選修六unit3知識(shí)點(diǎn).doc

U3(選修六)1.abuse n. 濫用,妄用；虐待，辱罵 弊病，陋習(xí) vt. 濫用,妄用,虐待e.g. He abused his power while in office.他在職時(shí)濫用權(quán)力。Those captives were physically abused.那些俘虜遭受了肉體上的摧殘drug abuse 濫用毒品child abuse 虐待兒童abuse ones position / power濫用職權(quán)/權(quán)利abuse a privilege濫用特權(quán)2. stress 1）n. 壓力; 重音,重讀 be under (the) stress (of) 在壓力下suffer from stress遭受壓力The stresses and strains of modern life現(xiàn)代生活的壓力和緊張. 強(qiáng)調(diào), 重要性e.g. Some school lay / put /place stress on foreign language education.2）vt. 加壓力于; 重讀; 強(qiáng)調(diào)e.g. He stressed the importance of the task.3.ban1）n.禁令,禁止 aban on sth2）vt.禁止, 取締ban sb. from (doing) sth. 頒布禁令Put/impose a ban 頒發(fā)/解除禁令lift a ban確立禁令e.g. Our government has put/ imposed a ban on plastic bags.4. due to歸因于, 歸功于e.g. The accident is due to your careless driving.那意外事故歸因于你駕駛不小心。be due to do sth定于某時(shí)做某事e.g. He is due to speak at the meeting tomorrow（可以被caused by 所代替）The train is due in five minutes.(預(yù)定的，預(yù)期的）My rent isnt due till Wednesday.（到期的，立即支付的）In due course 在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候after due consideration經(jīng)適當(dāng)考慮之后拓展：because of “由于”, 較口語(yǔ)化，只作狀語(yǔ)owing to 較正式，須用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)thanks to “多虧了” ，多用于正面的意義as a result of “因?yàn)椤盿s a result 副短, “因此”therefore 副詞, “因此”so并列連詞, “因此”because of ,due to , owing to , on account of和 thanks to 的用法比較 這一詞都表示“由于”的意思，在使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意以下區(qū)別： 1because of意為“由于，因?yàn)椤?，?qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系，在句中僅作狀語(yǔ)，修飾句中的一部分，與其他成分不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如：We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback 我們決不可因?yàn)檫@樣一個(gè)小小的挫折而灰心喪氣。2owing to與because of一樣，也強(qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系，除作狀語(yǔ)外，也可作表語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)修飾整個(gè)句子，可在句首或句末，用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如： They decided to cancel the flight，owing tothe storm 由于這場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨，他們決定取消這個(gè)航班。 His death was owing to an accident他死于一場(chǎng)事故。3due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)時(shí)與owing to同義，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般不與其他成分隔開(kāi)。不用于句首。如：This accident was due to（owing to）his careless driving這次車(chē)禍?zhǔn)怯捎谒_(kāi)車(chē)疏忽大意造成的。 He arrived late due to（owing to）the storm由于暴風(fēng)雨他來(lái)晚了。 Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences 由于疏忽大意造成的錯(cuò)誤可能帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的后果。 4on account of與because of，owing to同義，但語(yǔ)氣較為正式?？勺鳡钫Z(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，不作定語(yǔ)。如：He could not come on account of his illness他因病不能前來(lái)。 That was on account of lack of exercise那是由于缺乏鍛煉。 5thanks to表示“幸虧，多虧”多用于表達(dá)正面意思，相當(dāng)于感謝，在句中作狀語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：Thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved多虧你的建議，減少了許多麻煩。5.tough1）The wire 金屬絲is tougher than that. (堅(jiān)韌的，不易磨損的）2）You need to be tough enough tosurvive 生存in the jungle.（堅(jiān)忍不拔的，吃苦耐勞的）3） a tough criminal罪犯（粗暴的，兇暴的）4）tough measures to deal with terrorism恐怖主義（強(qiáng)硬的，嚴(yán)厲的）5）a tough assignment 任務(wù)/ problem / choice（棘手的，困難的）6）a tough steak牛排（硬的，老的）6.fit1)V.1.The dress doesnt fit me.（適合）2.We cant fit any more chairs into the room.（容納）3. be fitted with handles（安裝）4. His ideas did not quite fit in with our aims. 他的想法和我們的目標(biāo)不完全一致。 (與相一致，相協(xié)調(diào)）2)Adj.keep fit保持健康be fit for / to do對(duì).合適The book is fit (suitable) for children.The fresh air is fit to breath.反義詞：unfitbe unfit for / to do區(qū)分fit , suit, matchThese shoes dont fit me. Have you gota larger size? 這鞋我穿不合適。你們有大點(diǎn)的嗎？ That haircut suits you. 那種發(fā)型很適合你。The carpets should match the curtains. 地毯應(yīng)該和窗簾相配。You cant match him in his knowledge of wild plants. 在野生植物知識(shí)方面，你無(wú)法與他相比。 7. addicted adj. “對(duì)某某上癮”, “沉湎于某某” e.g. My children have become hopelessly addicted to television. 我的幾個(gè)孩子都成了電視迷, 簡(jiǎn)直不可救藥了。構(gòu)詞法：addict n. 吸毒成癮的人addiction n. 沉湎、成癮addictive adj. 使人上癮的addict常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：addict oneself to sth. 沉溺于某物be addicted to sth. 專(zhuān)心做某事;上了.的癮be addicted to doing sth.Eg.The parents felt helpless when they found their son had _ drug for long.A. addicted B. addicted to C. addicted himself D. been addicted toD8. accustom v.使人習(xí)慣于、養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣e.g. She found it necessary to accustom her child to getting up early.她覺(jué)得有必要讓孩子養(yǎng)成早起的好習(xí)慣。常用句式：1) accustom+名詞/oneself + to+名eg.Children are quick to accustom themselves to new surroundings.孩子們很快就會(huì)適應(yīng)新環(huán)境。2) be accustomed to +名詞e.g. I am accustomed to walking long distances.我習(xí)慣與長(zhǎng)距離步行。3) get/become/be accustomed to +名詞e.g. You will soon get accustomed to the job.你將會(huì)習(xí)慣于這個(gè)工作。同義詞組：be / get / become used to注意:在英語(yǔ)中,to有時(shí)為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào), 后跟動(dòng)詞原形; 有時(shí)用作介詞, 后跟名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞。下面的這些短語(yǔ)中的to 均為介詞。stick to堅(jiān)持 lead to 導(dǎo)致, 通向 pay a visit to 參觀 sentence sb. to 宣判某人 come to 談到, 涉及 see to 處理，負(fù)責(zé) be up to 總計(jì) devoteto 致力于 get down to 開(kāi)始 /著手be opposed to / object to 反對(duì) be devoted to 致力于，獻(xiàn)身于be attached to adjust (adapt) to be exposed to look forward to pay attention to attend to contribute to turn to admit to when it comes to 9. withdraw v. withdrawal n.The general refused to withdraw his troops.（收回，撤回）She withdrew all her savings and left the country.（取錢(qián)，提款）10. quit v. 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞quit,現(xiàn)在分詞quitting, +doing形式, 表“停止做” e.g. She quit smoking when she got pregnant. 她一懷孕就戒了煙。歸類(lèi)記憶:下列動(dòng)詞只能用-ing 形式作賓語(yǔ)admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny , forbid(禁止), fancy(想象), finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, prevent, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, imagine, postpone(推遲), practice, quit, resist(抵制), risk , suggest, tolerate, understandeg：I knew it was time to quit smoking.It is/was time (for sb) to do sth.ts time for us to study hard. 該是我們認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候了It is (high/about) time that sb. did/should do sth.（should不可?。㊣t is/was)the first (second) time that sb. have/has/had done sth.Its high time that we studied/should study hard. Its the first time that my classmates and I have got together. 昨天晚上是我們第一次同學(xué)聚會(huì)。11.do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形，用于肯定句和祈使句中，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。（注意：只用于強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。）I do hope so because I want you to liveDo be careful when crossing the street.He does speak English well.強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)以外的成分可使用：It is/was thatIt was when I was doing my homework that I saw him sleeping.It was I that/who saw him sleeping in class.12.neither/nor +be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 表示否定的情況so +be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示肯定的情況。She doesnt like English, neither do I.I have mastered the use of it, so have she.注意區(qū)分：so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞-She finished all the homework yesterday.-So she did.-她昨天把所有的作業(yè)完成了。-她確實(shí)都完成了。13.decide v.決定1.decide+名詞/代詞The question will be decided by themselves.問(wèn)題將由他們自己決定。2.decide to doLast week, a group of Class 3 students decided to go to the museum. 3.decide+從句Lets first decide where we should go.(=Lets first decide where to go.)It is not decided whether we will go there.It is decided that.：It is decided that we should start tomorrow. （注：這種從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。） 4.跟介詞短語(yǔ)(跟on或upon，表示“就某事做出決定”)：Dont decide on important matters too quickly.重要的事情不要匆忙做出決定。decision n. make a decision=determine to do / be determined to do=make up ones mind (s) to do14. feel like+doing 想要, 只表示一次的想法e.g. Its so hot today. I feel like going swimming. 今天好熱啊, 我想去游泳。摸起來(lái)像, 像是e.g. The material feels like silk.絲綢It feels like rain.15.every time 在此句中引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示“每次的時(shí)候”Every time I go to see her, she is always busy working. 每次我去看她，她總是忙于工作。下列用法均可做連詞：the first time 第一次的時(shí)候the moment/minute/instant/immediately/instantly/directly 一.就.every time=each time 每次的時(shí)候last time 上次next time 下次by the time到為止I fell in love with him the first timeI saw him. 第一次見(jiàn)到他的時(shí)候，我就喜歡他了。The last time I saw her, she was working. 最后一次見(jiàn)到她的時(shí)候，她正在工作。I always go too see my best friend immediately we have a holiday. 一放假，我總是去看我最好的朋友。16.remind v. 提醒，使某人想起.remind sb of sthremind sb to toremind sb thate.g. The story reminded me of an experience I once lived. You must remind him to take his medicine ,in case he forgets. Please remind me that I must return the book before noon.17.ashamed adj.羞辱，恥辱，尷尬e.g. She is ashamed to ask such a simple question.相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：be ashamed of sb./ sth be ashamed that be ashamed to doWhat a shame! (pity) 多遺憾?。?Its a shame (pity) that .真是遺憾18. in spite of 盡管, 雖然，不顧。后接名詞（=despite)eg. She cant see very well in spite of her glasses.(despite)盡管戴著眼鏡她還是不能看得很清楚。Despite (In spite of) the fact that we tried our best, we didnt win.同義：regardless of 不管，不顧，不理會(huì)He says what he thinks and does what he wants to do, regardless of other peoples feelings.The law says everyone is equal, regardless of age, sex, or religion.Though / Although / Even if Even though its hard work, I enjoy it.Young as / though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.19. get into陷于, 染上什么習(xí)慣 get into the habit of 養(yǎng)成什么習(xí)慣（相當(dāng)于fall into the habit of或者form the habit of）e.g. The girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading.那個(gè)女孩養(yǎng)成了閱讀時(shí)玩弄頭發(fā)的習(xí)慣。短語(yǔ)聯(lián)想：get into trouble 惹上麻煩get into debt 負(fù)債累累get along / on withget away with 僥幸逃脫(懲罰get down get in get through get off get over get together20.at risk=in danger 在危險(xiǎn)中take risks/