們的員工加班已完成任務(wù)差額。甚至公司可能會(huì)提高它們對(duì)員工效率的預(yù)期。它們可能會(huì)要求改成四天工作制的員工完成過去他們五天完成的任務(wù)。如果這樣，不但沒有新的工作機(jī)會(huì)，而且現(xiàn)有的工作也變得不那么令人愉快了。Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.最后，雖然四天工作日給員工更多的空閑時(shí)間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會(huì)冒一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甚至可能會(huì)降低他們的生活質(zhì)量。時(shí)間較短的工作制將會(huì)降低雇員工作的穩(wěn)定性，同時(shí)阻礙他們事業(yè)的發(fā)展。在面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，選擇四天工作制的員工將會(huì)首當(dāng)其沖地被裁掉。同時(shí)由于公司更傾向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會(huì)錯(cuò)失進(jìn)行集會(huì)。企業(yè)正陽的考慮是為了保證在整個(gè)工作周期中都有持續(xù)的管理覆蓋和持續(xù)的監(jiān)督機(jī)制。聽力觀點(diǎn)：-Main point: 四天工作日不會(huì)給企業(yè)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和員工個(gè)人帶來積極影響.-Sub point1: 企業(yè)支出可能會(huì)大幅增加。-Sub point2: 四天工作制并不意味著會(huì)有更多的工作機(jī)會(huì)。-Sub point3: 雖然四天工作制會(huì)有更多的私人時(shí)間，但是也有一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)讓他們生活質(zhì)量降低。增加你的詞匯量：閱讀部分表達(dá)方法：passage, material聽力部分表達(dá)方法：lecture, the professors says同意: say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon, consider, opinion, proposition,反對(duì)：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold a totally different view, oppose, be against.3. 范文賞析對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的解析如下：第一段：要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容有：passage部分的主觀點(diǎn)，lecture部分的主觀點(diǎn)，以及兩者之間的關(guān)系。第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。小貼士：沒有必要在文章中出現(xiàn)passage部分的support和details，或者說不能出現(xiàn)。綜合寫作對(duì)語言的要求是清晰表達(dá)，準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)述即可(其實(shí)獨(dú)立寫作的要求也類似)。沒有必要可以的追求語言的華麗，把話說清楚最重要。有的同學(xué)語言使用的能力還有一定局限的情況下，千萬不要刻意追求句式的復(fù)雜化，因?yàn)檫@樣的后果就是寫出來的句子個(gè)個(gè)都有錯(cuò)，個(gè)個(gè)都有表達(dá)不清。同時(shí)，那些語言能力好的同學(xué)也要注意語言的簡(jiǎn)潔，無論是何種語言，用最好的詞表達(dá)最多的內(nèi)容都是很厲害的呀。以下是參考例文：The passage argues that four-day work week will benefit companies, the whole economy, and individuals. But in the lecture, the professor holds a totally different view that no one will be beneficial from the new work week.Firstly, the passage says that companies will get more profits for employees can work more effectively. However, the lecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. That is because companies have to spend more money on training, medical benefits, office positions, even new computers.Secondly, the passage claims that the whole economy will benefit, for the four-day workweek is a way to reduce unemployment rates. The lecture refutes the idea completely. Admittedly, there are more available jobs, but companies will prefer to let employees work overtime to finish them for hiring new staff is too expensive. In addition, the companies may lift their expectation that staff finish five-day jobs within four-day.Thirdly, the passage suggests that individual employees can benefit from it. Though the four-day workweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues against the passage. Comparing to five-day workers, the four-day workweek employees may be the first one to be fire during economic depression. And they will have less chance to promotion because companies wish that managers could be on duty every work day.TPO 21. 閱讀部分In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.在很多機(jī)構(gòu)里，恰當(dāng)完成一個(gè)新項(xiàng)目的最好方法可能是把一組人組織成一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)來完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目有幾個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.首先，一組人員意味著有比任何一個(gè)個(gè)體擁有更為廣泛的知識(shí)、技能以及技巧。同時(shí)，因?yàn)橛懈鄶?shù)量人員的介入和更多資源的占有，團(tuán)隊(duì)工作可以以更快的速度對(duì)任務(wù)做出反應(yīng)。同時(shí)，也能創(chuàng)造性地解決遇到的問題和爭(zhēng)議。Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.由于在團(tuán)隊(duì)工作中個(gè)體無需承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以會(huì)傾向于作出冒險(xiǎn)的決定。這就導(dǎo)致了團(tuán)隊(duì)工作有時(shí)候可以創(chuàng)造性地解決問題。這是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)把團(tuán)隊(duì)決策的責(zé)任分?jǐn)偨o所有的成員了，這樣的話，即使決策最后證明是錯(cuò)的，也不會(huì)有任何個(gè)體需要對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)。Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a teams overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.加入一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)于個(gè)體成員來說是一個(gè)非常榮耀的。對(duì)于那些能夠影響決策的成員來說，毫無疑問，他們?cè)趫F(tuán)隊(duì)行為中得來的決策快感要優(yōu)于他們被動(dòng)地接受別人指派任務(wù)時(shí)候的感受。同時(shí)，團(tuán)隊(duì)中的個(gè)人有更多“閃耀”的機(jī)會(huì)，這些機(jī)會(huì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是由于他們對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的貢獻(xiàn)不但被認(rèn)可，而且是高度低認(rèn)可。這種高度的認(rèn)可是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)的成就和影響力是要要高于個(gè)體。團(tuán)隊(duì)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體所不完成的任務(wù)，達(dá)到個(gè)體所不能達(dá)到的高度。閱讀部分需要抽取的觀點(diǎn)是：- Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.- Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it- Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.- Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.觀點(diǎn)抽出方法：- Main point: 主觀點(diǎn)抽取的時(shí)候，有些同學(xué)喜歡憑感覺。可是如果感覺可靠的話，就沒有那么多人失戀了。感覺是靠不住的，我們要找到根據(jù)。這篇文章的主觀點(diǎn)算是比較好找的。閱讀部分從題材上是essay，這個(gè)跟我們獨(dú)立寫作的作文是一致的。對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作我們對(duì)開頭段的要求是什么呢?那就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的drawer加上一個(gè)清晰的main point。同時(shí)如果時(shí)間不允許，那么開頭直接說觀點(diǎn)也是可以的，這篇文章呢，就是開門見山的說出了觀點(diǎn)： perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team。而后面的一句話是過渡句，是預(yù)告下文的。也就是說，我將在團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的優(yōu)勢(shì)方面來支持我的主觀點(diǎn)。我們?cè)讵?dú)立寫作的時(shí)候，也可以把sub point整理之后提前到開頭段，因?yàn)殚_頭段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。- Sub point 1: 簡(jiǎn)單的main point找到之后，大家就在第一個(gè)sub point上面折戟了，華麗麗地選擇了開頭句。是呀，我們都說TS前置的呀!但是這是考題呀，就是考我們?cè)趺闯槌鲇^點(diǎn)的。同時(shí)，經(jīng)過這個(gè)也可以看出來，不把TS前置是多么討厭的事情呀。我們寫文章一個(gè)要不能用廢話去煩考官，另一個(gè)是不能去考考官，因?yàn)槲覀兪侨鮿?shì)群體。那么，這個(gè)sub point是怎么找出來的呢?顯然不是憑感覺的。我們先厘清一下一個(gè)概念，就是一段里面sub point和下面的support內(nèi)容是什么關(guān)系呢?唉，是解釋的關(guān)系。Support是解釋sub point的，是支持sub point的。因此，所有表原因的部分，都不會(huì)是point，而會(huì)是support和details。因此“because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess”這句就華麗麗的不會(huì)是觀點(diǎn)。而跟著它的那個(gè)主句，這很有可能是觀點(diǎn)，但目前還不能這么草率的確定。我們沿著這個(gè)句子往前看，有個(gè)詞是“also”。這個(gè)詞，直譯過來就是“也”。如果這樣一句話：“ , 我也沒吃飯，所以我們要一起去吃飯”，那么橫線上的內(nèi)容一定是“我也沒吃飯”相平行的，要么張三，要么李四，共同組成“我們?nèi)コ燥垺钡脑?。所以also之前的內(nèi)容也是原因，而不是結(jié)果，那么就不會(huì)是觀點(diǎn)。好了，先說到這里，接著說第二個(gè)sub point，然后回過頭來這這一段結(jié)尾的那個(gè)句子。- Sub point 2: 這個(gè)TS就好找多了，開頭第一句嘛。但是這樣就可以了嗎?顯然不行，我們這樣的判斷方法是沒有普適性的，下一次不放在第一句怎么辦?好吧，我們找一個(gè)很偉大的詞：because。這是一個(gè)原因狀語從句，在主從復(fù)合句中，如果從句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗號(hào)隔開，這就讓我們這個(gè)because不那么明顯，但是，如果我們每次看綜合寫作的時(shí)候都先把because念一遍，就找到了。緊接著的這句就更和諧了，“This is because”開頭了。那么這句也是表原因啦。里面有個(gè)詞，thus可能會(huì)給大家?guī)硪恍├_：這不是因此嗎?這不是于是嗎?但是在thus前面還有一個(gè)神一樣的詞，是and，好吧，這and表示的時(shí)候前后的東東是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。這個(gè)thus的存在表示后面這個(gè)原因，其實(shí)是and前面的這個(gè)原因衍生出來的，然后共同充當(dāng)sub point的原因。好了，這一段就只剩下第一句話的主句了，就是creative solution了。這時(shí)候，我們?cè)倩剡^頭看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了creative solution了，但同時(shí)也看到了and。And前后的東西是并列的，那么creative solution是一個(gè)sub point，則and前面的句子也是sub point的，驗(yàn)證了我們前邊的推論。至于這里提到的creative solution是對(duì)下面的預(yù)告。我們總是就接用linking word是用fist好還是first and foremost好，但是很多時(shí)候，地道的表達(dá)會(huì)用句子來做linking。- Sub point 3: 這段的觀點(diǎn)也是出現(xiàn)在了開頭，rewarding。好了，我們?cè)僖膊灰酶杏X去判斷了。我們找到一個(gè)叫also的詞，它會(huì)告訴我們前后的兩句是同等地位的，鑒于每段之后一個(gè)point，那么這兩句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我們好像也沒有更好的選擇了?？赡苡械耐瑢W(xué)會(huì)找到because，然后認(rèn)為because前面的那半句是point。但是，因?yàn)閍lso的存在粉碎了這樣的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)我們要知道，在使用推理論證的過程中，因果是可以不止一層的，很可能是ABCD的過程。我們不能because A，B 就誤認(rèn)為B是point。其實(shí)獨(dú)立寫作和綜合寫作時(shí)互通的，在獨(dú)立寫作中學(xué)到的論證方法可以幫住我們閱讀，而閱讀中學(xué)到的表達(dá)方式和行文風(fēng)格也可以借鑒到獨(dú)立寫作之中?，F(xiàn)在觀點(diǎn)找到了，我們開始簡(jiǎn)單猜一猜聽力部分的分論點(diǎn)吧。這個(gè)嘛，不會(huì)太精確，但是可以給我們指出一個(gè)大概分方向。說閱讀部分有多重要，可能需要重新開一篇文章了，但是我們先記住它主要就好了。三個(gè)sub point分別是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。那么反駁的時(shí)候，就是不quickly、不creative solution和不rewarding。第一個(gè)和第三個(gè)是沒有問題的，但是對(duì)于creative和solution的反駁卻有三個(gè)角度，一個(gè)是不creative，一個(gè)是不solution，一個(gè)是兩個(gè)都反駁。就這篇文章的聽力部分來說，是既反駁的creative，又反駁了solution。如果在聽力部分聽不到這個(gè)點(diǎn)，那就是一定會(huì)丟點(diǎn)的。很多學(xué)生都覺得自己聽懂了，覺得這個(gè)無論是語速還是詞匯都遠(yuǎn)小于單獨(dú)的聽力部分測(cè)試。但是，這兩者之間是很有很大區(qū)別的，聽力測(cè)試是有題目和選項(xiàng)的，更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考細(xì)節(jié)，那么就會(huì)有重聽。但是綜合寫作卻考的是精聽，要你聽到觀點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)之后，還有寫出support。有的學(xué)生說聽懂之后，我讓他來復(fù)述，都會(huì)漏掉很多的細(xì)節(jié)，因?yàn)槁牭臅r(shí)候要么不記筆記，要么記句子，這些都是不可取的。這部分應(yīng)該和文章閱讀一起單獨(dú)跟大家說一說。2. 聽力部分Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.現(xiàn)在我要給大家講講在一個(gè)公司考慮以團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的形式進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目時(shí)候的發(fā)現(xiàn)吧。這幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目是以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式負(fù)責(zé)和完成的。六個(gè)月之后，公司來驗(yàn)收項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的如何。On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didnt contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it wont surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.實(shí)際上，在每個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)都會(huì)有一些成員選擇“搭便車”。這些成員并沒有對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的工作有任何貢獻(xiàn)，但是如果整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)很好地完成了任務(wù)，他們也會(huì)從團(tuán)隊(duì)所獲得的認(rèn)可中獲利。那么對(duì)于那些在團(tuán)隊(duì)中努力工作，為團(tuán)隊(duì)所面臨的問題和正義提供很多簡(jiǎn)介的人呢?沒有人知道他們的名字。當(dāng)這些真正的貢獻(xiàn)者被問及團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的感受是，他們的態(tài)度則是和閱讀部分所預(yù)計(jì)的相反的。你應(yīng)該不會(huì)對(duì)這樣的態(tài)度感到意外的。Another finding was that some projects just didnt move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.另一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)就是，一些項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的速度不是很快。為什么呢?這是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間達(dá)成一致意見，他們需要開很多會(huì)才能在成員之間對(duì)于如何進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目達(dá)成共識(shí)。On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.在另一方面，有些證據(jù)表明在團(tuán)隊(duì)中會(huì)有一到兩個(gè)人會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)非常有影響力。有時(shí)候，當(dāng)他們對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)中正在運(yùn)行的想法說了一句“這是行不通”的時(shí)候，這個(gè)想法就會(huì)在沒有進(jìn)行深入談?dòng)懻撝熬捅环艞壛恕Ｍ瑫r(shí)，還會(huì)存在這樣一種情況：這些有影響力的人篤定他們相處的方法是“非常有創(chuàng)造性的”。這時(shí)候，即便有些成員會(huì)試圖提醒其他成員項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在正在沿著一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的方向進(jìn)行，甚至有可能失敗的。但是他們的聲音會(huì)被其他的成員所忽略。你能猜到這個(gè)故事的結(jié)局嗎?結(jié)局就是，當(dāng)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目失敗的時(shí)候，責(zé)備會(huì)被所有團(tuán)隊(duì)成員一同承擔(dān)。觀點(diǎn)抽出方法：聽力部分的觀點(diǎn)順序不一定跟閱讀部分是完全一致的，這一點(diǎn)還是比較常見的。在篇文章里，聽力部分的第二段，反駁的就是rewarding這個(gè)點(diǎn)，第三段反駁的是quickly，而第四段則分別反駁了creative和solution。先說好的idea可能不經(jīng)深入討論就drop了，這樣creative就無從實(shí)現(xiàn)了，接著說在influential的影響下可能在錯(cuò)誤的方向上進(jìn)行，進(jìn)而失敗，以駁斥了solution。筆記內(nèi)容：需要注意的標(biāo)志詞：Another, on the other hand, because, and then there was another occasion在聽力部分，because后面的話可就變得重要了。筆記上的重點(diǎn)詞：記筆記是一定要的，因?yàn)榭嫉氖蔷?，?xì)節(jié)記不下來就會(huì)失分。但是不要記句子，而是記單詞。就這篇文章來講，你的筆記上需要出現(xiàn)以下詞：- didnt contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of reading prediction- di