中西方翻譯理論匯總

1、TRANSLATION APPRECIATION,Brief Introduction,Contemporary： 嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅 傅雷：神似論 錢鐘書：化境論 魯迅：寧信而不順-目的：引入英文句式的表達(dá)法 梁實(shí)秋、趙景深：寧錯(cuò)務(wù)順-目的：可讀性強(qiáng)，便于交流 瞿秋白：信順統(tǒng)一 林語堂：忠實(shí)、通順、美 許淵沖：優(yōu)勢競賽論 辜正坤：多元互補(bǔ)論,TRANSLATION THEORIES IN CHINA,Ancient: 三國支謙的“因循本旨，不加文飾” 東晉釋道安的“五失本三不易” 六朝鳩摩羅什的“依實(shí)出華” 隋代彥琮提出“八備說” 唐朝玄奘的“五不翻”,所謂“五失本”，通俗地說就是，將原典翻譯

2、為漢語時(shí)，有五種情況易于失去原本的面貌(不僅僅是“失去原意)：（1）胡語和漢語的語序或語言結(jié)構(gòu)不同，翻譯時(shí)要改變原文語序采用漢語語序，因而譯文失去了原典的語法結(jié)構(gòu)特征。(2)原典的語言本是質(zhì)樸無華，而中國人一向喜好文飾，所以漢譯時(shí)會(huì)因修飾而失去原文語言質(zhì)樸的特點(diǎn)。(3)原典常有反覆重述的情形，翻譯時(shí)容易被隨意刪削，會(huì)失去原典的文本特點(diǎn)。(4)原典經(jīng)文中，常附有解釋說明性的文字，漢譯時(shí)若被任意刪除，同樣會(huì)失去原典的文本特征。(5)佛經(jīng)有自己獨(dú)特的語體，它在說完一事再接敘它事之時(shí)，常有重述前文的情形，漢譯時(shí)多省略重覆的部分，所以會(huì)失去原文的語體特征。 所謂“三不易”，即譯經(jīng)的時(shí)候有三種不容易的情況

3、：（1）佛經(jīng)是依當(dāng)時(shí)的情況而說的，而今時(shí)俗全然不同，要使經(jīng)文變?yōu)榻袢丝勺x可懂的文章，不容易。(2)千年以上的圣賢所說的微言大義，要傳達(dá)給百世以下的今世凡夫所理解，不容易。(3)佛經(jīng)是距佛世不久由大迦葉、阿難等具足神通的大阿羅漢結(jié)集而成，現(xiàn)在要由千年后的凡夫俗子來傳譯，不容易。”,所謂“五不翻”，即五種不意譯而是用音譯的情形： 1、秘密故不翻。具有神秘色彩的詞語應(yīng)該不翻。如六字真言“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”意為“哦!蓮花里的珠寶”。不照字面意義翻譯出來，保持了佛語的神秘和莊重。 2、含多義故不翻。如梵語“薄伽梵”一詞具有六種意義：“自在、熾盛、端嚴(yán)、名稱、吉祥、尊貴”，這些詞無法找到等同的中文詞. 3、無

4、此故不翻。指源語所指代的事物在目的語文化中不存在或是找不到對應(yīng)物，如“閻浮樹”。閻浮樹只產(chǎn)于印度等地， 在中國并無對應(yīng)物，因此翻譯時(shí)只能保留原音。 4、順古故不翻。對于某些詞語約定俗成的翻譯方法，應(yīng)該不做更改。 5,生善故不翻。具有特殊意義或功能的詞語也應(yīng)該采用音譯， 因?yàn)橛行┰~匯用音譯能令人產(chǎn)生尊重之念，否則容易讓人忽視。例如梵文里“般若”的意思和智慧差不多，如果我們把“般若”翻譯成“智慧”就顯得過于輕淺。,誠心愛法，志愿益人，不殫久時(shí)，其備一也； 誠心熱愛佛法，立志幫助別人，不怕費(fèi)時(shí)長久。 將踐覺場，先牢戒足，不染譏惡，其備二也； 品行端正，忠實(shí)可信，不惹旁人譏疑。 詮曉三藏，義貫兩乘，不

5、苦暗滯，其備三也； 博覽經(jīng)典，通達(dá)義旨，不存在暗昧疑難的問題。 旁涉墳史，工綴典詞，不過魯拙，其備四也； 涉獵中國經(jīng)史，兼擅文學(xué)，不要過于疏拙。 襟抱平恕，器量虛融，不好專執(zhí)，其備五也； 度量寬和，虛心求益，不可武斷固執(zhí)。 耽於道術(shù)，淡於名利，不欲官銜，其備六也； 愛道術(shù)，淡于名利，不想出風(fēng)頭。 要識(shí)梵言，乃閑正譯，不墜彼學(xué)，其備七也； 精通梵文，熟悉正確的翻譯方法，不失梵文所載的義理。 薄閱蒼雅，粗諳篆隸，不昧此文，其備八也。 兼通中國訓(xùn)詁之學(xué)，不使譯本文字欠準(zhǔn)確。,嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅 嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論（Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）的譯例言里感嘆“譯

6、事三難，信、達(dá)、雅”，此三字真言從此成為中國數(shù)代翻譯家遵從的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)也開創(chuàng)了中國現(xiàn)當(dāng)代翻譯理論的先河。就翻譯理論而言，信達(dá)雅中的“雅”字在翻譯學(xué)術(shù)界所引起的爭議最大。 他引用孔子的“言之無文，行之不遠(yuǎn)”來闡釋“雅”的重要性。他認(rèn)為不能用“近世利俗文字”，“理之精者，不能載以粗獷之詞，而情之正者，不可達(dá)以鄙倍之氣”,許淵沖：“美化之藝術(shù)、創(chuàng)優(yōu)似競賽” 烏夜啼 林花謝了春紅，太匆匆！ 無奈朝來寒雨晚來風(fēng)。 胭脂淚，留人醉，幾時(shí)重？ 自是人生常恨水常東。 TUNE：“CROWS CRYING AT NIGHT” Springs rosy color fades from forest flow

7、ers Too soon，too soon. How can they bear cold morning showers And winds at noon？ Your rouged tears like crimson rain Will keep me drink in woe. When shall we meet again？ The stream of life with endless grief will overflow.,辜正坤：多元互補(bǔ)論,翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的千年難題 絕對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即原作本身，要想絕對忠實(shí)，只有一字不譯，照搬原作； 最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即抽象標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以理論表述為最佳近似度，即譯文與

8、原文在各個(gè)層面的最佳近似程度； 具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它們各自具有特定功能而又互相補(bǔ)充。 絕對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)又是具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這樣一來，一元的絕對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與多元的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間形成強(qiáng)大的辯證張力，在理論和實(shí)踐兩個(gè)方面都成功地解決了翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的千年難題。,TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST,the pre-linguistics period of translation triad: literal faithful free Translation Studies (since the second half of the 20th centu

9、ry) James S. Holmes (霍姆斯) Van Doorslaer (道斯萊爾),TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST,meaning and equivalence Eugene A. Nida (奈達(dá)） shift Jean-Paul Vinay (維奈) media (printed, audiovisual, electronic); mode (covert/overt translation, direct/indirect translation, mother tongue/other tongue translation, pseudo

10、-translation, retranslation, self-translation, sight translation, etc.); field (political, journalistic, technical, literary, religious, scientific, commercial). Translation studies approaches (e.g. cultural approach, linguistic approach); theories (e.g. general translation theory, polysystem theory

11、); research methods (e.g. descriptive, empirical); applied translation studies (criticism, didactics, institutional environment).,Nida The key terms were first discussed by Roman Jakobson in 1959. Formal equivalence: Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and conten

12、t . . . One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. (Nida 1964a: 159) Dynamic equivalence: Dynamic, later functional, equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent effect , where t

13、he relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. (Nida 1964a: 159).,For Nida, the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent effect or response . Nida (1964a: 160) considers t

14、hat give one another a hearty handshake all round quite naturally translates the early Christian greet one another with a holy kiss .,Shift Vinay and Darbelnet The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995/2004: 12837) are direct translation and oblique translation.

15、oblique translation means shift from SL to TL. Servitude refers to obligatory transpositions and modulations due to a difference between the two language systems. Thus, a translator will normally have no choice. Option refers to non-obligatory changes that may be due to the translators own style and

16、 preferences, or to a change in emphasis. The choices of the translator intrigue the study of the translational stylistics and the cognitive process of translation,Functional theories of translation Functional theories from Germany in the 1970smove away from linguistic typologies towards culture. Re

17、iss (賴斯) stresses equivalence at text level, linking functions to text types and translation strategy. Snell-Hornby(斯內(nèi)爾霍恩比）s integrated approach to text Holz-Mnttri(赫爾茲曼塔里) s theory of translatorial action: process involving a series of players. Vermeer(弗米爾) s skopos theory: translation depends on t

18、he purpose of the TT. Nord(諾德）s translation-oriented text analysis.,Why there should only be three types of language function? E.g. Nord feels the need to add a fourth phatic function covering language that establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication. Whether t

19、ext types and genres can be differentiated on the basis of the primary function? Co-existence of functions within the same ST and the use of the same ST for a variety of purposes are common. The translation method employed depends on far more than just text type. The translators own role and purpose

20、, as well as sociocultural pressures, also affect the kind of translation strategy that is adopted.,Since the 1970s, Hallidays systemic functional grammar has come to be used in translation analysis, which includes: Houses model for the assessment of translation with Register analysis Bakers discour

21、se and pragmatic analysis for practising translators. Hatim and Masons adding of pragmatic and discourse levels to Register analysis.,Polysystem theory by Itamar Even-Zohar in 1970s. dynamic hierarchy Primary when: 1) a young literature is being established, 2) a literature is peripheral or weak, 3)

22、 there is a vacuum in the literature of the . Position and translation strategy,For Toury (1995: 13), translations occupy a position in the social and literary systems of the target culture, and this position determines the translation strategies that are employed： adequate or acceptable Shifts are inevitable, norm-governed and a true un