艱難的國運與雄健的國民

【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 艱難的國運與雄健的國民 李大釗 歷史的道路，不會是坦平的，有時走到艱難險阻的境界。這是全靠雄健的精神才 能沖過去的 (1)。 一條浩浩蕩蕩的長江大河，有時流到很寬闊的境界 (2)，平原無際，一瀉萬里 (3)。 有時流到很逼狹的境界，兩岸叢山迭嶺，絕壁斷崖，江河流于期間，回環(huán)曲折，極其 險峻 (4)。民族生命的進展，其經(jīng)歷亦復(fù)如是。 人類在歷史上的生活正如旅行一樣。旅途上的征人 (5)所經(jīng)過的地方，有時是坦蕩 平原，有時是崎嶇險路 (6)。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，因是高高興興地向前走， 走到崎嶇的境界，俞是奇 趣橫生 (7)，覺得在此奇絕壯絕 (8)的境界，俞能感到一種冒險 的美趣 (9)。 中華民族現(xiàn)在所逢的史路，是一段崎嶇險阻的道路。在這段道路上，實在亦有一 種奇絕壯絕的境至，使我們經(jīng)過此段道路的人，感得一種壯美的趣味，是非有雄健的 精神的，不能夠感覺到的。 我們的揚子江、黃河，可以代表我們的民族精神，揚子江及黃河遇見沙漠、遇見 山峽都是浩浩蕩蕩的往前流過去，以成其濁流滾滾，一瀉萬里的魄勢 (10)。目前的艱 難境界，那能阻抑我們民族生命的前進。我們應(yīng)該拿出雄健的精神，高唱著進行的曲 調(diào)，在這悲壯歌聲中，走過這崎 嶇險阻的道路。要知 (11)在艱難的國運中建造國家， 亦是人生最有趣味的事。 National Crisis vs Heroic Nation Li Dazhao The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of mans life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure. The Chinese nation is now confronted with a rugged and dangerous section of its historical course. Nevertheless, there is also in this section a spectacle of enormous magnificence that inspires in us passers-by a delightful sensation of splendor. And this delightful sensation, however, can only be shared by those with a heroic spirit. The Yangtse River and the Yellow River are both symbolic of our national spirit the two mighty rivers negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force. The present national crisis can never obstruct the advance of our national life. Let us brace up our spirits and march through this rugged, dangerous road to the tune of our solemn, stirring songs. The greatest joy of life, mind you, is to build up our country during its most difficult days. 注釋 : 李大釗此文載于 1923 年 12 月 20 日新國民第一卷第 2 號上，短小雋永，堪稱一首詩意 盎然的抒情散文詩。作者用象征，比喻等手法，說明歷史發(fā)展的必然規(guī)律以及中國革命面臨的艱難險阻。 (1) “這是全靠雄健的精神才能沖過去的”譯為 nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them，其中 nothing short of 相當(dāng)于 nothing less than 或 only。 (2)“寬闊的境界”須按上下文譯為 a broad section?！熬辰纭痹谶@里不宜譯為 realm、 place、 area 等。 (3)“一瀉萬里”譯為 rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles，但也可譯為 rolling on vigorously for tens of thousands of miles 或 rolling on for thousands of miles at a stretch。 (4)“回環(huán)曲折，極其險峻”譯為 winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn， 其中 twist and turn 來自成語 twists and turns。此句亦可譯為 following a dangerous tortuous course。 (5)“征人” 即“遠行之人”，故譯“旅途上的征人”為 a traveler on a long journey。 (6)“有時，有時”譯為 now now（ sometimes and sometimes）。 (7)“奇趣橫生”意即“極度吸引人”，故譯為 fascinating。 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) (8)“奇絕壯絕”意即“無限壯觀”，故譯為 the enormously magnificent spectacle。 (9)“感到一種冒險的美趣”意即“一種敢于冒險的美妙感覺”，原譯為 a wonderful sensation of adventure。 (10)“遇見沙漠，遇見山峽都是浩浩蕩蕩的往前流過去，以成其濁流滾滾，一瀉萬里的魄勢” 譯為 negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force, 其中動詞 to negotiate 的意思是“順利通過”（ to succeed in getting past something difficult）。又，注意 until 在這里的用法。它在此不 作“直到為止”解，而是 so that finally（“以至于”或“最后”）的意思。 (11)“要知”譯為 mind you，插入句中。成語 mind you 的意思是 mind what I say 或 however, 相當(dāng)于漢語的“請注意”或“說真的”。 螃 蟹 魯迅 老螃蟹覺得不安了，覺得全身太硬了 (1)，自己知道要蛻殼 (2)了。 他跑來跑去的尋。他想尋一個窟穴，躲了身子，將石子堵了穴口，隱隱的蛻殼。 他知道外面蛻殼 (3)是危險的。身子還軟 (4)，要被別的螃蟹吃去的。這并非空害怕，他 實在親 眼見過。 他慌慌張張的走。 旁邊的螃蟹 (5)問他說：“老兄，你何以這般慌？” 他說：“我要蛻殼了?！?“就在這里蛻不是很好么？我還要幫你呢。” “那可太怕人了?！?“你不怕窟穴里的別的東西，卻怕我們同種么？” “我不是怕同種。” “那是怕什么呢？” “就怕你要吃掉我 (6)?！?The Crab Lu Xun An old crab grew restless. Finding himself stiff all over, he knew it was time for him to moult his shell. He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide. He was going to block up the mouth of cave so that he could moult in secret. He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs. The old crab kept moving about in a hurry. A nearby crab asked, “Hey, brother, whats the rush?” “ I am going to moult,” answered the old crab. “ Wouldnt it be all right to moult right here? I could help you out with it.” “ How horrible that would be!” “ You mean while youll not scared of other things in the cave youre scared of your own kind?” “ No, Im not scared of my own kind.” “ Then what are you scared of?” “ Nothing but being eaten up by you.” 注釋 : 螃蟹是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的魯迅佚文。文章發(fā)表于 1919 年 8 月間，時值五四運動方興未艾，作 者通過寓言故事，提醒人們新生事物往往有被舊事物消滅于萌芽狀態(tài)的危險。 (1)“覺得全身太硬了”譯為 Finding himself stiff al over，其中 all over 意即“全身”或“渾 身”，作狀語短語用。如逐字譯為 finding his whole body stiff 并無不可，但語言稍欠地道。 (2)“蛻殼”譯為 to moult his shell，其中 to moult 為專用語，意同 to cast off。 (3)“外面蛻殼”中的“外面”意即“在露天”，故譯為（ to moult） in the open，以代替 to moult outside the cave。 (4)“身子還軟”意即“蛻去舊殼后新殼還軟”，故譯為 with his new shell still being soft。如 按字面直譯為 with his body still being soft 則欠確切，因“身子”在此指“新殼”，不泛指“軀體”。 (5)“旁邊的螃蟹”譯為 A nearby crab 比 crab beside him 靈活。 (6)“就怕你要吃掉我”譯為 Nothing but being eaten up by you, 乃 I m scared of nothing but being eaten up by you 之略。 落花生 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 許地山 我們屋后有半畝隙地。母親說：“讓它荒蕪著怪可惜，既然你們那么愛吃花生， 就辟來做花生園罷 (1)?！蔽覀儙讉€姊弟 (2)和幾個小丫頭都很喜歡 買種的買種，動 土的動土，灌園的灌園；過了不幾個月，居然收獲了！ 媽媽說：“今晚我們可以做一個收獲節(jié) (3)，也請你們的爹爹來嘗嘗我 們底新花生， 如何？”我們都答應(yīng)了。母親把花生做成好幾樣食品 (4)，還吩咐這節(jié)期要在園里底茅 亭舉行。 那晚上底天色不大好 (5)，可是爹爹也來到，實在很難得！爹爹說：“你們愛吃花 生嗎？” 我們都爭著答應(yīng)：“愛！” “誰能把花生底好處說出來？” 姊姊說：“花生底氣味很美。” 哥哥說：“花生可以榨油。” 我說：“無論何等人都江堰市可以用賤價買它來吃；都喜歡吃它。這是它的好 處?！?爹爹說：“花生底用處固然很多；但有一樣是很可貴的。這小小的豆 (6)不像那好 看的蘋果、桃子、石榴，把它們底果實懸在枝 上，鮮紅嫩綠的顏色 (7)，令人一望而發(fā) 生羨慕的心。它只把果子埋在地底，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出來。你們偶然看見一 棵花生瑟縮 (8)地長在地上，不能立刻辨出它有沒有果實，非得等到你接觸它才能知 道。” 我們都說：“是的?！蹦赣H也點點頭。爹爹接下去說：“所以你們要像花生 (9)， 因為它是有用的，不是偉大、好看的東西。”我說：“那么，人要做有用的，不要做 偉大、體面的人了。”爹爹說：“這是我對于你們的希望。” 我們談到夜闌才散，所有花生食品雖然沒有了，然而父親底話現(xiàn)在還印在我心 版上。 Peanuts Xu Dishan Behind our house there lay half a mou of vacant land. Mother said, “its a pity to let it lie waste. Since you all like to eat peanuts so very much, why not plant some here?” that exhilarated us children and our servant girls as well, and soon we started buying seeds, ploughing the land and watering the plants. We gathered in a good harvest just after a couple of months! Mother said, “How about giving a party this evening to celebrate the harvest and inviting your Daddy to have a taste of our newly-harvested peanuts?” We all agreed. Mother made quite a few varieties of goodies out of the peanuts, and told us that the party would be held in the thatched pavilion on the peanut plot. It looked like rain that evening, yet, to our great joy, father came nevertheless. “Do you like peanuts?” asked father. “ Yes, we do!” we vied in giving the answer. “ Which of you could name the good things in peanuts?” “ Peanuts taste good,” said my elder sister. “ Peanuts produce edible oil,” said my elder brother. “ Peanuts are so cheap,” said I, “that anyone can afford to eat them. Peanuts are everyones favourite. Thats why we call peanuts good.” “ Its true that peanuts have many uses,” said father, “but theyre most beloved in one respect. Unlike nice-looking apples, peaches and pomegranates, which hang their fruit on branches and win peoples admiration with their brilliant colours, tiny little peanuts bury themselves underground and remain unearthed until theyre ripe. When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground, you can never immediately tell whether or not it bear any nuts until you touch them.” “ Thats true,” we said in unison. Mother also nodded. “So you must take after peanuts,” father continued, “because theyre useful though not great and nice- looking.” “ Then you mean one should be useful rather than great and nice-looking,” I said. “ Thats what I except of you,” father concluded. We kept chatting until the party broke up late at night. Today, though nothing is left of the goodies made of peanuts, fathers words remain engraved in my mind. 注釋 : 本文是許地山（ 1892-1941）的名篇。作者回憶自己童年時代一個小小片斷，以樸實無華、 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 清新自然的筆調(diào)，從花生的平凡而有用，談到做人的道理，富于哲理，反映他身處舊社會的污泥 濁流而潔身自好、不慕虛名的思想境界。 (1)原句也可譯為 why not have them planted here 或 why not make a peanut plot of it，但現(xiàn)譯更 直截了當(dāng)，且避免在同一句中重復(fù) peanuts 一詞。 (2)“幾姊弟”在下文將涉及，為防累贅，譯為 children。 (3)“做一個收獲節(jié)”不宜直譯為 hold a harvest festival，現(xiàn)取意譯。 (4)“食品”也可譯為 food，但不如 goodies 貼切； goodies 指“好吃的東西”，常用于口語。 (5)“那晚上底天色不大好”譯為 It looked like rain that evening, 符合原意和英語習(xí)慣。 (6)“這小小的豆”譯為 tiny little peanuts。英語中常把 tiny 和 little 用在一起，有“小得可憐 （愛）”等含意。 (7)“鮮紅嫩綠”不宜直譯，譯 brilliant colours 即可。 (8)“瑟縮”意即“蜷曲而不舒展”，故有現(xiàn)譯。 (9)“你們要像花生”譯為 you must take after peanuts，其中 take after 是成語，意即 take as an example（學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣）。 差不多先生傳 胡適 你知道中國最有名的人是誰？ 提起此人，人人皆曉，處處聞名。他姓差，名不多 (1)，是各省 各縣各村人氏。你 一定見過他，一定聽說過別人談起他。差不多先生的名字天天掛在大家的口頭，因為 他是中國全國人的代表。 差不多先生的相貌和你和我都差不多。他有一雙眼睛，但看的不很清楚；他有 兩只耳朵，但聽的不很分明；有鼻子和嘴，但他對于氣味和口味都不很講究。他的腦 子也不小，但他的記性卻不很精明，他的思想也不很細密 (2)。 他常常說：“凡事只要差不多，就好了。何必太精明呢？” 他小的時候，他媽叫他去買紅糖，他買了白糖回來。他媽罵他，他搖搖頭說： “紅糖白糖不是差不多嗎？” 他在學(xué)堂的時候，先生問他：“ 直隸省 (3)的西邊是哪一??？”他說是陜西。先生 說：“錯了。是山西，不是陜西。”他說：“陜西同山西，不是差不多嗎？” 后來他在一個錢鋪 (4)里做伙計，他也會寫，也會算，只是總不會精細。十字常常 寫成千字，千字常常寫成十字。掌柜的生氣了，常常罵他。他只是笑嘻嘻地賠小心道： “千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嗎？” 有一天他為了一件要緊的事，要搭火車到上海去。他從從容容地走到火車站， 遲了兩分鐘，火車已經(jīng)開走了。他白瞪著眼，望著遠遠的火車上煤煙，搖搖頭道：“只 好明天再走了，今天走同明天走，也差不多?？墒腔?車公司未免太認(rèn)真了。 8 點 30 分開，同 8 點 32 分開，不是差不多嗎？“他一面說，一面慢慢地走回家，心里總不 明白為什么火車不肯等他兩分鐘。 有一天，他忽然得了急病，趕快叫家人去請東街的汪醫(yī)生。那家人急急忙忙地 跑去，一時尋不著東街的汪大夫，卻把西街牛醫(yī)王大夫請來了。差不多先生病在床上， 知道尋錯了人；但病急了，身上痛苦，心里焦急，等不得了，心里想道：“好在王大 夫同汪大夫也差不多，讓他試試看罷。”于是這位牛醫(yī)王大夫走近床前，用醫(yī)牛的法 子給差不多先生治病。不上一點鐘，差不多先生就一命嗚呼了。 差不多先生差 不多要死的時候，一口氣斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地說道：“活人同死人也 差差不多，凡事只要差差不多就好了，何 何必太太認(rèn)真呢？”他說完了這句格言 (5)，方才絕氣了。 他死后，大家都很稱贊差不多先生樣樣事情看得破，想得通 (6)；大家都說他一生 不肯認(rèn)真，不肯算賬，不肯計較，真是一位有德行的人。于是大家給他取個死后的法 號，叫他做圓通大師。 他的名譽越傳越遠，越久越大。無數(shù)無數(shù)的人都學(xué)他的榜樣。于是人人都成了 一個差不多先生。 然而中國從此就成為一個懶人國了。 Mr. About-the Same Hu Shih Do you know who is the most well-known person in China? The name of this person is a household word all over the country. His name is Cha and his given name, Buduo, which altogether mean “About the Same”. He is a native of every province, every country and every village in this country. You must have seen or heard about this person. His name is always on the lips of everybody because he is 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) representative of the whole Chinese nation. Mr. Cha Buduo has the same physiognomy as you and I. He has a pair of eyes, but doesnt see clearly. He has a pair of ears, but doesnt hear well. He has a nose and a mouth, but lacks a keen sense of smell and taste. His brain is none too small, but he is weak in memory and sloppy in thinking. He often says: “whatever we do, its OK to be just about right. Whats the use of being precise and accurate:” One day, when he was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead. As his mother scolded him about it, he shook his head and said, “Brown sugar or white sugar, arent they about the same?” One day in school, the teacher asked him, “Which province borders Hebei on the west?” He answered, “Shaanxi,” The teacher corrected him, “You are wrong. Its Shanxi, Not Shaanxi.” He retorted, “Shaanxi or Shanxi, arent they about the same?” Later Mr. Cha Buduo served as an assistant at a money shop. He could write and calculate all right, but his mathematics were/was often faulty. He would mistake the Chinese character 十（ meaning 10） for 千（ meaning 1000） or vice versa. The shop owner was infuriated and often took him to task. But he would only explain apologetically with a grin, “ The character 千 differs from 十 in merely having one additional short stroke. Aren t they about the same?” One day, he wanted to go to Shanghai by train on urgent business. But he arrived at the railway station unhurriedly only to find the train already gone, because he was two minutes late. He stood staring helplessly at the smoke belching from the diminishing train, and shook his head, “Well, all I can do is leave tomorrow. After all, today and tomorrow are about the same. But isnt the railway taking it too seriously? Whats the difference between departing at 8:30 and 8:32?” He walked home slowly while talking to himself and kept puzzling over why the train hadnt waited for him for two minutes more. One day he suddenly fell ill and immediately told one of his family to fetch Dr. Wang of East Street. The latter went in hurry, but couldnt find the physician on East Street. So he fetched instead Veterinarian Wang of West Street. Mr. Cha Buduo, lying on his sickbed, knew that a wrong person had been brought home. But, what with pain and worry, he could ill afford to wait any longer. So he said to himself, “Luckily, Vet Wang is about the same as Dr. Wang. Why not let Vet Wang have a try?” there- upon, the veterinarian walked up to his bed to work on him as if he were a cow. Consequently, Mr. Cha Buduo kicked the bucket before an hour was out. When Mr. Cha Buduo was about to breathe his last, he uttered intermittently in one breath, “Live or die, its aboutaboutthe sameWhatever we doits OKto be justjust about right. Whywhytake itso seriously?” as so on as he finished this pet phrase of his, he stopped breathing. After Mr. Cha Buduo death, people all praised him for his way of seeing things and his philosophical approach to life. They say that he refused to take things seriously all his life and that he was never calculating or particular about personal gains or losses. So they called him a virtuous man and honored him with the posthumous reverent title Master of Easy-Going. His name has spread far and wide and become more and more celebrated with the passing of time. Innumerable people have come to follow his example, so that everybody has become a Mr. Cha Buduo. But lo, China will hence be a nation of lazybones! 注釋： 胡適（ 1891-1962）的差不多先生傳是一篇針砭社會陋習(xí)的諷刺小品， 1924 年 6 月 28 日發(fā)表在申報平民周刊的創(chuàng)刊號上，曾不脛而走，傳誦一時 。此文至今讀來，猶感有極深刻的現(xiàn)實意義。 (1)“他姓差，名不多”如僅僅譯為 His name is Cha and his given name, Buduo，外國讀者只 知其音，不知其意，故在后面加補充說明 which altogether mean “ About the Same”。 (2)“他的思想也不很細密”譯為 He is sloppy in thinking, 其中 sloppy 作“無條理”、“凌 亂”解。 (3)“直隸”為舊省名，即今之“河北”，故譯為 ebei。 (4)“錢鋪”又稱“錢莊” ，大多僅從事兌換業(yè)務(wù)，后為銀行所代替?！板X鋪”可譯為 private bank 或 banking house，但均不如 money (exchange) shop 確切。 (5)“格言”在這里意同“口頭語”，現(xiàn)參照上下文譯為 pet phrase。 (6)“想得通”意即“達觀”或“隨遇而安”，故譯為 philosophical approach to life。 不要拋棄學(xué)問 (1) 胡適 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)，你們現(xiàn)在要離開母校了，我沒有什么禮物送給你們，只好送你 們一句話罷。 這一句話是：“不要拋棄學(xué)問?！币郧暗?功課也許有一大部分是為這張文憑， 不得已而做的，從今而后，你們可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了 (2)。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強 的時候，努力做一種學(xué)問。少年是一去不復(fù)返的，等到精力衰時，努力做學(xué)問 (3)也來 不及了。即為吃飯計，學(xué)問決不會辜負(fù)人的 (4)。吃飯而不求學(xué)問，三年五年后，你們 都江堰市要被后來少年淘汰掉的。到那時再想做點學(xué)問來補救，恐怕已太晚了。 有人說：“出去做事之后，生活問題急需解決，哪有工夫去讀書？即使要做學(xué) 問，既沒有圖書館，又沒有實驗室，哪能做學(xué)問？” 我要對你們說：凡是要等到有了圖書館才讀書的， 有了圖書館也不肯讀書。凡 是要等到有了實驗室才做研究的，有了實驗室也不肯做研究。你有了決心要研究一個 問題，自然會撙衣節(jié)食 (5)去買書，自然會想出來法子來設(shè)置儀器。 至于時間，更不成問題 (6)。達爾文一生多病，不能多作工，每天只能做一點鐘的 工作。你們看他的成績！每天花一點鐘看 10 頁有用的書，每年可看 3600 多頁書， 30 年可讀 11 萬頁書。 諸位， 11 萬頁書可以使你成一個學(xué)者了，可是，每天看三種小報也得費你一點 鐘的工夫，四圈麻將也得費你一點半鐘的光陰。看小報呢，還打麻將呢？還是努力做 一個學(xué)者呢？全靠 你們自己的選擇 (7)！ 易卜生說：“你的最大責(zé)任是把你這塊材料鑄造成器?！?學(xué)問便是鑄器的工具。拋棄了學(xué)問便是毀了你們自己。 再會了！你們的母校眼睜睜地要看 (8)你們十年之后成什么器。 Never Give Up the Pursuit of Learning Hu Shih Dear students of the Graduating Class, As you are leaving your alma mater, I have nothing to offer you as a gift except a word of advice. My advice is, “Never give up the pursuit of learning.” You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, or, in other words, out of sheer necessity. However, from now you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies. While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years. Knowledge will do you a good turn even as a means of subsistence. If you give up studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years have had yourselves replaced by younger people. It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again. Some people say, “Once you have a job, youll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or no laboratory available?” Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments. Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110000 pages in 30 years. Dear students, 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of man. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading tabloids, playing mah-jong or striving to be a learned man, the choice lies with you. Henrik Ibsen says, “it is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement.” Learning is the casting mould. Forsake learning, and you will ruin yourself. Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become of you ten years from now. 注釋： 本文是胡適 1928-1930 年在上海任中國公學(xué) 校長時為畢業(yè)生所作贈言，至今仍有參考價值。 (1)“不要拋棄學(xué)問”在這里的意思是“不要放棄對學(xué)問的追求”，因此不能直譯為 Never Give up Learning，必須加字： Never Give up the Pursuit of Learning。 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) (2)“你們可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了”譯為 you are free to follow your personal bent in the choice of studies，其中 to follow one s bent 是成語，和 to follow one s inclination 同義，作“做自己感興趣或愛做的事”解。 (3)“做學(xué)問”譯為 to go into scholarship, 等于 to engage in learning。 (4)“學(xué)問決不會辜負(fù)人的”譯為 Knowledge will do you a good turn，其中 to do one a good turn 是成語，作“做對某人有益的事”解 . (5) “撙衣節(jié)食”即“省吃省穿”，現(xiàn)譯為 cut down on food and clothing, 其中 to cut down on 是成語，與 to economize on 同義，作“節(jié)約”解。又，上語也可譯為 to live frugally。 (6)“至于時間，更不成問題”譯為 Time is no object,其中 no object 是成語，等于 no problem，作“不成問題”或“不在話下”解。 (7)“全靠你們自己的選擇”譯為 the choice lies with you 或 it is up to you to make the choice。 (8)“你們的母校眼睜睜地要看”中的“眼睜睜地 ”通常的意思是“無可奈何地”，現(xiàn) 在這里作“熱切地”解，故譯為 eagerly。 我之于書 (1) 夏丐尊 二十年來，我的生活費中至少十分之一二是消耗在書上的 (2)。我的房子里 (3)比較 貴重的東西就是書。 我一向沒有對于任何問題作高深研究的野心，因之所以買的書范圍較廣，宗教、 藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、社會、哲學(xué)、歷史、生物，各方面差不多都有一點。最多的是各國文學(xué) 名著的譯本，與本國古來的詩文集，別的門類只是些概論等類的入門書而已。 我不喜歡向別人或圖書館借書。借來的書，在我好像過不來癮似的 (4)，必要是自 己買的 才滿足。這也可謂是一種占有的欲望。買到了幾冊新書，一冊一冊在加蓋藏書 印 (5)記，我最感到快悅的是這時候。 書籍到了我的手里，我的習(xí)慣是先看序文，次看目錄。頁數(shù)不多的往往立刻通讀 (6)，篇幅大的，只把正文任擇一二章節(jié)略加翻閱，就插在書架上。除小說外，我少有 全體讀完的大部的書，只憑了購入當(dāng)時的記憶，知道某冊書是何種性質(zhì)，其中大概有 些什么可取的材料而已。什么書在什么時候再去讀再去翻，連我自己也無把握，完全 要看一個時期一個時期的興趣。關(guān)于這事，我常自比為古時的皇帝，而把插在架上的 書籍諸列屋而居的宮女 (7)。 我雖愛買書，而對于書卻不甚愛惜。讀書的時候，常在書上把我認(rèn)為要緊的處所 標(biāo)出。線裝書竟用紅鉛筆劃粗粗的線。經(jīng)我看過的書，統(tǒng)計統(tǒng)體干凈的很少。 據(jù)說，任何愛吃糖果的人，只要叫他到糖果鋪中去做事，見了糖果就會生厭。自 我入書店以后，對于書的貪念也已消除了不少了，可不免要故態(tài)復(fù)萌 (8)，想買這種， 想買那種。這大概因為糖果要用嘴去吃，擺存毫無意義，而書則可以買了不看，任其 只管插在架上的緣故吧。 Books and I Xia Mianzun For twenty years past, books have eaten into at least 10-20 percent of my pocket. Now the only things of some value under my roof, if any, are my books. Since I have never entertained ambition for making a profound study of any subject, the books I have acquired cover almost everything-religion, art, literature, sociology, philosophy, history, biology, etc. Most of them are Chinese translations of literary works by famous foreign writers and anthologies of Chinese poetry and prose through the ages. The rest, often called an outline or introduction, are merely on rudiments of various subjects. I never care to borrow books from other people or a library. It seems that books bought can better satisfy my bibliomania than books borrowed. You may also attribute this to some sort of desire for personal possession. Whenever I have some new acquisitions, it always gives me great pleasure and satisfaction to stamp my ex-libris on them one by one. As soon as a new book comes to hand, I always read the preface first and then the table of contents. If it happens to be a thin one, I often finish reading it at one sitting. Otherwise, I often browse through one or two chapters or sections before putting it onto my bookshelf. I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover unless it is a novel. By dint of the first impression it made on me at the time of buying, I have a rough idea of what a book is about and what useful materials in it are available to me. But I have little idea which book is to be read or looked over again at what time. It is completely subject to the whims of the moment. This often prompts me to liken myself and the books on my shelves 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) respectively to an ancient emperor and his concubines housed separately in a row of adjoining rooms. Much as I love books, I take little care of them. In doing my reading, I often mark out what I regard as important in a book. If it is a thread-bound Chinese book, I use a writing brush to draw small circles as markings. Otherwise, I use a red pencil to draw heavy underlines. Consequently, the books I have read are rarely clean. It is said that those who have a great liking for candies will sicken to see them when later they happen to work in a candy store. Likewise, ever since I began to work in a bookstore, my obsession with books has been very much on the decline. Nevertheless, I still can not help slipping back into the same old rut, eager to buy this and that book. This is probably because candies are to be eaten with the mouth and not worth keeping as knick-knacks while books can be bought without being read and just left on a shelf. 注釋： 夏丐尊（ 1886-1946）浙江上虞人，著名文學(xué)家、教育家、出版家。他的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作以散文為主，多隨筆、雜感，內(nèi)容積極，風(fēng)格平淡樸素。此文于 1933 年 11 月發(fā)表在中學(xué)生雜志上。 (1)“我之于書”譯為 Books and I ，比 I and Books 符合英語習(xí)慣，讀音也較順口。 (2)“我的生活費中至少十分之一二是消耗在書上的”譯為 books have eaten into at least 10-20 percent of my pocket，其中成語 to eat into 作“耗盡”或“花費”解，意同 to use up 或 to spend gradually； pocket 作“腰包”解。 (3)“我的房子里”譯為 under my roof ,意同 in my house。 (4)“好像過不來癮似的”中的“癮”指“藏書癖”，故譯為 bibliomania，意即 desire or passion for collecting books。 (5)“藏書印”譯為 ex-libris，為專用語。 (6)“往往立刻通讀”譯為 I often finish reading it at one sitting，其中 at one sitting（亦作 at a sitting）為成語，作“坐著一口氣”或“一下子”解。 (7)“宮女”本可譯為 court ladies 或 palace maids，但原文實際上指的是“妃子”，故譯為 concubines。 (8)“故態(tài)復(fù)萌”譯為 slipping back into the same old rut，或 relapsing into my old habit。 中年人的寂寞 夏丐尊 我已是一個中年的人。一到中年，就有許多不愉快的現(xiàn)象，眼睛昏花了，記憶 力減退了，頭發(fā)開始禿脫 (1)而且變白了，意興，體力，什么都不如年青的時候，常不 禁會感覺到難以名言的 (2)寂寞的情味。尤其覺得難堪的是知友的逐漸減少 (3)和疏遠， 缺乏交際上的溫暖的慰藉。 不消說，相識的人數(shù)是隨了年齡增加的，一個人年齡越大，走過的地方當(dāng)過的 職務(wù)越多，相識的人理該越增加了?？墒窍嘧R的人并不就是朋友。我們和許多人相識， 或是因了事務(wù)關(guān)系，或是因了偶然 的機緣 (4) 如在別人請客的時候同席吃過飯之 類。見面時點頭或握手，有事時走訪或通信，口頭上彼此也“朋友”，筆頭上有時或 稱“仁兄”，諸如此類，其實只是一種社交上的客套，和“頓首”“百拜”同是儀式 的虛偽 (5)。這種交際可以說是社交，和真正的友誼相差似乎很遠。 真正的朋友，恐怕要算“總角之交”或“竹馬之交”了 (6)。在小學(xué)和中學(xué)的時代 容易結(jié)成真實的友誼，那時彼此尚不感到生活的壓迫，入世未深，打算計較的念頭也 少，朋友的結(jié)成全由于志趣相近或性情適合，差不多可以說是“無所為”的 (7)，性質(zhì) 比較純粹。二十 歲以后結(jié)成的友誼，大概已不免攙有各種各樣的顏色分子在內(nèi)；至于 三十歲四十歲以后的朋友中間，顏色分子愈多，友誼的真實成分也就不免因而愈少了。 這并不一定是“人心不古” (8)，實可以說是人生的悲劇。人到了成年以后，彼此都有 生活的重?fù)?dān)須負(fù)，入世既深，顧忌的方面也自然加多起來，在交際上不許你不計較， 不許你不打算，結(jié)果彼此都“勾心斗角” (9)，像七巧板似地只選定了某一方面和對方 接合 (10)。這樣的接合當(dāng)然是很不堅固的，尤其是現(xiàn)代這樣什么都到了尖銳化的時代。 在我自己的交游中，最值得系念的老是一此少年時代以來的 朋友。這些朋友本 來數(shù)目就不多，有些住在遠地，連相會的機會也不可多得。他們有的年齡大過了我， 有的小我?guī)讱q，都江堰市是中年以上的人了，平日各人所走的方向不同。思想趣味境 遇也都不免互異，大家晤談起來，也常會遇到說不出的隔膜的情形。如大家話舊，舊 事是彼此共喻的，而且大半都江堰市是少年時代的事，“舊游如夢”，把夢也似的過 去的少年時代重提，因談話的進行，同時會聯(lián)想起許多當(dāng)時的事情，許多當(dāng)時的人的 面影，這時好象自己仍回歸到少年時代去了 (11)。我常在這種時候感到一種快樂，同 時也感到一種傷感，那情形好比老婦人 突然在抽屜里或箱子里發(fā)見了她盛年時的影 片。 逢到和舊友談話，就不知不覺地把話題轉(zhuǎn)到舊事上去，這是我的習(xí)慣。我在這 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 上面無意識地會感到一種溫暖地慰藉?？墒沁@些舊友一年比一年減少了，本來只是屈 指可數(shù)的幾個，少去一個是無法彌補的。我每當(dāng)聽到一個舊友死去的消息，總要惆悵 多時。 學(xué)校教育給我們的好處不但只是灌輸知識，最大的好處恐怕還在給與我們求友 的機會上。這好處我到了離學(xué)校以后才知道，這幾年來更確切地體會到，深悔當(dāng)時毫 不自覺，馬馬虎虎地過去了。近來每日早晚在路上見到兩兩三三的攜了手或挽了肩膀 走著的青年 學(xué)生，我總艷羨他們有朋友之樂，暗暗地要在心中替他們祝福。 Mid-life Loneliness Xia Mianzun I am already a middle-aged man. At middle age, I feel sad to find my eyesight and memory failing, my hair thinning and graying, and myself no longer mentally and physically as fit as when I was young. I often suffer from a nameless loneliness. The most intolerable of all is the lack of friendly warmth and comfort due to the gradual passing away and estrangement of more and more old pals. Needless to say, the number of acquaintances increases with ones age. The older one gets, the more widely traveled one is and the more work experience one has, the more acquaintances one is supposed to have. But not all acquaintances are friends. We come to know many people either in the way of business or by mere chance say, having been at the same table at a dinner party. We may be on nodding or hand-shaking terms, call each other “friend”, sometimes write to each other with the salutation of “Dear So-and-So”, etc., etc. All these are, in fact, nothing but civilities of social life, as hypocritical as the polite formula dunshou (kowtow) or baibai (a hundred greetings) used after the signature in old-fashioned Chinese letter-writing. We may call them social intercourse, but they seem to have very little in common with genuine friendship. Real friendship between two persons originates perhaps from the time of life when they were children playing innocently together. Real friendship is easily formed in primary or middle school days when, being socially inexperienced and free from the burden of life, you give little thought to personal gains or losses, and make friends entirely as a result of similar tastes and interests or congenial disposition. It is sort of “friendship for friendships sake” and is relatively pure in nature. Friendship among people in their 20s, however, is more or less coloured by personal motives. And friendship among those aged over 30 becomes correspondingly still less pure as it gets even more coloured. Though this is not necessarily due to degeneration of public morality, I do have good reasons to call it the tragedy of life. People at middle age, with the heavy burden of life and much experience in the ways of the world, have more scruples about this and that, and can not choose but become more calculating in social dealings till they start scheming against each other. They always keep a wary eye, as it were, on each other in their association. Such association is of course fragile, especially in this modern age of prevailing sharp conflicts. Of all my friends, those I have known since child-hood are most worthy of remembrance. They are few in number. Some of them live far away and we seldom have an opportunity to see each other. Some of them are older than I am, and some a few years younger. But all of us are in late mid-life. Since we have each followed a different course in life, our ways of thinking, interests and circumstances are bound to differ, and often we lack mutual understanding somehow or other in our conversation. Nevertheless, when we talk over old times, we will always agree on things in the past-mostly about things in our childhood days. While we retell the dream-like childhood days in the course of our conversation, numerous scenes and persons of bygone days will unfold again before our eyes, and we will feel like reliving the old days. Often at this moment, Ill feel at once happy and sad-like an old lady suddenly fishing out from her drawer or chest a photo of her taken in the bloom of her youth. When chatting away with my old friends, I am in the habit of unwittingly channeling the topic of conversation toward things of former days. From that I unknowingly derive some sort of warm solace. But old friends are dwindling away year by year. They are originally few in number, so the disappearance of any of them is an irreparable loss to me. The news of any old pals death will invariably make me sad in my heart for a long, long time. The imparting of knowledge is not the sole advantage of school education. Its greatest advantage is perhaps the opportunity it affords us for making friends. It was not until I had already left school that I began to realize this advantage. And in recent years I have come to understand it even more deeply. I much regret having carelessly frittered away my school days without making many friends. Recently, every morning or evening, whenever 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) I see school kids with satchels walking in twos and threes, hand in hand or shoulder to shoulder, I always envy them for enjoying happy friendship, and inwardly offer them my best wishes. 注釋： 本文發(fā)表在 1934 年 11 月的中學(xué)生雜志上，文章用平淡的語言訴說了中年人的苦惱，感嘆“真實的友誼”不可多得，字里行間流泄出對當(dāng)時現(xiàn)狀的不滿。 (1)“頭發(fā)開始禿脫”指頭發(fā)開始變稀，也可譯為 my head balding。 今譯 my hair thinning ，以 hair 取代 head，是為了照顧下面的 graying 一字。 (2)“難以名言的”譯為 nameless，意同 indescribable，但 nameless 常用來指不好的事物，如： a nameless fear、 nameless atrocities。 (3)“逐漸減少”在原文指逐漸作古，如直譯為 the gradual dwindling away 則未能明確表達“死去”的意思。故譯為 gradual passing away. (4)“我們和許多人相識，或是因為事務(wù)關(guān)系，或是因了偶然的機緣”譯為 We come to know many people either in the way of business or by mere chance，其中 in the way of 是成語，作“為了”解。成語 in the way of 可有若干不同的意思，如“關(guān)于”、“以的方法”，“為了”等，須由上下文來決定。 (5)“和頓首百拜同是儀式的虛偽”譯為 as hypocritical as the polite formula dunshou (kowtow) or baibai (a hundred greetings) used after the signature in old-fashioned Chinese letter-writing。其中 kowtow, a hundred greetings 以及 used after the signature in old fashioned Chinese letter-writing 均為譯者的補充說明，屬一種釋義譯法。 (6)“真正的朋友，恐怕要算總角之交或竹馬之交了”譯為 Real friendship between two persons originates perhaps from the time of life when they were children playing innocently together，其中“總角之交”和“ 竹馬之交”合而為一，用意譯法處理。 (7)“差不多可以說是無所為的”譯為 It is sort of “ friendship for friendship s sake”，其中 sort of （有幾分）用來表達“差不多可以說”。又“無所為”意即“無其它目的”或“無條件的”，故譯為 friendship for friendships sake（為友誼而友誼的）。 (8)“這并一定是人心不古”譯為 Though this is not necessarily due to “ degeneration of public morality”。也可考慮采用另一譯法： Though this should not be ascribed exclusively to “ degeneration of public morality”。 (9)“結(jié)果彼此都勾心斗角”譯為 till they start scheming against each other。注意其中 till 的一種特殊用法。它在這里指“結(jié)果”，意即 so that、 finally 或 and at last，不作“直到為止”解。 (10)“像 七巧板似地只選定了某一方面和對方接合”不宜直譯。現(xiàn)按“人們在交往中互相提防，互存戒心”的內(nèi)涵，用意譯法處理： They always keep a wary eye, as it were, on each other in their association，其中插入語 as it were作“似乎”、“可以說”等解。 (11)“這時好像自己仍回歸到少年時代去了”譯為 and we feel like reliving the old days，其中 to relive 作“（憑想象）重新過的生活” (to experience again, especially in imagination)解。 我坐了木船 葉圣陶 從重慶到漢口，我坐了木船。 木船危險，當(dāng)然知道。一路上數(shù)不清的灘，礁石隨處都是，要出事，隨時可以出。 還有盜匪 (1) 實在是最可憐的同胞，他們種地沒得吃，有力氣沒處出賣，當(dāng)了兵經(jīng) 常餓肚皮，無可奈何只好出此下策 (2)。 假如遇見了，把鋪蓋或者身上衣服帶下去， 也是異常難處的事兒 (3)。 但是，回轉(zhuǎn)來想，從前沒有輪船，沒有飛機，歷來走川江 (4)的人都坐木船。就是 如今，上上下下的還有許 多人在那里坐木船，如果統(tǒng)計起來，人數(shù)該比坐輪船坐飛機 的多。人家可以坐，我就不能坐嗎？我又不比人家高貴。至于危險，不考慮也罷。輪 船飛機就不危險嗎？安步當(dāng)車似乎最穩(wěn)妥了，可是人家屋檐邊也可以掉下一張瓦片 來。要絕對避免危險就莫要做人 (5)。 要坐輪船坐飛機，自然也有辦法 (6)。只要往各方去請托，找關(guān)系，或者干脆買張 黑票。先說黑票，且不談付出超過定額的錢，力有不及，心有不甘 (7)，單單一個“黑” 字，就叫你不愿領(lǐng)教。“黑”字表示作弊，表示越出常軌。你買黑票，無異同作弊， 贊助越出常軌 (8)。一個人既不能獨 立轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)氣，也該在消極方面有所自守，邦同作弊， 贊助越出常軌的事兒，總可以免了吧， 這自然是書生之見 (9)，不免通達的人一笑。 再說請托找關(guān)系，聽人家說他們的經(jīng)驗，簡直與謀差使一樣的麻煩。在傳達室恭 候，在會客室恭候 (10)，幸而見了那要見的人，他聽說你要設(shè)法買船票，或是飛機票， 愛理不理的答復(fù)你說，“困難呢下個星期再來打聽吧”于是你覺得好像有一 線希望，又好像毫無把握，只得挨到下星期再去。跑了不知多少趟，總算有眉目了 (11)， 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 又得往這一處簽字，那一處蓋章，看種種的臉色，候種種的傳喚，為的是得 一份充分 的證據(jù)，可以去換張票子。票子到手，身分可以改變了，什么機關(guān)的部屬，什么長的 秘書，什么人的本人或是父親，或者姓名仍舊，或者必須改名換姓，總之要與你自己 暫時脫離關(guān)系。最有味的是冒充什么部的士兵 (12)，非但改名換姓，還得穿上灰布棉 軍服，腰間束條皮帶。我聽了這些，就死了請托找關(guān)系的念頭。即使餓得要死，也不 定要去奉承顏色謀差使，為了一張票子去求教人家，不說我自己犯不著，人家也太費 心。重慶的路又那么難走，公共汽車站排隊往往等上一個半鐘頭，天天為了票子去跑， 實在吃不消。再說與自己暫時脫離關(guān)系，換上 他人的身分，雖然人家不大愛惜名氣， 我可不愿濫用那些那些名氣。我不是部屬，不是秘書，不是某人，不是某人的父親， 我是我。我毫無成就，樣樣不長進，我可不愿與任何人易地而處，無論長期的或是暫 時的。為了走一趟路，必須易地而處，在我總覺著像被剝奪了什么似的。至于穿灰布 棉衣更為難了，為了走一趟路才穿上那套衣服，豈不褻瀆了那套衣服 (13)？褻瀆的人 固然不少，我可總不忍 這一套又是書生之見。 抱著書生之見，我決定坐木船。木船比不上輪船，更比不上飛機，千真萬確。可 是絕對不用找關(guān)系，也無所謂黑票。你要船，找運輸行 ，或者自己到碼頭上去找，找 著了，言明價錢，多少錢坐到漢口，每塊錢花得明明白白 (14)。在這一點上，我覺得 木船好極了 (15)，我可以不說一句討情的話，不看一副難看的嘴臉，堂堂正正的憑我 的身分東西歸。這是大多數(shù)坐輪船坐飛機的朋友辦不到的，我可有這種驕傲。 決定了之后，有兩位朋友特來勸阻，一位從李家沱，一位從柏濱，不怕水程跋涉， 為的是關(guān)愛我，瞧得起我。他們說了種種理由，預(yù)想了種種可能的障害，結(jié)末說，還 是再考慮一下的好。我真感謝他們，當(dāng)然不敢說不必再行考慮，只好帶玩笑的說，“吉 人天相，“安慰他們激動的 心情?，F(xiàn)在，他們接到我平安到達的消息了，他們也真的 安慰了。 I Took a Wooden Boat Ye Shengtao I took a wooden boat from Chongqing to Hankou. Of course I know it is risky to travel by wooden boat. With countless shoals and reefs to negotiate, accidents may happen any time. To complicate matters, there are bandits lurking around those pitiful fellow countrymen who, unable to ward off starvation by farming or soldiering or whatnot, have been reduced to the disreputable business as a last resort. Ill be in a real fix if they should rob me of, say, my bedding or clothes. Now, on reflection, I realize that in the days before steamers and aircraft came into use, people used to travel by wooden boat up and down the Sichuan section of the Yangtse River. Even today, many continue to do so, and statistic will invariably show a higher percentage of people travelling by wooden boat than by steamer or aircraft. Why shouldnt I do the same? Why should I think it beneath myself to travel by wooden boat? As for safety, is it less dangerous to travel by steamer or aircraft? Going on foot seems to be the best choice, but a tile falling off the eaves of somebodys house might prove equally disastrous to foot passengers. Enjoying absolute safety is humanly impossible. It stands to reason that I can go by steamer or aircraft if I care to. I can simply go around fishing for help or personal connections, or just buy a “black” ticket. But Ill have to pay more than the regular price for a “black” ticket, which I can ill afford and which I disdain to do. And the very word “black” generates in me a feeling of repulsion. “Black” signified fraud or illegal practice. Buying a “black” ticket is as good as getting involved in a fraud or an illegal practice. If it is beyond ones capacity to single-handedly stem the prevailing social evils, one should at least be self-disciplined so as not to make matters worse. All this is undoubtedly the pedantic view of bookish persona view which must sound ridiculous to all sensible gentlemen. Some people have told me from their own experience that soliciting help or speaking personal connections is something as difficult as hunting for a job. You may be kept cooling your heels in a janitors office or a reception room before an interview is granted. Hearing that you are trying to get a steamer or air ticket, the much sought-after interview may reply in a cold and indifferent manner, “Ah, thats difficultCome see me next week” Thereupon you seem to see a ray of hope, and you may also feel totally uncertai n of success. All you can do is wait until then. After making you dont know how many visits, there eventually appear signs of positive outcome. Then you have to go here and there to get a signature or a seal, meet with all sorts of cold reception and wait for all sorts of summonsesall for the purpose of obtaining a useful certificate to buy a ticket with. Once with a ticket in hand, your status automatically changes. You can now call yourself 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) the employee of certain government office or certain officials secretary. You can call yourself so-and-so or so-and-sos father. You can either keep your original name or have it changed. In short, you must temporarily break off relations with your old self. The funniest thing is when you try to pass for a soldier of a certain army unit, you must not only have your name changed, but also wear a grey-cloth cotton-padded army uniform with a leather belt around your waist. All that kills my idea of soliciting help or seeking personal connections. I disdain to go humbly begging for a job even when I am starving, let alone to go asking for other peoples help in getting me a mere ticket. Neither is it necessary for me to go to all that trouble, nor should I bother other people for that matter. Going around is hard in the city of Chongqing. You have to queue up for at least 30 minutes or more to get on a bus. It would really be too much for me to go about for the ticket every day. As to the temporary divorce from my old self and the concealing of my identity, I hate to usurp all those designations though other people may think otherwise. Im neither a government employee, nor a secretary, nor so-and-so, nor so-and-sos father. I am myself. I am just an ordinary man with no urge to do better, so I hate to change places with anybody else, whether for a while or for good. To change places just for the sake of a trip would make me feel like being deprived. Wouldnt it be sinful for me to wear the grey-cloth cotton-padded army uniform for nothing more than making a single trip? Though many other people violate the taboo, I for my part cannot bear to do the same. This again is the impractical view of a bookish person. It was with this impractical view that I decided to take a wooden boat. It is absolutely true that a wooden boat cannot compare with a steamer, much less an airplane. But there is no need for soliciting help or seeking personal connections, nor the need for the so-called “ black” ticket. All you need to do is contact the transport company, or go direct to the wharf to look for a wooden boat. Once you have located it, you will know what the fare is from Chongqing to Hankou, and every dollar will be paid for what it is worth, no more, no less. I find the wooden boat super in this respect. I am saved the humiliation of begging for help or the need of confronting the nasty look on somebodys face. I can travel with my true identity. This is something quite beyond the majority of those travelling by steamer or aircraft. I am proud of it. After I had made up my mind, two friends of mine, in spite of the difficult boat journey all the way from Li Jia Tuo and Bai Bin respectively, came to dissuade me from taking the wooden boat out of concern and respect for me. They enumerated various reasons against my decision as well as various possible mishaps, advising me in the end to re-consider the matter. I felt very grateful to them, and of course refrained from showing any reluctance to re-consider the matter. By way of allaying their anxiety, I said jokingly, “ A good guy always enjoys Heavens protection.” Now, the subsequence news of my safe arrival in Hankou must have set their mind at rest. 注釋 : 葉圣陶（ 1894-1988）原名葉紹鈞，江蘇蘇州人，現(xiàn)代文學(xué)家，教育家。我坐了木船一文 以平淡的口吻敘述他在抗戰(zhàn)勝利后乘木船從重慶到漢口的一番經(jīng)歷，對當(dāng)時的黑暗社會作了無情的鞭撻。 (1)“還 有盜匪”譯為 To complicate matters, there are bandits lurking around，其中 To complicate matters 是為承上啟下而添加的成分。又， lurking around 作“潛伏”解，也是添加成分，原文雖無其字，而有其意。 (2)“無奈何只好出此下策”譯為 have been reduced to the disreputable business as a last resort， 其中 disreputable business（不體面的行當(dāng)）指 “下策”。又， reduced to 意即“被逼從事”； as a last resort 意即“作為最后一著”。 (3)“異常難處的事兒”譯為 I ll be in a real fix, 其中 in a fix 是成語，作“陷入困境”或“尷尬”解。 (4)“川江”即“四川段的長江”，故譯為 the Sichuan section of the Yangtse River。 (5)“要絕對避免危險就莫做人”譯為“ Enjoying absolute safety is humanly impossible，其 中 humanly 意即“從從做人的角度看”。 (6)“要坐輪船坐飛機，自然也有辦法”譯為 It stands to reason that I can go by steamer or aircraft if I care to，其中 It stands to reason 是成語，意即“當(dāng)然”。 (7)“付出超過定額的錢，力有不及，心有不甘”譯為 to pay more than the regular price for a “ black” ticket, which I can ill afford and which I disdain to do。“心有不甘”意即“不屑一干”，故譯 disdain to do。 (8)“你買黑票，無異同作敝，贊助越出常軌”譯為 Buying a “ black” ticket is as good as getting involved in a fraud or an illegal practice, 其中 as good as 是成語，作“實際上等于”或“與幾乎一樣”解。 (9)“書生之見”譯為 the pedantic view of a bookish person，其中 pedantic view 意同 impractical view，作“不現(xiàn)實的觀點”解。 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) (10) “在傳達室恭候，在會客室恭候”譯為 You may be kept cooling your heels in a janitor s office or a reception room before an interview is granted，其中 cooling your heels 是成語，作“長等”、“空等”解。 (11) “跑了不知多少趟，總算有眉目了”譯為 After making you don t knowhow many visits, there eventually appear signs of positive outcome，其中 you don t know how 是是插入語，修飾 many。 (12)“最有味的是冒充什么部的士兵”譯為 The funniest thing is when you try to pass for a soldier of certain army unit，其中 to pass for 作“冒充”解。 (13)“為了走一趟路才穿上那套衣服 ，豈不褻瀆了那套衣服？”譯為 Wouldn t it be sinful for me to wear the grey-cloth cotton-padded army uniform for nothing more than making a single trip?“褻瀆”原作“輕慢”、“冒失”解，用在此處略帶諷刺口氣，意為“做了不該做的事”，故譯為 sinful。 (14)“每塊錢花得明明白白”意即“該花多少就花多少”或“每塊錢都花得值得”，故譯為 every dollar is paid for what it is worth。 (15)“我覺得木船好極了”譯為 I find the wooden boat super in this respect，其中 super 相當(dāng)于 fantastic 或 wonderful。 背 影 朱自清 我與父親不相見已二年余了，我最不能忘記的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了， 父親的差使也交卸了，正是禍不單行的日子，我從北京到徐州，打算跟著父親奔喪回 家。到了徐州見著父親，看見滿院狼藉的東西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼淚。 父親說：“事已如此，不必難過，好在天無 絕人之路！” 回家 1 變賣典質(zhì)，父親還了虧空；又借了錢辦了喪事。這些日子，家中光景很是 慘淡，一半為了喪事，一半為了父親的賦閑 2 。喪事完畢，父親要到南京謀事，我也 要回到北京念書，我們便同行。 到南京時，有朋友約去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上 車北去。父親因為事忙，本已說定不送我，叫旅館里一個熟識的茶房 3 陪我同去。他 再三囑咐茶房，甚是仔細。但他終于不放心，怕茶房不妥貼，頗躊躇了一會。其實那 年我已二十歲，北京來往過兩三次，是沒有甚么要緊的了。他躊躇了一會，終于決定 還是自己 送我去。我兩三回勸他不必去 4；他只說，“不要緊，他們?nèi)ゲ缓?5！” 我們過了江，進了車站。我買票，他忙著照看行李。行李太多了，得向腳夫行些 小費 6，才可過去。他便又忙著和他們講價錢。我那時真是太聰明過分 7，總覺得他 說話不大漂亮 8，非得自己插嘴不可。但他終于講定了價錢；就送我上車。他給我揀 定了靠車門的一張椅子；我將他給我做的紫毛大衣鋪好坐位。他囑我路上小心，夜里 要警醒些，不要受涼。又囑托茶房好好照應(yīng)我。我心里暗笑他的迂 9；他們只認(rèn)得錢， 托他們直是白托！而且我這樣大年紀(jì)的人，難道還不能料理自 己嗎？唉，我現(xiàn)在想想， 那時真是太聰明了 10！ 我說道，“爸爸，你走吧。”他望車外看了看，說，“我買幾個橘子去。你就在 此地，不要走動。”我看那邊月臺的柵欄外有幾個賣東西的的等著顧客。走到那邊月 臺，須穿過鐵道，須跳下去又爬上去。父親是一個胖子，走過去自然要費些事。我本 來要去的，他不肯，只好讓他去。我看見他戴著黑布小帽。穿著黑布大馬褂 11，深青 布棉袍，蹣跚在走到鐵道邊，慢慢探身下去，尚不大難?？墒撬┻^鐵道，要爬上那 邊月臺，就不容易了。他用兩手攀著上面，兩腳再向上縮；他肥胖的身子向左微傾， 顯出努力 的樣子。這時我看見他的的背影，我眼淚很快地流下來了。我趕緊拭干了淚， 怕他看見，也怕別人看見。我再向外看時，他已抱了朱紅的橘子往回走了。過鐵道時， 他先將橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。到這邊時，我趕緊去攙他。 他和我走到車上，將橘子一股腦兒放在我的皮大衣上。于是撲撲衣上泥土，心里很輕 松似的，過了一會說，“我走了；到那邊來信！”我望著他走出去。他走了幾步，回 過頭看見我，說，“進去吧，里邊沒人 12?！钡人谋秤盎烊雭韥硗娜死?，再找 不著了，我便進來坐下，我的眼淚又來了。 近幾年來，父親和 我都是東奔西走 13，家中的光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外 謀生，獨力支持，做了許多大事。那知老境卻如此頹唐！他觸目傷懷，自然不能自己 14。情郁于中，自然要發(fā)之于外；家庭瑣屑便往往觸他之怒。他待我漸漸不同往日 15。 但最近兩年的不見，他終于忘卻我的不好，只是惦記著我，惦記著我的兒子。我北來 后，他寫了一信給我，信中說道，“我身體平安，惟膀子疼痛利害，舉箸提筆，諸多 不便，大約大去 16 之期不遠矣?！蔽易x到此處，在晶瑩的淚光中，又看見那肥胖的， 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 青布馬褂的背影。唉！我不知何時再能與他相見！ The Sight of Fathers Back Zhu Ziqing It is more than two years since I last saw father, and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job. I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandmas funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the though of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. Father said, “Now that thingsve come to such a pass, its no use crying. Fortunately, Heaven always leaves one a way out.” After arriving home in Yangzhou, father paid off debts by selling or pawning things. He also borrowed money to meet the funeral expenses. Between grandmas funeral and fathers unemployment, our family was then in reduced circumstances. After the funeral was over, father was to go to Nanjing to look for a job and I was to return to Beijing to study, so we started out together. I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. Father said he was too busy to go and see me off at the railway station, but would ask a hotel waiter that he knew to accompany me there instead. He urged the waiter again and again to take good care of me, but still did not quite trust him. He hesitated for quite a while about what to do. As a matter of fact, nothing would matter at all because I was then twenty and had already travelled on Beijing-Pukou Railway a couple of times. After some wavering, he finally decided that he himself would accompany me to the station. I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it, but he only said, “Never mind! It wont do to trust guys like those hotel boys!” We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. There was quite a bit of luggage and he had to bargain with the porter over the fee. I was then such a smart aleck that I frowned upon the way father was haggling and was on the verge of chipping in a few words when the bargain was finally clinched. Getting on the train with me, he picked me a seat close to the carriage door. I spread on the seat the brownish fur-lined overcoat he had got tailor made for me. He told me to be watchful on the way and be careful not to catch cold at night. he also asked the train attendants to take good care of me. I sniggered at father for being so impractical, for it was utterly useless to entrust me to those attendants, who cared for nothing but money. Besides, it was certainly no problem for a person of my age to look after himself. Oh, when I come to think of it, I can see how smarty I was in those days! I said, “Dad, you might leave now.” But he looked out of window and said, “Im going to buy you some tangerines. You just stay here. Dont move around.” I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself, but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down the railway track, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after crossing the railway track. His hands held onto the upper part of the platform, his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviously making an enormous exertion. While I was watching him from behind, tears gushed from my eyes. I quickly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying. The next moment when I looked out of the window again, father was already on the way back, holding bright red tangerines in both hands. In crossing the railway track, he first put the tangerines on the ground, climbed down slowly and then picked them up again. When he came near the train, I hurried out to help him by the hand. After boarding the train with me, he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat, and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while, “I must be going now. Dont forget to write me from Beijing!” I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage. After a few steps, he looked back at me and said, “go back to your seat. Dont leave your things alone.” I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible. My eyes were again wet with tears. In recent years, both father and I have been living an unsettled life, and the circumstances of our family going from bad to worse. Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own. To think that he should now 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) be so downcast in old age! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities would often make him angry, and meanwhile he became less and less nice with me. However, the separation of the last two years has made him more forgiving towards me. He keeps thinking about me and my son. After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he says. “Im all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it wont be long now before I depart this life.” Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of fathers corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again. 注釋 : 背影是朱自清（ 1898-1948）影響最大的抒情名篇之一，寫于 1925 年 10 月。作者用的提煉的口語，文筆秀麗，細膩縝密，讀來有一種親切婉轉(zhuǎn)、娓娓動聽的感覺。但它的巨大藝術(shù)魅力主要來自它飽含的真摯感情。 (1)“回家”指作者和父親一起從徐州回?fù)P州奔喪。英譯時有必要交代清楚揚州是他們的老家，所以采用加字法：After arriving home in Yangzhou。 (2)“一半為了喪事，一半為了父親的賦閑”譯為 Between Grandma s funeral and father s unemployment，其中 Between and等于 What with and (what with)，作“半因，半因”或“由于的共同影響“解。 (3)“茶房”舊時指旅館、餐館、輪船等內(nèi)的服務(wù)員，可譯為 waiter、 attendant、 boy 等。 (4)“我兩三回勸他不必去”譯為 I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it，比 I repeatedly tried to dissuade him from accompanying me to the station 通俗簡潔。 (5)“他們?nèi)ゲ缓谩敝械摹八麄儭敝浮安璺俊保湟庾g為 It won t do to trust guys like those hotel boys。如直譯為 It won t do to let one of the hotel boys go with you，也無不可，但未能把“對茶房缺乏信任感”的意思表達出來。 (6)“小費”在這里不指按規(guī)定價格付費之外另給的“賞金”，不能用 tip 表達，現(xiàn)譯為 fee。 (7)“我那時真是聰明過分”中的“聰明”是反話，現(xiàn)全句譯為 I was then such a smart aleck， 其中 smart aleck 意即“自以為是的人”或“自以為樣樣懂的人”。 (8)“總覺得他說話不大漂亮”意即嫌父親不會講價錢，現(xiàn)全句譯為 I frowned upon the way father was haggling，其中 frowned upon 作“表示不贊同”解。 (9)“迂”在這里作“不切實際”或“沒有見識”解，現(xiàn)結(jié)合上下文譯為 impractical。 (10)“那時真是太聰明了”也是反語，現(xiàn)譯為 how smarty I was in those days，其中 smarty 和 smart aleck 同義。 (11)“馬褂”為舊時男子穿在長袍外的對襟短褂，通常譯為 mandarin jacket。 (12)“里邊沒人”不宜按字面直譯，現(xiàn)譯為 Don t leave your things alone。 (13)“父親和我都是東奔西走”不宜按字面直譯，現(xiàn)意譯為 both father and I have been living an unsettled life。 (14)“他觸目傷懷，自然情不能自己”意即“他看到家庭敗落，情不自禁 為之悲傷”，現(xiàn)譯 為 The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow。 (15)“他待我漸漸不同往日”意即“他待我漸漸不如過去那么好”，故譯為 he became less and less nice with me。 (16)“大去”為舊時用語，意即“與世長辭”，現(xiàn)譯為 depart this life。 匆 匆 朱自清 燕子去了，有再來的時候；楊柳枯了，在再青的時候 ；桃花謝了，有再開的時候 1。但是，聰明的，你告訴我，我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù)返呢？ 是有人偷了他 們罷：那是誰？又藏在何處呢？是他們自己逃走了罷：現(xiàn)在又到了那里呢 2？ 我不知道他們給了我多少日子 3；但我的手確乎是漸漸空虛了 4。在默默里算著， 八千多日子已經(jīng)從我手中溜去 5；像針尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在時間的 流里，沒有聲音，也沒有影子。我不禁頭涔涔而淚潸潸了 6。 去的盡管去了，來的盡管來著；去來的中間，又怎樣地匆匆呢？早上我起來的時 候，小屋里射進兩三方 7 斜斜的太陽。太陽他也有腳啊，輕輕悄悄 地挪移 8 了；我也茫 茫然跟著旋轉(zhuǎn)。于是 洗手的時候，日子從水盆里過去；吃飯的時候，日子從飯碗 里過去；默默時，便從凝然的雙眼前過去。我覺察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽時，他 又從遮挽著的手邊過去，天黑時，我躺在床上，他便伶伶俐俐在從我身上跨過，從我 腳邊飛去了。等我睜開眼和太陽再見，這算又溜走了一日。我掩著面嘆息。但是新來 的日子的影兒又開始在嘆息里閃過了。 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 在逃去如飛的日子里，在千門萬戶的世界里的我能做些什么呢？只有徘徊罷了， 只有匆匆罷了；在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢？過去的日子如輕煙， 被微風(fēng)吹散了，如薄霧，被初陽蒸融了；我留著些什么痕跡呢？我何曾留著像游絲樣 的痕跡呢？我赤裸裸來到這世界，轉(zhuǎn)眼間也將赤裸裸的回去罷？但不能平的 9，為什 么偏要白白走這一遭?。?你聰明的，告訴我，我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù)返呢？ Transient Days Zhu ziqing If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment? I dont know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of then is undoubtedly wearing away. Counting up silently, I find that more than 8000 days have already slipped away through my fingers. Like a drop of water falling off a needle point into the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. At the thought of this, sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks. What is gone is gone, what is to come keeps coming. How swift is the transition in between! When I get up in the morning, the slanting sun casts two or three squarish patches of light into my small room. The sun has feet too, edging away softly and stealthily. And, without knowing it, I am already caught in its revolution. Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands； vanishes in the rice bowl when I have my meal； passes away quietly before the fixed gaze of my eyes when I am lost in reverie. Aware of its fleeting presence, I reach out for it only to find it brushing past my outstretched hands. In the evening, when I lie on my bed, it nimbly strides over my body and flits past my feet. By the time when I open my eyes to meet the sun again, another day is already gone. I heave a sigh, my head buried in my hands. But, in the midst of my sighs, a new day is flashing past. Living in this world with its fleeting days and teeming millions, what can I do but waver and wander and live a transient life? What have I been doing during the 8000 fleeting days except wavering and wandering? The bygone days, like wisps of smoke, have been dispersed by gentle winds, and, like thin mists, have been evaporated by the rising sun. What traces have I left behind? No, nothing, not even gossamer-like traces. I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am to go back as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? O you the wise, would you tell me please: why should our days go by never to return? 注釋： 本文是朱自清的早期散文，寫于 1922 年 7 月 28 日。文章充滿詩意，對時光的消失深表感嘆 和無奈，流露出當(dāng)時青年知識分子的苦悶和憂傷情緒。 (1) 原文開頭三個句子結(jié)構(gòu)類似，譯文采用三個相應(yīng)的句式，力求形似。同時，每句均以 if 從句為首，使人想起英國詩人雪萊 (Shelley)的名句 If Winter comes, can Spring be far away，有助于烘托原文的韻味。 (2) “現(xiàn)在又到了那里呢”譯為 But where could they be at the present moment，其中 at the present moment 等于 now，也可用 at the moment 或 at the moment in time 等表達。 (3) “我不知道他們給了我多少日子”譯為 I don t know how many days I am entitled to altogether，其中 entitled to 相當(dāng)于 qualified for，作“能有”或“有權(quán)得到”解。此句也可譯為 I don t know how many days been given to live。 (4) “但我的手確乎是漸漸空虛了”不宜逐字直譯，現(xiàn)以意譯法處理： but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away，其中 quota of them 的意思是“一定數(shù)額的日子”，也即“壽命的預(yù)期數(shù)額”。也可用my allotted span 代替 my quota of them。 (5) “八千多日子已經(jīng)從我手中溜去”譯為 more than 8000 days have already slipped away through my fingers，其中 to slip away through one s fingers 是英語習(xí)語。 (6) “我不禁頭涔涔而淚潸潸了”的譯文中添加了 At the thought of this（一想到這兒），承 上啟下，原文雖無其字而有其意。 (7) “兩三方”譯為 two and three squarish patches，其中 squarish 的意思是“似方形的”比 square 模糊些，似較可取。 (8) “挪移”在此有“慢慢離開”的含義，現(xiàn)以英語短語動詞 (phrasal verb) to edge away 表 達。注 意原文第三段中若干表示動作的詞語在譯文中均挑選恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z短語動詞表達，效果較好。如：“從【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) （雙眼前）過去”譯為 to pass away before；“伸出手遮挽”譯為 to reach out for；“從（手邊）過去”譯為 to brush past；“從（身上）跨過”譯為 to stride over； “從（腳邊）飛去了”譯為 to flit past；“閃過去了”譯為 to flash past。 (9) “不能平的”意即“為之耿耿于懷”或“為之想不開”，現(xiàn)譯為 Iam taking it very much to heart，其中 to take to heart 是英語成語，作“為煩惱”或“為想不開”解。 木匠老陳 (1) 巴金 生活的經(jīng)驗固然會叫人忘記許多事情 (2)。但是有些記憶過了多少時間的磨洗 (3)也 不會消滅。 故鄉(xiāng)里那些房屋，那些街道至今還印在我的腦子里。我還記得我每天到學(xué)堂去總 要走過的木匠老陳的鋪子。 木匠老陳那時不過四十歲光景，臉長的像驢子臉，左眼下面有塊傷疤，嘴唇上略 有幾根胡須。大家都說他的相貌丑，但是同時人人稱贊他的脾氣好。 他平日在店里。但 是他也經(jīng)常到相熟的公館里去做活 (4)，或者做包工，或者做零 工 (5)。我們家里需要木匠的時候，總是去找他。我就在這時候認(rèn)識他。他在我們家里 做活，我只要有空，就跑去看他工作。 我那時注意的，并不是他本人，倒是他的那些工具；什么有輪齒的鋸子啦，有兩 個耳朵的刨子啦，會旋轉(zhuǎn)的鉆子啦，像圖畫里板斧一般的斧子啦。這些奇怪的東西我 以前全沒有看見過。一塊粗糙的木頭經(jīng)過了斧子劈，鋸子鋸，刨子刨，就變成了一方 或者一條光滑整齊的木板，再經(jīng)過鉆子、鑿子等等工具以后，又變成了各種各樣的東 西 (6)；像美麗的窗格，鏤花的壁板 等等細致的物件，都是這樣制成的。 老陳和他的徒弟的工作使我的眼界寬了不少 (7)。那時我還在家里讀書，祖父聘請 了一位前清的老秀才來管教我們。老秀才不知道教授的方法，他只教我們認(rèn)一些字， 呆板地讀一些書。此外他就把我們關(guān)在書房里，端端正正地坐 (8)在凳子上，讓時間白 白地流過去。過慣了這種單調(diào)的生活以后，無怪乎我特別喜歡老陳了。 老陳常常彎著腰，拿了尺子和墨線盒在木板上面畫什么東西。我便安靜地站在旁 邊專心地望著，連眼珠也不轉(zhuǎn)一下。他畫好墨線，便拿起鋸子或者鑿子來。我有時候 覺得有些地方很奇怪，不明白，就 問他，他很和氣地對我一一說明。他的態(tài)度比那個 老秀才的好得多 (9)。 家里人看見我對老陳的工作感到這么大的興趣，并不來干涉我，卻嘲笑地喚我做 老陳的徒弟，父親甚至開玩笑地說要把我送到老陳那里學(xué)做木匠。但這些嘲笑都是好 意的，父親的確喜歡我。因此有一個時候我居然相信父親真有這樣的想法，而且我對 老陳說過要跟他學(xué)做木匠的話。 “你要學(xué)做木匠？真笑話！有錢的少爺應(yīng)該讀書，將來好做官！窮人的小孩才做 木匠，”老陳聽見我的話，馬上就笑起來。 “為什么不該學(xué)做木匠？做官有什么好？修房子，做家具，才有趣啊！我做木匠 ， 我要給自己修房子，爬到上面去，爬得高高的，”我看見他不相信我的話，把它只當(dāng) 做小孩子的胡說 (10)，我有些生氣，就起勁地爭論道。 “爬得高，會跌下來，”老陳隨口說了這一句，他的笑容漸漸地收起來了。 “跌下來，你騙我！我就沒有見過木匠跌下來。” 老陳看我一眼，依舊溫和地說：“做木匠修房子，常常拿自己性命來拼。一個不當(dāng)心在上面滑了腳，跌下來，不跌成肉醬，也會得一輩子的殘疾?！彼f到這里就埋 下頭，用力在木板上推他的刨子，木板查查地響著，一卷一卷的刨花接連落在地上。 他過了半晌又加了一句：“我爹就是這樣 子跌死的?！?我不相信他的話。一個人會活活地跌死！我沒有看見過，也沒有聽見人說過。既 然他父親做木匠跌死了，為什么他現(xiàn)在還做木匠呢？我簡直想不通。 “你騙我，我不信！那么你為什么還要做木匠？難道你就不怕死！” “做木匠的人這樣多，不見得個個都遭橫死。我學(xué)的是這行手藝，不靠它吃飯又 靠什么？“他苦惱地說。然后他抬起頭來看我，他的眼角上嵌著淚珠。他哭了！ 我看見他流眼淚，不知道怎么辦才好，就跑開了。 不久祖父生病死了，我也進了學(xué)堂，不再受那個老秀才的管束了。祖父死后木匠 老陳不曾到我們家里來過。但是我 每天到學(xué)堂去都要經(jīng)過他那個小小的鋪子。 有時候他在店里招呼我；有時候他不在，只有一兩個徒弟在那里釘?shù)首踊蛘咧圃?別的對象。他的店起初還能維持下去，但是不久省城里發(fā)生了巷戰(zhàn)，一連打了三天， 然后那兩位軍閥因為別人的調(diào)解又握手言歡了。老陳的店在這個時候遭到“丘八”的 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) 光顧，他的一點點積蓄都給搶光了，只剩下一個空鋪子 (11)。這以后他雖然勉強開店， 生意卻很蕭條。我常?？匆娝迒手樤诘昀镒龉?。他的精神頹喪，但是他仍然不停 手地做活。我聽說他晚上時常到小酒館里喝酒。 又過了幾個月他的店終于關(guān)了門。我也就看不見 他的蹤跡了。有人說他去吃糧當(dāng) 了兵 (12)，有人說他到外縣謀生去了。然而有一天我在街上碰見了他。他手里提著一 個籃子，里面裝了幾件木匠用的工具。 “老陳，你還在省城！人家說你吃糧去了 (13)！”我快活地大聲叫起來。 “我只會做木匠，我就只會做木匠！一個人應(yīng)該安分守己，”他搖搖頭微微笑道， 他的笑容里帶了一點悲哀。他沒有什么大改變，只是人瘦了些，臉黑了些，衣服臟了 些。 “少爺，你好好讀書，你將來做了官，我來給你修房子，”他繼續(xù)笑說。 我抓住他的袖子，再也說不出一句話來。他告辭走了。他還告訴我他在他從 前一 個徒弟的店里幫忙。這個徒弟如今發(fā)達了，他卻在那里做一個匠人。 以后我就沒有再看見老陳。我雖然喜歡他，但是過了不幾天我又把他忘記了。等 到公館里的轎夫告訴我一個消息的時候，我才記起他來。 那個轎夫報告的是什么消息呢？ 他告訴我：老陳同別的木匠一起在南門一家大公館里修樓房 (14)，工程快要完了， 但是不曉得怎樣，老陳竟然從樓上跌下來，跌死了。 在那么多的木匠里面，偏偏是他跟著他父親落進了橫死的命運圈里。這似乎是偶 然，似乎又不是偶然。總之，一個安分守己的人就這樣地消滅了 (15)。 Carpenter Lao Chen Ba Jin Lots of things are apt to fade from memory as ones life experiences accumulate. But some memories will withstand the wear and tear of time. Those houses and streets in my home town still remain engraved on my mind. I still can recall how every day on my way to school I would invariably walk past Carpenter Lao Chens shop. Carpenter Lao Chen was then only about forty years old, with a longish face like that of a donkey, a scar under his left eye, and a wispy moustache on his upper lip. People said he looked ugly, yet they praised him for his good temper. He usually worked in his own shop. But from time to time he was employed by some rich people he knew well to work at their residences, either as a hired hand on contract or as an oddjobber. Whenever my family needed a carpenter, he was always the man we wanted. That was how I got to know him. While he was in our home, I would come out to watch him work in my spare time. What attracted my attention, however, was not the man himself, but the tools he used, such as the saw with toothed blade, the plane with two ear-like handles, the revolving drill things entirely strange to me. A piece of coarse wood, after being processed with the hatchet, saw and plane, would become pieces of smooth and tidy wood, square or rectangular in shape. After further treatment with the chisel, drill, etc., they would end up as various kinds of exquisite articles, such as beautiful window lattices, ornamental engravings on wooden partitions. The work which Lao Chen and his apprentices did was a real eye-opener to me. I was then studying at home under the tutorship of an old scholar of Qing Dynasty whom my grandfather had engaged. The ild scholar knew nothing about teaching methods. All he did was make me learn some Chinese characters and do some dull reading. Apart from that, he had me cooped up in my study and sit bolt upright doing nothing while time was slipping through my fingers. Because of this monotonous life, it was no wonder that I developed a particular liking for Carpenter Lao Chen. He was often bent over drawing something on a plank with a ruler and an ink marker. And I would stand by and watch quietly and intently, my eyes riveted on him. After making the line with the ink marker, he would pick up the saw or the chisel. Sometimes, when something puzzled me, I would ask him questions out of curiosity, and he would explain patiently everything in detail. He was much more agreeable than the old scholar. My folks, however, showed no sign of disapproval when they found me so much interested in Lao Chens work, but only teasingly called me an apprentice of his. Father even said jokingly that he was going to apprentice me to Lao Chen. All that was the well- meaning remarks of an affectionate father. Once I even believed that father had meant what he said, and I even told Lao Chen that that was exactly what I had in mind. 【考研 1 號】專為英語基礎(chǔ)一般及薄弱者打造 更多精華請登陸 考研 1 號網(wǎng) “ You want to learn carpentry?” said Lao Chen immediately with a smile. “No kidding! A wealthy young master like you should study and grow up to be a government official! Only poor peoples kids learn carpentry.” Somewhat annoyed by the c=way he shrugged off my words as childish nonsense, I argued heatedly, “Why not become a carpenter? Whats the good of being a government official? Its great fun to build houses and make furniture. If Im a carpenter, Ill climb high up, very high up, to build a house for myself.” “ You may fall down if you climb high,” said he casually, the smile on his face fading away. “ Fall down? Youre fooling me! Ive never seen a carpenter fall down.” Shooting a glance at me, he continued with undiminished patience. “ A carpenter often has to risk his own life in building a house. One careless slip, and you fall down. Youll be disabled for life, if not reduced to pulp.” Thereupon, he bent his head and forcefully pushed his plane over a plank, the shavings of which fell continuously onto the ground amidst the screeching sound. Then he added after a moments silence. “ Thats how my father died.” I just could not bring myself to believe it. How could a man die like that? I had never seen it happen, nor had I ever heard of it. If his father had died of an accident as a carpenter, why should Lao Chen himself still be carpenter now? I just couldnt figure it out. “ Youre fooling me. I dont believe you! How come youre still a carpenter? Can you be unafraid of death?” “ Lots of guys are in this trade,” he went on gloomily. “it doesnt follow that everybody meets with such a violent death. Carpentry is my trade. What else could I rely on to make a living?” He looked up at me, some teardrops visible from the corners of his eyes. He was crying! I was at a loss when I saw him in tears, so I went away quietly. Not long afterwards. My grandpa fell ill and died, and I was enrolled in a school, on longer under the control of the old scholar. Lao Chen never came again to work in our household after grandpas death. But every day on my way to school, I would pass his small shop. Sometimes he beckoned me from his shop. Sometimes he was absent, leaving a couple of his apprentices there hammering nails into a stool or making some other articles. At first, he could somehow scrape along. Soon street fighting broke out in the provincial capital, lasting three days until the dispute between two warlords was settled through the mediation of third party. In the course of fighting, soldiers looted Lao Chens shop until it was empty of everything. After that, nevertheless, he still managed to keep his shop open though business was bad. I often saw him working in his shop with a saddened look on his face. Dejected as he was, he worked on as usual. I heard that he often went drinking at a small wine shop in the evening. Several months later, his shop closed down for good and I lost all trace of him. Some said he had gone