CAD技術(shù)在機(jī)械中的應(yīng)用課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文翻譯/中英文版翻譯/外文翻譯

中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院  本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯  系     別：  工程技術(shù)系              專     業(yè)：  機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化  姓     名：    陳同                  學(xué)     號(hào)：    05211603             2015年   2  月   15 日  外文資料翻譯譯文  CAD 技術(shù)在機(jī)械中的應(yīng)用  產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的主要目標(biāo)是在一個(gè)短的時(shí)間的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，獲得低價(jià)格的產(chǎn)品和最終產(chǎn)品的最佳表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)這些目標(biāo)，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)必須使用一些先進(jìn)的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件模塊和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的在線三維部分目錄（或多或少標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄）。通過(guò)使用不同的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件的一些模塊得到的好處是可以用低價(jià)格（這是沒(méi)有必要所有的軟件，只有一些特定的模塊，這些軟件（具體到工程領(lǐng)域）獲得最好表現(xiàn)的模塊。三維互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的在線目錄提供的優(yōu)勢(shì)是很容易找到有關(guān)機(jī)械元件的有用信息（如價(jià)格，技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，三維模型等），對(duì)于相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)起到很大的推動(dòng)作用，例如，液壓系統(tǒng)，旋轉(zhuǎn)樓梯等。  一、 緒論  現(xiàn)在，業(yè)內(nèi)的高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)促使產(chǎn)生新的，更好，更便宜的產(chǎn)品。汽車(chē)制造商已經(jīng)處理了客戶日益增長(zhǎng)的需求 。他們必須不斷提高產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思方法，以現(xiàn)代化的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)流暢的鏈接，而沒(méi)有研究，設(shè)計(jì)，制備，制造，商業(yè)化和工作產(chǎn)品的生命之間的限制。要成為一個(gè)更加具有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力公司，他須有產(chǎn)品的多樣性與不斷變化，該公司必須現(xiàn)代化，提高生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的靈活性。  該公司發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種產(chǎn)品的交互設(shè)計(jì)是最有效的工具，用于分析評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)束。因此，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)和的 CAD - CAM - CAE軟件的使用也帶來(lái)視覺(jué)的幾何數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)和工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。工藝和產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)使用計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境可以獲得大量成本和時(shí)間的節(jié)約。  在市場(chǎng)上有許多的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件為工程設(shè)計(jì)人員提供設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)三維虛擬空間的很多具體的工具。  二 、 運(yùn)用多種 CAD - CAM 的 CAE 技術(shù)軟件包  這些類型的軟件都代表一個(gè)非常有用的工具在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的作用。人們通過(guò)使用它可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)三維虛擬產(chǎn)品，從模擬的角度分解成許多點(diǎn)，以改善其特性（非技術(shù)性的或技術(shù)性的）。 這 些軟件更好的應(yīng)用于航空，汽車(chē)，機(jī)械等行業(yè)。今天單一的 CAD - CAM，CAE 軟件在工程領(lǐng)域的表現(xiàn)有些不能涵蓋整個(gè)工業(yè)的高場(chǎng)演出。這些軟件的另一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是一個(gè)完整版本的價(jià)格非常高。通常的價(jià)格是起價(jià)幾千歐元。  對(duì)于大多數(shù)的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件有三個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)： 1 - 軟件的是結(jié)構(gòu)化模塊，即使在同一地區(qū)（例如：在 CATIA機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中：部分設(shè)計(jì) ;優(yōu)勢(shì)鈑金設(shè)計(jì)，模具設(shè)計(jì)，管道設(shè)計(jì)和曲面設(shè)計(jì)等） ;2  我們可以只買(mǎi)一些具體的一攬子關(guān)于電腦輔助設(shè)計(jì)，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程的部分 ; 3 - 所有這些軟件均容許以節(jié)省許多公共文件格式 ， 三維固體一步這些類型的文件可以打開(kāi)幾乎所有在某些特定條件下的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件對(duì)于一個(gè)復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品（例如：在汽車(chē)行業(yè)），其中需要許多復(fù)雜曲面造型。單一的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件是不夠的。在這種情況下，解決方法是使用不同的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件中一些表現(xiàn)突出的具體模塊。  三、 在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)中利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)施。  如今互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展提供了通過(guò)電子郵件傳播最新的浪潮，文件傳輸，遠(yuǎn)程登錄訪問(wèn)，交易應(yīng)用，等等，等等。  互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的最流行的部分原是萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)，原因是在那里任何人都可以訪問(wèn)同一個(gè)按鈕單擊超文本網(wǎng)頁(yè)?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的普及，推出了眾多的社會(huì)和倫理問(wèn)題。最近，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)被批評(píng)為未經(jīng)審查的信息，但其教育價(jià)值一直被人們所公認(rèn)的稱贊。在工程領(lǐng)域的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)被用來(lái)傳播信息和公司的廣 告。今天，所有的大公司都在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上提供了許多他們產(chǎn)品的信息。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域的大多數(shù)公司也提供有關(guān)產(chǎn)品（許多有技術(shù)特點(diǎn)的免費(fèi)文件，免費(fèi)二維圖紙和三維模型免費(fèi)目錄），價(jià)格，演算技術(shù)軟件（例如：軸承斯凱孚等）。  在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上存在著許多擁有專用產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)水平的網(wǎng)站。從圖 6（螺絲，軸承，滑輪小學(xué)部分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄開(kāi)始，皮帶，齒輪等）和完成復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品（如工業(yè)機(jī)器人  - 圖 7）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中所有的同類產(chǎn)品的有用工具。  互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的缺點(diǎn)是不斷增加的信息的多樣性和傳播途徑。最大的問(wèn)題是如何找到這個(gè)虛擬空間有用信息 。  3.1 在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上查找有用的三維目錄  今天互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的信息的結(jié)構(gòu)分為網(wǎng)頁(yè)。幾乎所有的公司都在世界上的網(wǎng)頁(yè)，以提供更多有關(guān)其產(chǎn)品的信息。  有三種方式搜索： 1 尋找到一些具體的工程領(lǐng)域的公司。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法是使用搜索網(wǎng)站如谷歌和關(guān)鍵字的公司名稱 ; 2 找一些具有相似產(chǎn)品的公司他們會(huì)有相關(guān)公司的連接，還能使用關(guān)鍵字搜索網(wǎng)站谷歌和類似產(chǎn)品公司技術(shù)言語(yǔ)形容的產(chǎn)品。例如找到軸承公司可以使用：如“軸承”關(guān)鍵字，“球軸承”等 ; 3 尋找某些特定產(chǎn)品（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或不）為特定的工程領(lǐng)域，建議使用專用的門(mén)戶網(wǎng)站。  對(duì)在工程領(lǐng)域的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司在介紹他們的產(chǎn)品目錄結(jié)構(gòu)。有兩種類型的網(wǎng)站目錄。   一個(gè)是在著名的格式 PDF（便攜式文檔格式）。為了找到這是推薦使用的搜索類型目錄，經(jīng)過(guò)特定的關(guān)鍵字，首字母縮寫(xiě)“ PDF格式”。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是使用的 PDF目錄，所有有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品所需的資料，為單文件，它可以打印提交。  另一種是交互式的在線目錄有一些類似的優(yōu)勢(shì)： 1 查找所有的產(chǎn)品（包括 PDF 格式的信息）， 2 在線演算軟件， 3產(chǎn)品可直接到 CAD - CAM的實(shí)施 - CAE軟件。為了找到這種類型的目錄，建議用“三維目錄關(guān)鍵詞在網(wǎng)上與關(guān)鍵字 相結(jié)合的技術(shù)”。例如在網(wǎng)上找到一個(gè)齒輪目錄三維它可用于搜索下一個(gè)字符串使用：“齒輪三維目錄上線”  3.2 使用三維零件目錄  在圖 9 給出了一個(gè)三維齒輪目錄搜索結(jié)果的屏幕捕獲。用紅色箭頭標(biāo)記為可能的三維互聯(lián)網(wǎng)地址目錄。在紅色矩形標(biāo)志著交互式目錄地址圖 10介紹。在圖 10給出了它提供免費(fèi)的3D和 2D 技術(shù)產(chǎn)品目錄門(mén)戶。由于它是提出了一個(gè)例子目錄威爾在齒輪設(shè)計(jì)中使用的數(shù)字 5所列。選擇在這個(gè)目錄有一個(gè)威爾指定所有必要的參數(shù)： 1.直徑 ; 2.齒數(shù) ; 3.Material; 4.齒形  風(fēng)格 ; 5質(zhì)量等級(jí)  6.壓力角度 ; 7.孔尺寸 ; 8.齒寬 ; 9.齒間距 ;10.輪轂直徑。  （ N/A=無(wú)輪轂）。  在圖 11 的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)中提出了選擇齒輪的所有特征在此目錄價(jià)格；進(jìn)入相關(guān)的 CAD - CAM - CAE系統(tǒng)可直接執(zhí)行的文件格式。它的三維模型被選中了 step格式（用于固體組件的格式）。建成后的 CAD軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)幾個(gè)小的修改，是基于堅(jiān)實(shí)的威爾與齒輪按設(shè)計(jì)要求。它建了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的鍵槽和一個(gè)圓形孔（基于方便建模的原因）。對(duì)于減速器，只有部分相關(guān)與箱體和主軸設(shè)計(jì)。在圖 14 A的標(biāo)記目錄（齒輪，螺絲，軸承，鍵與） b圖是在 CATIA V5的設(shè)計(jì)的基本要 素。  總結(jié)  通過(guò)使用不同的 CAD - CAM - CAE技術(shù)性能為基礎(chǔ)的軟件系統(tǒng)，不同的模塊，優(yōu)化工藝設(shè)計(jì)，可從技術(shù)角度來(lái)選擇，無(wú)需額外費(fèi)用。無(wú)需為了一個(gè)單一的 CAD - CAM， CAE系統(tǒng)模塊買(mǎi)一些沒(méi)有更好模塊的軟件花費(fèi)更高的費(fèi)用。  通過(guò)使用在線互動(dòng)目錄的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程會(huì)更加簡(jiǎn)單。通過(guò)對(duì)相關(guān)的所有技術(shù)和非技術(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)元素使用，設(shè)計(jì)人員可以很容易做出產(chǎn)品成本推估（從各個(gè)要素的角度的）。  利用的 CAD - CAM， CAE軟件和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)施的產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是耗費(fèi)時(shí)間很短，可以致力于設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程。 這種方法提高約 70-80。  外文原文  Application of CAD technology in the construction machinery The main goals to the product development are to obtain a short time of design process, a low price and best performances of the final product. According to these goals, the product design must use some modules of advanced CAD-CAM-CAE software and the internet on-line 3D catalogs for some parts (more or less standard). The advantage obtained by using some modules from different CAD-CAM-CAE software is to use the most performant parts of these software (specific to the engineering fields) at a low price (it isnt necessary all the software, only some specific modules). The internet 3D on-line catalogs offer the advantage to find very easy useful information about mechanical elements (prices, technical characteristics, 3D models, etc,). 1.INTRODUCTION Now, in the industry exists a high competition to produce new, better and cheaper products. The manufactures have to deal with the increasing demands of the customers. They have to improve continuously the conception methods of the products, to modernize the organization structure in order to create a fluent link, without limits, between studies, design, preparation, manufacturing, commercialization and working life of the products. To become more competitive into a world with diversity of products, with continuous changes,  the companies must modernize and increase the flexibility of the production systems. The companies find out that the interactive design of a product is the most efficiently tool  for analysis end evaluation. So the use of internet data base and CAD-CAM-CAE software creates visual data base and industrial geometry design. Process and product development using computers and internet environment allow a substantially costs and time economy. On the market there is a lot of CAD-CAM-CAE software which offer specific tools for engineering design into a tri dimensional virtual space. 2.USING MULTIPLE CAD-CAM-CAE SOFTWARE PACKAGES These kinds of software are representing a very useful tool in products development design process. By using them it can be created a 3D virtual product, simulate from many point of view 1, in order to improve its characteristics (technical or non technical).Some of these softwares have better performances for some engineering fields as aeronautics, automotives, mechanical etc. Today single CAD-CAM-CAE software cannot cover the entire industrial field for high performances. Another major disadvantage of that softwares is very high prices for a full version. Usual the prices are starting from several thousands of EUR. There are 3 advantages for the most CAD-CAM-CAE softwares: 1 - the softwares are structured in modules, even in the same area 2 - it can be bought only some specific package regarding computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing or computer aided engineering; 3 - all these software allow to save date in some commune file format3D These types of files can be opened by almost all CAD-CAM-CAE software in some specific condition For a complex product (ex. in automotive industry) which need complex surfaces for modeling a single CAD-CAM-CAE software isnt sufficient. In this case the solution is to use some high performant specific modules from different CAD-CAM-CAE software. 3. USING INTERNET FACILITIES IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. The growth of the Internet today offers the newest wave of communication through electronic mail, file transfer, telnet access, transaction applications, and much, much more. The most popular part of the Internet is the World Wide Web, where anyone can access hypertext pages with the click of a button. The popularity of the Internet has launched many social and ethical issues. Recently, the Internet has been criticized for its uncensored information, but has been praised for its educational value. In engineering field the internet is used for information dissemination and company advertising. Today all the big company offers many information about their products directly on the internet. In the mechanical engineering fields the most companies offer free catalogs about products (free documentation about technical characteristics, free 2D drawings and 3D models), prices, calculus technical software (ex: bearings SKF) etc. On the internet exists dedicated sites for all level of product development. Starting from standard catalogs for elementary parts fig.6 (screws, bearings, pulleys, belts, gears etc) and finished with complex products (like industrial robots fig.7) the internet is a useful tool in design process for all kind of products. The disadvantage of the internet is the increasing diversity of information and the way of dissemination. The big problem is how to find utile information in this virtual space on internet. 3.1 Finding useful 3D catalogs on internet Today on internet the information is structured into web pages. Almost all the companies in the world have web pages in order to offer more information about their products. There are 3 ways to search: 1 - to find a company into some specific engineering fields. If the name of company is known usually the site is names, an easy way is to use a searching site as google and as keywords the company name; 2 - to find some companies witch have similar products it is recommended to use searching site as google and keywords technical words witch describe the product. For example to find bearing companies it can be use: keywords  like  “bearings”;  “ball bearings” etc.; 3 - to find some specific products (standard or not) for a specific engineering field it is recommended to use dedicated portals. A portal is a site which contains information and links to specific sites for a domain.  On internet in the engineering fields the companies presents their products structured in catalogs. There are two types of catalogs on web. One is in well-known format PDF (portable document format). To find catalog of this type it is recommended for searching to use, after specific keywords, the acronym “PDF”. The advantage using a pdf catalogs is that all the needed information about a product is presented into single file, which can be printed. Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of a generic rigid body with N connection ports, which is one of the main model modules in the library. The ports correspond to points of interest on the rigid body, where the physical interactions with the environment occur. Bonds (lines with half arrows) are used to indicate that a port is a power port, i.e. the body can exchange energy with its environment through those ports, whereas active bonds (lines with full arrows) indicate signal ports, i.e. only information is transferred through these ports. The model library also contains three-dimensional joint models that can be used to describe the relative motions between the component models. These joint models are also developed in a modular way with ports, where they can be connected to other model modules. The library offers two ways to express the constraints: (1) stiff springs and dampers can be used to implement more realistic constraints or to approximate ideal constraints;(2) Lagrange multipliers can be introduced to express the constraints ideally. For a discussion of joint models the reader is also referred to 16.Once the model library is populated with some basic modular rigid body and joint models, the modeling procedure can be carried out as follows: The RMT components are broken down into subcomponents and each subcomponent is associated with a model in the library. If none of the model modules in the library can describe the subcomponent adequately, a new model has to be developed for that subcomponent and added to the library. Then, the models are assembled by following the topology of the components and using the necessary joint models. Once a component model is obtained, it can be stored in the library for reuse. Finally, the component models are assembled by following the topology of a given configuration to obtain the model of that configuration. The process is illustrated in Figure 4 as a flowchart and demonstrated in the following section through examples. The other is interactive on-line catalogs which have some advantages like: 1- to find all information for a product (including in pdf format), 2- on-line calculus software, 3 -the product can be directly implemented into CAD-CAM-CAE software. To find such types of catalogs it is recommended to use keywords as “3D catalogs on-line” in combination with technical keyword. For example to find a gears catalog 3D on line it can be use for searching the next string: “gears 3D catalogs on-line” 3.2 Using 3D component catalogs In figure 9 is presented a screen capture for the results of 3D gears catalog search. With red arrow is marked possible internet address for 3D catalogs. In red rectangle is marked the address for interactive catalog presented in figure 10. In figure 10 is presented a portal for technical products which offers free 3D and 2D catalogs. As example it is presented a catalog wheal used in design of gear presented in figure 5. For selecting a wheal in this catalog it hasto specify all the necessary parameter: 1.Diametral Pitch; 2.No. Of Teeth; 3.Material; 4.HubStyle; 5.Quality Class; 6.Pressure Angle Degree; 7.Bore Size; 8.Face Wi