自考英語二的語法點.doc.doc

Lesson1 TEXT A Language Points Paragraph1 1.Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia【 Prep. Adverbial】 , there has been foreign languages fervor in China【 there be】 , with English on top of the list.【 absolute construction】 Translation:就如澳大利亞在全國推 行學(xué)習(xí)亞洲語言一樣，中國也掀起一股外語熱，在這股熱潮中英語首當(dāng)其沖。 (1)with absolute construction: with +n. + prep. phrase eg. The man entered the room, with a book in has hand. wth +n. + infinitive eg. With Li Ping to help us, Im sure we can finish our task. with +n.+ past participle eg. With his homework done, the boy ran out for a swim. with+n. + present participle eg. With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding your home. with+n. + adj./adv eg. They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. With her mother away from home, she felt lonely. 1. 2. adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with people of the same interest and determination.【 post attribute】 (1)practicing 做伴隨狀語 eg: He wrot to us, saying that he was studying abroad. (2)of the same interest and determination 介詞短語作后置定語，可轉(zhuǎn)化成相應(yīng)的定語從句 : people who have the same interest and. 3. Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of timeand energy before it is mastered? (1) such.that adverbial clause of result. Eg. + a(n) + adj.+ n. such + adj.+ uncountable n. that. + adj. + plural n. It is such a lovely day that everyone is feeling happy and gay. 注 : 當(dāng) such 放在句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。 (2)before adverbial clause of time. a. conj. 強調(diào)從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，意為 “不等 .就 .” eg. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. b. 在 It +be +時間段 +before 從句 中， 意為 “.之后才 .” eg. It will be ten years before we can meet again. c.在 It +be+ 否定形式 +long+ before 從句 中，意為 “.不久就 .” eg. It was not long he told me me about it. d. 在特定的情景中，意為 “趁著 .” eg. I must write it down before I forget it. (3) Translation:英語真的這么難，需要人們投入大量的時間和精力才能掌握嗎？ Paragraph 2 1. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, its grammatical rules,its words, etc. (1) v-ing 作主語和賓語 eg: Watching them was a thrilling experience. (主語 ) The man denied having anything to do with the bank robbery. (賓語 ) 男子否認(rèn)與銀行搶劫案有關(guān)。 I dont fancy living in that cold house. 我可不想居住在那個冰冷的房子里。 (2) more () than 的用法 : The present crisis is much more a political crisis than an economic crisis. 當(dāng)前危機與其說是經(jīng)濟危機，不如說是政治危 機 . A whale is no more a fish than a horse is . ? more than + 主語 + can + 謂語 “ 非所能 ” eg. That is more than I can tell. What he said is more than I can understand. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. He more than hestitated to accept the invitations . He simply refused it. 2. 2.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it. involve 的用法 : (1) make sth necessary as a result,需要 eg: The job involved my living in London. (2) involve sb / sth in (doing) sth. 使 陷入 eg: Dont involve me in sloving your problems. (3) include or affect 牽涉，涉及 eg: The strike involved many people. Paragraph 3 The social customs and habits of the Englishspeaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it. (1) (1)contribute to sth. increase sth； add to sth. eg: Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的著作有助于我們對這個困難問題的理解 (2) (2)have difficulty in doing sth. (3) (3)Translation: 講英語民族者的社會風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣增加了外國人學(xué)習(xí)英語的難度 Paragraph 4 A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English 【 attributive clause】 because 【 adverbial clause of reason】 Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history. Translation: 學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人要做到這一點比其他非英語國家的西方人要困難的多，因 為漢字和英語這種拼音文字毫無共同之處，并且中國和西方世界在近代史上很 少接觸。 (1)other than (but except ) 除了 eg: There is nobody here other than me. You cant get there other than by swimming. (2)(have) in common (with) 與 有共同之處 eg: Their views have much in common with mine. They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. (3)have contact with sb make contact with sb. eg. They made contact with headquaters by radio. Paragraph 5 Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with the native speakers. Translation: 學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人只有增加不同文化價值觀之間的理解和寬容才能達(dá)到與英 語母語者交流的目的 . only 所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或從句放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝。 eg: Only then did he realized that he was wrong. Only in this way can you improve your English quickly. TEXT B Language Points Paragraph 2 Some linguists think that 【 objective clause】 objective clausechildren are born with an ability to learn and use a language.This does not mean that【 objective clause】 they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that【 objective clause】 , along with other things, they are born with the ability to know their native language. Translation: 一些語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為兒童生來就 具有學(xué)習(xí)和使用語言的能力。這并不是指一個 人的母語是與生俱來的；而是指一個人生來具有學(xué)習(xí)母語的能力，這種能力 與人在其他方面表現(xiàn)出來的能力是相同的。 (1)be born with 與生俱來 eg: Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction. (2)come into the world with a cry 呱呱墜地 (3)along with 與 一道，連同，一起 eg: She came to dinner along with her best friends. Along with the letters there are answers written by people who know how to solve the problems. Paragraph 3 This linguists do not think that【 objective clause】 parents teach their children in the same way that 【 attributive clause】 adults are taught a second language. (1)否定轉(zhuǎn)移 否定 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時，如果主句的謂語詞是表示 “相信 ”、 “臆測 ”等心理活動的詞 believe, expect, think, imagine,suppose 時，則要否定主句而非從句 . eg: We dont suppose that he has told the truth. (2)a 的用法 (another,once more) 并非表示順序 . Paragraph 5 1. 1.If they knew 【 objective clause】 how children learn their native language, they would have 【 subjunctive mood】 an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. Translation: 如果他們知道兒童如何學(xué)習(xí)母語，這可能有助于教兒童甚至成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二 語言 (1)與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣 eg: If I were you, I would do it in a different way. (2)as well as = not only but also 不但 而且 eg. He can speak English as well as Spanish 他不僅會說英語而且會說西班牙語 . 2. 2.Some foreign language teachers believe that【 objective clause】 adults learn a second language the same way 【 attributive clause】 children learn their native language.These teachers try to make their students learning similar to that 【 = learning】 of children. Translation: 有些外語教師認(rèn)為成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的過程和兒童學(xué)習(xí)母語的過程是相同 的。這部分外語教師模仿兒童學(xué)習(xí)語言的過程組織教學(xué) Paragraph 6 The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that【 attributive clause】 they have learned and the words that【 attributive clause】 they know. (1)encourage sb to do sth. give support to sb eg. We encourage her to lose weight. 我們鼓勵她減肥。 (2)make up 編造 eg: I made up a story to tell the children. Paragraph 7 pick up 的意義和用法： 拿起 ，拾起 eg. He went down and pick up a tenyuan note. (非正規(guī)地）學(xué)會 eg. Where did you pick up your technic skill? 搭載，搭救 eg. I pick up an old woman on my way to street. 加速，上升， 好起來 eg. She is picking up wonderful sinc she came out of the hospital. Lesson 2 Text A Language Points Paragraph1 1. 1.I was born and raised in Hong Kong. be born and raised in.在 .土生土長 *翻譯 : 我是土生土長的香港人。 Eg. Tom was born and raised in Australia. 2. For the past six years, Ive been living in the United States. (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 ) 過去的六年來，我一直生活在美國。 have/has been doing sth. (1) 表示從過去某個時間開始一直延續(xù)到說時還在進(jìn) 行，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。經(jīng)常與 “for+段時間 ”或 “since+點時間 (也可以是從句 )”的時間狀語連用。例如： I have been waiting for a letter from my parents. 我一直在等我父母的來信。 It has been raining for three hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了三個小時了。 We have been studying here since 2004. 自 從 2004 年以來，我們一直在這里學(xué)習(xí)。 (2) 表示從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時刻，動作 可能剛剛結(jié)束。例如： She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在掃大街，她太累了。 We have been waiting for you for two hours. We dont want to wait any longer. 我 們已經(jīng)等你兩個小時了，不想再等了。 Paragraph 2 It was the first time Id gone back there since coming to the United States. (It was the first/ secondtime (that)+ 過去完成時 ) It is the first/ secondtime (that)+ 現(xiàn)在完成時 eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game. It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance. It is the first time that he has lost a game. It is the first time that he has gone abroad. 對比復(fù)習(xí)： It is (high) time sb. did sth. 該做 了（虛擬語氣） eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 該喂狗了。 It is time I went to school. 該去上學(xué)了。 Paragraph 3 The houses on the street where I used to live（定語從句） had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 1. where I used to live 是定語從句修飾先行詞 the street，句子的主干是 The houses had been torn down and replaced. 2. used to do sth. （過去常常做 ） / be used to doing sth. （習(xí)慣了做 ） 比較下面幾個句子： eg. I used to get up at 5 oclock. 我過去常常 5 點起床。 I am used to getting up at 5 oclock. 5 點鐘就起床，我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。 Why are you so bad-tempered? You didnt use to be like this? 你現(xiàn)在脾氣怎么這么壞？你過去可不是這個樣子。 Are you used to eating the western food? 你習(xí)慣吃西餐了 嗎？ Paragraph 4 The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents home. （定語從句 ） 1. physical 此處的意思是 “外觀上的 ”。 physical changes 外觀上的變化。 2. nothing compared to 與 比起來不算什么 eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 與我受到的傷害比起來，錢并不算什么。 1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents home 是定語從句，修飾先行詞 confusion and hurt。 主句是： The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt. Paragraph 5 You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 1. 1.concern vt. 關(guān)系到，與 有關(guān) eg. The news concerns your sister. This matter concerns all of us. vt. 使 擔(dān)心，使 關(guān)心 eg. The boys poor health concerned his parents. n. 關(guān)懷，關(guān)心（的事情） eg. He didnt show much concern about it. His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father. 固定搭配： be concerned with 與 有關(guān) eg. Her job is concerned with computer. be concerned about 關(guān)心 eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. as(so) far asis concerned 就 來說 /而言 eg. So far as Im concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排會更讓人滿意。 2. 2.of+抽象名詞：作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，例如 of importance/ value/ use eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告訴你的是一些重要的事情。 His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的實際價值。 Paragraph 7 They dont take a silent back seat during a discussion. back seat 是指汽車的后座，即不處于開車的位置。此處指處于靠后的、不起作用的地位。 Paragraph 8 I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【 that made me feel （ that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（賓語從句） 】（定語從句） 1. as 的意思是 “隨著 ” ，引導(dǎo)狀語從句。 2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由 that（第一個）引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞 things；定語從句中又包含一個由 that（第二個）引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 Paragraph 9 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分詞作主語） didnt lessen the confusion and pain. 1. 1.cut short by 縮短了多長時間（或提前多長時間） cut short to 縮短到多長時間 對比： cut my visit short by four days 訪問縮短了 4 天（提前 4 天結(jié)束訪問） cut my visit short to fur days 訪問縮短到 4 天 2. 2.coming back here 是分詞作主語 eg. Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。 Only punishing him cant solve any problem.只懲罰他并不能解決任何問題。 10. Im caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定語從句） and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定語從句） 1. 此句的主干是： Im caught between the old world and the new world. 2. where I no longer belong 是定語從句，修飾先行詞 the old world； which has not yet accepted me 也是定語從句，修飾先行詞 the new world. （ 注意 ：兩個定語從句中關(guān)系詞的不同， where在定語從句中作狀語， which 在定語從句中作主語）。 Text B Language Points Paragraph 1 Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（現(xiàn)在分詞完成形式作狀語）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. 翻譯： 已經(jīng)上過我的跨文化交際課程，他請我?guī)退麥亓?xí)一下他可能遇到的一些文化差異。 having attended my course in Intercultural Communications 是動詞現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，在句中作狀語，因為 attend 發(fā)生在 consult 之前，所以用完成時。（ 注意： 分詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)和主句的主語一致，此句中，主語都是 he。如果不一致，分詞應(yīng)帶有自己的主語。） eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train. （ 解釋以上兩個句子主語不一致情況 ） Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday. Paragraph 2 He arrived expectant and happy（作補語） and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy 是形容詞短語，在句中作主語 he 的補語。英語中， 這樣一類動詞，它們一方 面本身保留實意動詞的含義，另一方面需要接形容詞或名詞作主語的補語，來說明主語的情況。例如： Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.) He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.) She married young and felt