第六講：詞義 的引申、褒貶與增補(bǔ).ppt

1、2020/7/30,1,第六講：詞義引申、褒貶與增補(bǔ),2020/7/30,2,目錄,一、詞語(yǔ)的引申和褒貶 抽象化引申 2 具體化引申 3 詞義的褒貶 二、詞語(yǔ)的增加 1 詞義增詞 2 結(jié)構(gòu)增詞 3 篇章增詞 4 知識(shí)增詞 5 其他增加 Exercises and Assignments,2020/7/30,3,詞義引申、褒貶與增補(bǔ),在翻譯時(shí)往往遇到這樣的情況：有些詞按其字面意義來(lái)翻譯，或不能確切表達(dá)原文意思，或譯文生硬晦澀，引起誤解。因此在翻譯中有的詞語(yǔ)需要在其所具有的基本詞義的基礎(chǔ)上加以引申，選擇比較恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)；有的則需要增補(bǔ)詞語(yǔ)才能使譯文流暢。,2020/7/30,4,1 詞語(yǔ)的引申

2、,1.1 抽象化引申 英語(yǔ)中有不少比喻形象性的說(shuō)法，或由于漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的比喻形象，或由于翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)難以理解，往往需要通過(guò)抽象化，加以引申，用籠統(tǒng)的說(shuō)法來(lái)表達(dá)，才能把原意較貼切地翻譯出來(lái)。,2020/7/30,5,將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的屬性的詞,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝國(guó)主義者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。 2) Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜和苦。,2020/7/30,6,將帶有特征

3、性形象的詞譯為該形象所代表的概念的詞,1) In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930. 事實(shí)上，在整個(gè)二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的沖鋒隊(duì)員就耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)力。,2020/7/30,7,2) See-sawing between partly good and fain

4、tly ominous ,the news for the next four weekswas never distinct. 在那以后的四個(gè)星期內(nèi)，消息時(shí)而部分有所好轉(zhuǎn)，時(shí)而又有點(diǎn)不妙，兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)，一直沒(méi)有明朗化。,2020/7/30,8,More Examples,1）He organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked. 各種權(quán)利機(jī)

5、構(gòu)，可能是好意，為了自己的既得利益而設(shè)法保證社會(huì)不出現(xiàn)激烈的動(dòng)蕩。,2020/7/30,9,2）. . which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt. 寫出的文章走不痛不癢的，不觸及到問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)，雖然也裝模作樣地搞些辯論和調(diào)查。,2020/7/30,10,3）For some，the expense of an awayfromhome college educatio

6、n has become so excessive1y great that many students now attend loca1 schools.） Even after graduation, young peop1e find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs. 甚至大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，年青人發(fā)現(xiàn)，曲于房租猛漲，他們想搬出去住，但翅膀硬不起來(lái)。,2020/7/30,11,4）In country after country， talk of nonsmokers right is in the air.（Whi1e a m

7、ajority of countries have taken little or not action yet， some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.） 不吸煙者的權(quán)利問(wèn)題在一個(gè)又一個(gè)國(guó)家里議論開(kāi)了。,2020/7/30,12,5）(A sizable number of scholars and practitioners of Presidential power still believe that） the fau1t lies not in the office but in th

8、e men who have 1ately he1d it. 問(wèn)題不在總統(tǒng)的職位，而在于近些年來(lái)在這個(gè)職位上的人。,2020/7/30,13,Conclusion,在翻譯中，如碰到某一詞組的字面意思和上下文意思不合，有矛盾，應(yīng)該有所警惕了，應(yīng)查詞典確認(rèn)，若在考試中，就要根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)。,2020/7/30,14,2 具體化引申,英語(yǔ)中有不少抽象的表達(dá)，難于翻譯成漢語(yǔ)，或翻譯出來(lái)，譯文晦澀費(fèi)解。這時(shí)，如果能具體化一些，也可譯得比較通順。,2020/7/30,15,2.1 英語(yǔ)中也有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來(lái)表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可作具體化引申,2020/7/30,16,1) As th

9、e Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in thePresidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 在政治局向勃列日涅夫開(kāi)放綠燈時(shí)， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開(kāi)會(huì)，準(zhǔn)備承受限制戰(zhàn)略武器會(huì)談失敗的挫折。,2020/7/30,17,2) Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as f

10、oreign policyconsultant. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門磚。他擔(dān)任政府的對(duì)外政策顧問(wèn)，那是第三次了。,2020/7/30,18,2.2 英語(yǔ)中有些詞在特定的上下文中，其含義是清楚的，但譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)還必須作具體化的引申，否則就不夠清楚。,2020/7/30,19,1) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前頭的那輛車停住了，我錯(cuò)過(guò)了綠燈。 2) Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The wa

11、lls ofanti-Semitism were closing in.猶太人的鋪?zhàn)雨P(guān)閉了。卐字旗取代了六角星旗。反猶太主義的包圍圈一天緊似一天。,2020/7/30,20,More Examples,1） People farther down the line complained less or not at a11，even though they had been equally penalized by losing a place. 在隊(duì)伍后邊的人則較少或根本不抱怨，盡管他們前邊插了一個(gè)人也同樣吃虧了。,2020/7/30,21,2） Fifty-four department

12、stores in New York featured Rockefeller headquarters where literature was passed out to 1ady shoppers. 紐約有54家百貨公司起了克洛非勒總部的作用，它們向女顧客散發(fā)宣傳品,2020/7/30,22,3）. . to the visiting politicians he is the provider of free board and lodging and an introduction and shopping service. 對(duì)來(lái)訪的政界人士來(lái)說(shuō)，他得免費(fèi)提供食宿，幫忙引見(jiàn)當(dāng)?shù)厝耸浚?/p>

13、代為采購(gòu)商品。,2020/7/30,23,4）I say this because of the bleak consensus ，a1beit only among some in the West， about the future. 我之所以這樣說(shuō)，是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)人類前途都是抱著悲觀的態(tài)度，雖然這僅僅是一些西方人士的看法。,2020/7/30,24,5） But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? 你的襯衣洗得干干凈凈、熨得平平整整，你可

14、曾跟洗衣店主說(shuō)過(guò)一句表示滿意的話？,2020/7/30,25,3 詞義的褒貶,語(yǔ)言本身雖沒(méi)有階級(jí)性，但在具體使用時(shí)不可能不為一定的階級(jí)服務(wù)。為了忠實(shí)于原文的思想內(nèi)容，翻譯時(shí)必須正確理解原作者的基本政治立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)，然后選用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言手段來(lái)加以表達(dá)。原文中有些詞本身就表示褒貶意義，就應(yīng)該把褒貶意義相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來(lái)；但也有些詞語(yǔ)孤立起來(lái)看似乎是中性的，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)就要根據(jù)上下文恰如其分地把它們的褒義或貶義表達(dá)出來(lái)。,2020/7/30,26,3.1 英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義，漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來(lái),1)He was a man of high renown (fame).他是位有名望的人。（褒）

15、2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death .他作為流氓的惡名是他死后才傳開(kāi)的。（貶）,2020/7/30,27,3)The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他們進(jìn)行的事業(yè)是值得贊揚(yáng)的。（褒） 4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利總是吹噓說(shuō)他曾同總統(tǒng)談過(guò)話。（貶）,2020/7/30,28,5) “He was polite and always gave advice willin

16、gly,” she recalled. 她回憶說(shuō)，“他彬彬有禮，總是誨人不倦。”（褒） 6) We were shocked by his coarse manners. 我們對(duì)他的粗暴態(tài)度感到震驚。（貶）,2020/7/30,29,3.2 英語(yǔ)中有些詞義是中立的，本身不表示褒義或貶義，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒貶的意味，漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)該用具有褒貶意味的相應(yīng)的詞來(lái)表達(dá),2020/7/30,30,1 ) 需要用褒義的詞來(lái)表達(dá),1) Once early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Ang

17、eles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驅(qū)車從克利門蒂沿圣地亞哥公路去洛杉機(jī)，途中請(qǐng)他談他的希望和抱負(fù)。,2020/7/30,31,2) The two politicians talked for no more than minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 兩位政治家交談了僅僅五分鐘。這次談話是在他們一生事業(yè)的重大時(shí)刻進(jìn)行的。,2020/7/30,32,2) 需要用貶義的詞來(lái)表達(dá),1) He was a man of int

18、egrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一個(gè)正直誠(chéng)實(shí)的人，但不幸有某種壞名聲。我相信他這個(gè)壞名聲是不該有的。,2020/7/30,33,2) Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey, the Russians arrested me as a spy“ and sent me out through Poland. (A. L. Strong)

19、后來(lái)，就在那些可能為我安排旅行的中國(guó)朋友剛剛到達(dá)的時(shí)侯，俄國(guó)人把我當(dāng)作“間諜”而逮捕了我，并把我驅(qū)逐出境，取道波蘭。,2020/7/30,34,3) He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺騙了我，是我成了他進(jìn)行罪惡勾當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ摺?4) As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是個(gè)苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對(duì)他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁 5) Those who do not remember th

20、e past are condemned to relive it . 凡是忘掉過(guò)去的人注定要重蹈覆轍。,2020/7/30,35,二、詞語(yǔ)的增加,增詞是指在翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系增添原文中沒(méi)出現(xiàn)但實(shí)際內(nèi)容已經(jīng)包含的詞，從而更忠實(shí)和通順地表達(dá)原文意思。,2020/7/30,36,1 詞義增詞 A增添范疇詞,英語(yǔ)中大量使用抽象名詞， 翻譯時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文添加“情緒”、“狀態(tài)”、“行為”等范疇詞， heighten the tension（加劇了緊張局 serious unemployment（嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象）， in case of emergency（萬(wàn)一發(fā)生緊急情況）。,2020/7/30

21、,37,Examples,1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco. 一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后，飛機(jī)就飛越美國(guó)去舊金山。 2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 一九流九年夏天，政府公開(kāi)緩和與中國(guó)的緊張關(guān)系。 3) Profanity was tacitly given up. 褻瀆神靈的粗話全都心照不宣地不用了。,2

22、020/7/30,38,4）However, even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more aff1uent and better educated can expect. 然而，即使在今天，貧窮的、沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的黑人也并非總能得到富裕、受過(guò)良好教育的人可以得到的同等的公正待遇。 5） He stressed the growing concern of the United States over the increasing politic

23、al instability in the Middle East region. 他強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)越來(lái)越擔(dān)心中東地區(qū)日益加劇的不穩(wěn)定的政治局面。,2020/7/30,39,6) Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research. 與此同時(shí)，各學(xué)校正采取措施糾正教學(xué)與科研不平衡的狀態(tài)。 7）We have winked at these irregularities too long， from now on they will hav

24、e to stop. 我們對(duì)這些不法活動(dòng)寬容太久了，從現(xiàn)在起再也不容許這樣下去了。,2020/7/30,40,B增添隱含主語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)抽象名詞用法簡(jiǎn)練，單個(gè)抽象名詞往往內(nèi)含一個(gè)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，隱含了施動(dòng)者或作用者。翻譯時(shí)要把隱含內(nèi)容增添出來(lái)。,2020/7/30,41,Examples,1) Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realization of the advantages of these small p1astic cards. 然而，廣告公司的宣傳活動(dòng)，讓越來(lái)越多的人相信這種小塑料卡的好處。,2020

25、/7/30,42,2) The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth， a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspiration. 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展時(shí)代所要引向的未來(lái)是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展永不停止的時(shí)代，是一個(gè)物質(zhì)不斷豐富，人的愿望永不滿足的世界。,2020/7/30,43,3）There is more agreement on t

26、he kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 對(duì)這個(gè)詞所指的有那些行為人們意見(jiàn)比較一致，而對(duì)逮些行為如何解釋和分類人們的看法就不一致了。,2020/7/30,44,4） Naples is far dirtier， and so are Bombay and countless other cities， but a tolerance for dirt seems to grow where fondness exists 那不勒斯更臟，孟買和共

27、他無(wú)數(shù)城市同樣如此。但是人們似乎越來(lái)越能夠容忍骯臟，而人們對(duì)這些城市的感情依舊。,2020/7/30,45,C增添復(fù)數(shù)意義,1) 增加重疊詞表示復(fù)數(shù), 這樣做還可以提高修辭效果。,2020/7/30,46,Examples,1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鮮花開(kāi)滿了庭院。 2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 記者紛紛飛到墨西哥去了。 3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子都是他從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)的。,2020/7/30,47

28、,2) 增加數(shù)詞或其它詞表示復(fù)數(shù),1) The lion is the king of animals. 獅是百獸之王。 2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 連大地都震動(dòng)了，仿佛萬(wàn)馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。,2020/7/30,48,3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里開(kāi)始蔚藍(lán)色的長(zhǎng)影。 4) Most were absorbed into the Russ

29、ian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars. 大部分是在歷代沙皇統(tǒng)治下，通過(guò)殖民擴(kuò)張而并入俄羅斯帝國(guó)的。,2020/7/30,49,3) 名詞，尤其是抽象名詞，當(dāng)構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)后，往往具有一定的具體數(shù)量意義，在翻譯時(shí)，要注意把這種復(fù)數(shù)意思譯出。,2020/7/30,50,Examples,1）Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. First

30、of all， we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our nationa1 ailments， examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs. 在重新執(zhí)政后極短的時(shí)間里，本屆政府就采取了許多措施來(lái)穩(wěn)定局勢(shì)。首先我們致力于找出國(guó)內(nèi)種種弊病的根本原因，仔細(xì)研究當(dāng)時(shí)的癥狀，而不是墨守過(guò)時(shí)的成規(guī)教條。,2020/7/30,51,2) Smoking is harmful to the healt

31、h of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. 吸煙有害于健康。世界各國(guó)政府應(yīng)該開(kāi)展認(rèn)真的反吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)。,2020/7/30,52,3） You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides 你幾乎可以把這一點(diǎn)看成首都的一種傾向：歷屆總統(tǒng)經(jīng)常請(qǐng)他們的助手們提出“直率的批評(píng)”。 4） However，des

32、pite Kennedys assurances, the story started to leak. 但是，盡管肯尼迪反復(fù)保證，事情還是泄露出來(lái)。,2020/7/30,53,2 結(jié)構(gòu)增詞,英語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)相同語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)平行排列時(shí)，后面的幾個(gè)往往會(huì)省掉前面提到過(guò)的成分：形成語(yǔ)法省略。在翻譯時(shí)，要注意識(shí)別，把省略的東西補(bǔ)出。,2020/7/30,54,Examples,1) Reading makes a full man; conference () a ready man; writing () an exact man. 讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。 2) An Eagle and

33、 a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle () at the summit of a high tree, the Fox () in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鷹和一只狐貍長(zhǎng)期友好地住在一起，鷹住在一棵高高的樹(shù)頂上，狐貍住在樹(shù)下一個(gè)洞里。,2020/7/30,55,3) We dont retreat, we never have () and never will (). 我們不后退，我們從沒(méi)有后退過(guò)，將來(lái)也決 不后退。 4) “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No,

34、I believed that too. But I dont () now. ” “不！”杰西跳起來(lái)了。“不，過(guò)去我也是相信的?？墒乾F(xiàn)在，我不相信了?！?5) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (). 他記得這件事，他的妻子早就記起了。,2020/7/30,56,6) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人們?cè)敢夥趟?，就象他們?cè)敢夥趟麄兊呐魅艘粯印?7) Better be wise by the defeat of oth

35、ers than by your own. 從別人的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)更好。,2020/7/30,57,8）And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us，a little further every day， and our confidence with it 于是，我們就讓那些振奮人心的新知識(shí)從我們身旁悄悄溜走，一天一天地失去，而我們的信心也隨之而逐漸喪失。 9） Until these issues are resolved， a technology of behavior will continue t

36、o be rejected，and with it possib1y the on1y way to solve our problems. 這樣問(wèn)題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，而解決問(wèn)題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。,2020/7/30,58,10） Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind 每個(gè)人都對(duì)他所屬的社會(huì)負(fù)有責(zé)任，通過(guò)社會(huì)，對(duì)人類負(fù)有責(zé)任。 11）When the media add interpretatio

37、n and analys1s，as they must to do their job fu11y， strong dislike of the messengers may become intense. 當(dāng)媒體加進(jìn)了自己的解釋和分析后（因?yàn)樗麄儽仨氝@這樣干，才能充分發(fā)揮媒體的作用），人們對(duì)他們就更反感了。,2020/7/30,59,3 篇章增詞,英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)練。在上下文篇章清楚的情況下，往往運(yùn)用省略。翻譯時(shí)要把原文句子里因上下文清楚而省掉的東西通過(guò)增詞表達(dá)出來(lái)。,2020/7/30,60,1） We attacked restrictive practices wherever they

38、 existed. 哪里存在阻礙生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的做法，我們就在哪里加以反對(duì)。 2）(Redlight running has always been ranked as a minor wrong， and so it may be in individual instances.） When the violation becomes habitual， widespread and incessant， however，a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. 然而，違反交通規(guī)則一旦形成習(xí)慣，咸為普遍經(jīng)常發(fā)

39、生的事情，則問(wèn)題就遠(yuǎn)非走交通管理那么簡(jiǎn)單了。,2020/7/30,61,3）（Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.） Stable family life was difficult to maintain. Unemployed fathers would on occasion wa1k out of their homes and never return. 黑人的家庭生活難以保持穩(wěn)定，失了業(yè)的父親有時(shí)會(huì)離家出走，一去不回。,2020/7/30,62,4）

40、（In the late 197Os， nearly a third of a1l blacks sti11 belonged to the socalled “underclass”，） Americans of all races so “underprivi1eged and poor that they cannot seize the opportunity for advancement. 即美國(guó)所有種族中“被剝奪基本權(quán)利”的窮人，他們得不到改善生活的機(jī)會(huì)。 5） I discovered that more than desire and feeling were necessa

41、ry to write and I dropped the idea. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)，要寫作，只有愿望和感情是不夠的，于是我放棄了寫作的念頭。,2020/7/30,63,4 知識(shí)增詞,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)文章多數(shù)是寫給英語(yǔ)世界的讀者看的，因此一些屬于基本常識(shí)的東西就省略了，翻譯時(shí)則要通過(guò)加詞表達(dá)出來(lái)，才能使讀者理解。,2020/7/30,64,Examples,1） North America was the most favorable fie1d on the globe for the spread of a society so large，uniform，and isolated as to answ

42、er the purposes of science. 北美是全球最適宜這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)發(fā)展的地方，這個(gè)社會(huì)地大物博，統(tǒng)一而又與歐洲大陸隔離，可以適合科學(xué)研究的各種需要。 2）There is still prejudice and even some hatred，but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before 對(duì)黑人的偏見(jiàn)，甚至于是某些仇視依然存在，但是在美國(guó)大多數(shù)行業(yè)，今天黑人的人數(shù)比以往任何時(shí)候都要多。,2020/7/30,65,3） Although no 1onger slave

43、s after the Civi1 war, American blacks took no significant part in the life of white America except as servants and laborers. 美國(guó)黑人雖然在南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后不再是奴隸，但是他們?cè)诎兹私y(tǒng)治的美國(guó)社會(huì)生活中依然無(wú)足輕重，只不過(guò)當(dāng)仆傭和勞工而已。 4） Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an ear1y invasion of Europe. 丘吉爾到達(dá)華盛頓來(lái)勸說(shuō)羅斯福不要過(guò)早在毆洲開(kāi)辟第二戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。,

44、2020/7/30,66,5） When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag， or attend parades celebrating Americas glorious past， tears may come to their eyes. 在典禮上，美國(guó)人看到國(guó)旗，或者參加慶祝紀(jì)念活動(dòng)的游行時(shí)，他們也會(huì)熱汨盈眶。,2020/7/30,67,5 其他增加,5.1增加概括詞 英語(yǔ)中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻譯時(shí)可以分別譯為“總之”、“等等”。當(dāng)有時(shí)候英語(yǔ)句子中并沒(méi)有概括詞，而翻譯時(shí)卻往往可增加“兩人”、“雙方”、

45、“等等”、“凡此種種”等等概括詞，同時(shí)省略掉英語(yǔ)中的連接詞。,2020/7/30,68,Examples You and I 你我倆人 The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France 蘇、美、英、法四國(guó) militarily, politically and economically 軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等各方面,2020/7/30,69,1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日雙方在完全保密的情況下

46、互相交換了信件。 2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens. 它十分清晰，從中可以看出街道、工廠、一條蜿蜒的河流以及碼頭、潛艇修藏塢等。 3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 論文總結(jié)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭三方面的新成就。,2020/7/30,

47、70,5.2 增加形容詞 1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism. 中國(guó)人民正在以多么高的熱情建設(shè)社會(huì)主義?。?2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke. （敵人的）飛機(jī)在下面螺旋下降，拖著濃煙烈焰掉了下去。 3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！（Mark Twain） 啊，湯姆康第，生在破爛、骯臟和苦難中，現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么煊赫?。?202

48、0/7/30,71,5.3 增加副詞,根據(jù)原文的上下文，有些動(dòng)詞在一定場(chǎng)合可增加適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~，才能確切表達(dá)愿意。 1）The crowds melted away。 人群漸漸散開(kāi)了。 2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。 他一坐下來(lái)就開(kāi)始了，滔滔不決地講個(gè)不完。 3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands 屈里曼兩手蒙著臉，一屁股做了下去。,2020/7/30,72,5.4 增加表示時(shí)態(tài)的詞,1）I had known two great social systems. 那時(shí)

49、以前，我就經(jīng)歷過(guò)過(guò)大社會(huì)制度。 2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原來(lái)老頭兒已教會(huì)了孩子捕魚， 所以孩子很愛(ài)他。 3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 以往我從未想過(guò)，當(dāng)我發(fā)覺(jué)人們認(rèn)為我無(wú)足輕重時(shí)，我會(huì)感到高興。但這次情況確實(shí)如此。,2020/7/30,73,4 )The old man said，“They say his father

50、was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are。 老頭兒說(shuō)：“從前他爸爸是個(gè)打魚的。他過(guò)去也許和我們現(xiàn)在一樣窮?！?5) I was, and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。 我的獲釋是他成全的，對(duì)此我過(guò)去很感激，現(xiàn)在仍然很感激。 6）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。 該高空飛機(jī)過(guò)去是現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的飛機(jī)。,2020/7/30,74,5.5 增加語(yǔ)氣助詞,漢語(yǔ)中有許多語(yǔ)氣助詞，如“

51、的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“嗎”、“啦”、“了”、“罷了”、“而已”等等。不同的語(yǔ)氣助詞可以發(fā)生不同的作用，英譯漢時(shí)細(xì)心體會(huì)原文，增加一些漢語(yǔ)所特有的語(yǔ)氣詞，可以更好地表達(dá)愿作的意義和修辭色彩。,2020/7/30,75,1）Don t take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要認(rèn)真嘛！我不過(guò)開(kāi)開(kāi)玩笑罷了。 2) As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning. 我呢，從一開(kāi)始就不贊成。 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as

52、the sea, cheerful and undefeated. 那雙眼啊，像海水一樣的顏色，愉快，毫不沮喪。,2020/7/30,76,4 ) He described it (Latvia)-its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism-with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love ones motherland. 他描繪它（拉脫維亞 ）的風(fēng)土人情森林啦、小村莊啦、人民啦、人民的強(qiáng)烈民族主義啦等等，只有深深熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)的人才能說(shuō)得

53、如此娓娓動(dòng)聽(tīng)，滔滔不絕。 5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this. 完全有可能眼下正在想辦法使我獲釋，只不過(guò)需要時(shí)間而已。,2020/7/30,77,5.6 增加量詞,1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake. 一輪紅日從風(fēng)平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。 2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon. 一鉤新月漸漸隱沒(méi)在

54、朦朧的云彩里去了。 3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river. 一彎溪水蜿蜒流過(guò)山谷，匯合到江里去了。 4）November26 ：“Started trying to read a Russian story. Constant use of dictionary and many questions.” 十一月二十六日：“開(kāi)始試讀一篇俄國(guó)短篇小說(shuō)。詞典不離手，問(wèn)題一大堆。”,2020/7/30,78,5.7 增補(bǔ)原文含蓄條件句中的省略部分,1) We didnt admit it (escape) wa

55、s impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes. 我們認(rèn)為越獄不是不可能的。如果認(rèn)為不可能，那就等于把我 們僅存的一點(diǎn)希望也放棄了。 2) In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Khrushchev would have had far more to gain than lose. 假如赫魯曉夫已同意維持現(xiàn)狀，對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)就會(huì)是得多失少。 3) At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt

56、 that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. 肯尼迪遇刺時(shí)，基辛格認(rèn)為，如果肯尼再任一屆總統(tǒng)的話，大概 不是立大功，就是闖大禍。,2020/7/30,79,Exercise and Assignment,It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood p

57、residential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nations economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly

58、financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in proj

59、ecting a broad vision of America a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. (Brand 8 E-C 1996),2020/7/30,80,Answer,這應(yīng)該不是件難事。這都是些跟著里根多年、久經(jīng)沙場(chǎng)的老將，他們跟共和黨則有更深厚的淵源，是這個(gè)國(guó)家里最熟悉總統(tǒng)政治的人。競(jìng)選的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美國(guó)上下一片和平，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)這一競(jìng)選要素也在經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的衰退之后開(kāi)始強(qiáng)勁反彈。此外，這次競(jìng)選本身得到了慷慨資助，因此有充裕的資用于組織一流的競(jìng)選班子、支付巡回演講和電視廣告的費(fèi)用。而最重要的一點(diǎn)是，他們的候選人是羅納德里根，他可是位極具個(gè)人魅力和溝通技巧的總統(tǒng)。自約翰F肯尼迪總統(tǒng)以來(lái)，里根是最成功地