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1、西班牙 RiosaOlloniego煤礦瓦斯預(yù)防和治理Mara B. Daz AguadoC. Gonzlez NiciezaAbstractDepartment of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines, Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要礦井中有很多氣體影響著煤礦工作環(huán)境,在這些氣體中,甲烷是重要的,他伴隨著煤的產(chǎn) 生而存在。盡管隨著科技的發(fā)展,但我們始終無法完全消除。瓦斯氣體隨著開采深度的增加 而增多。甲烷排放量高的地方,也適用于其他采礦有關(guān)的情況,如在生產(chǎn)率和

2、它的產(chǎn)生的后 果,增加深度:在控制日益增加的甲烷量的方面有很多困難,主要是提高機(jī)械化,使用爆炸 品,而不是密切關(guān)注瓦斯控制系統(tǒng)。本文的主要目的是建立實(shí)地測(cè)量,使用一些不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的采礦控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法的一部分,并 分析了深部煤層瓦斯礦井直立的行為,以及防止發(fā)生瓦斯事故的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。最終目標(biāo)是在開 采條件的改善,提高礦井的安全性。為此,設(shè)置了兩個(gè)不同的地雷儀表進(jìn)行礦井控制和監(jiān)測(cè)。這兩個(gè)煤礦屬于 Riosa- Olloniego 煤田,在西班牙阿斯圖里亞斯中央盆地。儀器是通過 subhorizontal 能級(jí)開采的,一個(gè)約1000 米的山 Lusorio 根據(jù)實(shí)際深度覆蓋的地區(qū)。在本研究中,一個(gè)是有利于瓦

3、斯突出的易發(fā)煤(第八層),測(cè)定其氣體壓力及其變化,這 將有助于提供以前的特征以完成數(shù)據(jù),并評(píng)估第一次測(cè)量的網(wǎng)站潛在的爆發(fā)多發(fā)地區(qū)提供一 些指導(dǎo)。本文運(yùn)用一個(gè)氣體測(cè)量管設(shè)計(jì)了一套用于測(cè)量一段時(shí)間由于附近的運(yùn)作的結(jié)果,計(jì) 算低滲氣壓力以及其變化.本文建立了作品的重疊效應(yīng),但它也表明了兩個(gè)預(yù)防措施和適用功效,即高壓注水和一 個(gè)保護(hù)煤層(第七層)的開采,必須優(yōu)先開采保護(hù)層以防止瓦斯氣體的涌出。這兩項(xiàng)措施構(gòu) 成的開采順序,提高礦井安全性。因此,應(yīng)該完成系統(tǒng)的測(cè)量控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn):在8煤層瓦斯壓力 影響的其他地區(qū),要建立最合適的時(shí)刻進(jìn)行開采作業(yè)。進(jìn)一步的研究可以把重點(diǎn)放在確定的 滲透,不僅在瓦斯爆炸危險(xiǎn)區(qū),而且在

4、那些還沒有受到采礦的工作和更精細(xì)的調(diào)整過載時(shí)間 的影響范圍和礦井第7煤層和第8煤層之間的瓦斯氣體。關(guān)鍵詞:煤礦,煤層氣,氣體壓力 滲透率 瓦斯突出1.簡(jiǎn)介近年來,煤層氣體和煤礦瓦斯研究蓬勃發(fā)展。由于天然氣的生成量將繼續(xù)是某些國(guó)家的未 來幾年不斷增長(zhǎng)的行業(yè)。例如,中國(guó),其中790萬(wàn)立方米的甲烷涌出在1999年關(guān)閉(黃,2000), 估在計(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家礦區(qū)煤層氣潛力為30銩(朱,2000)。由泰勒等人的估計(jì), (1992)在美國(guó)就地天然氣約為19銩,而德國(guó)的煤層氣資源總量估計(jì)有3銩,非常相似。據(jù)波蘭文或英文資 源(世界煤炭研究所,1998年) 這使電子商務(wù)增加對(duì)煤層氣的研究開辟了新的生產(chǎn)線,也使科學(xué)界

5、加強(qiáng)對(duì)煤炭的 propertiesof 一些知識(shí)和沼氣方面有關(guān)屬性決定的氣體流量的,直到現(xiàn)在已還沒有完全得到充分的分析。其中一些參數(shù)是影響了煤炭開采危害的發(fā)生,瓦斯有可能導(dǎo)致致命的或危險(xiǎn)性事故。 現(xiàn)代采礦死亡和受傷礦工名單已逐步增加,例如在1906年3月發(fā)生了一起超過1000名人員傷亡的煤礦事故。但在西方國(guó)家的增長(zhǎng)速度卻在下降。西班牙近年來最嚴(yán)重的礦難發(fā)生在8 煤層氣。例如,1995年8月31日造成14名礦工死亡的圣尼古拉斯煤礦事故中,引起了關(guān)于煤 礦安全的廣泛研究。在第8煤層氣發(fā)生的 Nicolsmine 致命意外,導(dǎo)致不同的調(diào)查研究。如“研究項(xiàng)目中的8煤 層氣在863區(qū)“,2003年之間的

6、奧維多和 Hunosa 大學(xué)(;“研究瓦斯突出的預(yù)防“,2003年,由 安保部的 Hunosa;“科研的圣尼古拉斯和 Montsacro8煤層氣“,2004年奧維多大學(xué)之間和區(qū)域 工業(yè),商業(yè)和旅游部阿斯圖里亞斯)為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這更好的煤層氣知識(shí)及其行為,改善安全生產(chǎn) 條件和從而減少未來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。弗洛雷斯(1998)提出,有一個(gè)與瓦斯突出(煤礦安全),并 在地下礦井生產(chǎn)(排雷行動(dòng)和地雷經(jīng)濟(jì)效率)的關(guān)系。自8煤層氣是經(jīng)濟(jì),管理沒有考慮到 它結(jié)束在采礦作業(yè)的選項(xiàng)。通過第八煤層的2個(gè)開采礦山:上述圣尼古拉斯在 Abla(a Mieres)和 Montsacro,在 Riosa。此項(xiàng)研究已在這兩個(gè)礦山的地方,有

7、一個(gè)不容置疑的重要性在 orderto 履行一定的差距:以 量化的煤層氣第八煤層一些很相關(guān)的采礦危害(如煤氣壓力)未知參數(shù),提高了礦石的開采 順序,開采方法(非常相關(guān)的一個(gè)因素后,蒂勒曼等。2001年,突然爆發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)),建立了 應(yīng)用或劃定危險(xiǎn)區(qū)的防治對(duì)策一些準(zhǔn)確性。2.說明中央盆地和阿斯圖里亞斯8煤層氣iosa- Olloniego 單位的第八煤層,在阿斯圖里亞斯中央煤盆地西南(在坎塔布連山脈, IGME,1985年最大的煤盆地)位于具有煤層氣約4.81是 GM3潛力。這是大約19.8的阿斯 圖里亞斯中部盆地的資源估計(jì)數(shù)和12.8的總評(píng)估西班牙煤層氣資源(薩帕特羅等,2004)。3.84在第8

8、煤層氣煤層氣的潛力是 GM3屬于圣尼古拉斯和 Montsacro:1.08是 GM3到圣尼古 拉斯面積和2.76Gm3到 Riosa,下至-800級(jí)(IGME,2002)。煤層主要集中在威斯特伐利亞(蘇亞雷斯- Ruiz 和希門尼斯,2004年)大陸沉積物。該 Riosa- Olloniego 地質(zhì)單元的三縫系列組成:埃斯佩朗莎與總厚度350米,包含3-6為3.5至6.5 米厚煤層煤炭累積; Pudingas,這是700米厚,具有3-5為5-7米厚煤層,而卡納萊斯系列,最 重要的一個(gè)與8-12煤層,我800米厚,該款項(xiàng)高達(dá)12-15米厚。這個(gè)系列,其中包含8煤層氣, 在此學(xué)習(xí)興趣煤層氣,擁有1

9、0.26mat SanNicols 和15.13matMontsacro 總厚度(Pends 等。, 2004)。圖。 1顯示了兩個(gè)煤礦地質(zhì)圖,而圖。 2represents 兩者地雷正視圖和儀表地區(qū)的位 置。在這個(gè)特殊的研究,第八屆煤層氣位于一間993和一一七米,在低烈度區(qū) seismi 深度。 本機(jī)的可開采煤層主要集中在威斯特伐利亞(蘇亞雷斯- Ruiz 和希門尼斯,2004年)大陸沉 積物。該 Riosa- Olloniego 地質(zhì)單元的三縫系列組成:埃斯佩朗莎與總厚度350米,包含3-6 為3.5至6.5米厚煤層煤炭累積; Pudingas,這是700米厚,具有3-5為5-7米厚煤層,

10、而卡納萊斯 系列,最重要的一個(gè)與8-12煤層,我800米厚,該款項(xiàng)高達(dá)12-15米厚。這個(gè)系列,其中包含 8煤層氣,在此學(xué)習(xí)興趣煤層氣,擁有10.26mat SanNicols 和15.13matMontsacro 總厚度(Pends 等,2004)。圖。 1顯示了兩個(gè)煤礦地質(zhì)圖,而圖。 2represents 兩者地雷正視圖和 儀表地區(qū)的位置。在這個(gè)特殊的研究,第八屆煤層氣位于一間993和一一七米,在低烈度 區(qū) seismi 深度。M.B.迪亞斯阿瓜多爾岡薩雷斯 Nicieza/煤炭地質(zhì)69(2007)253-266國(guó)際雜志圖1地質(zhì)圖 以及在不同的研究報(bào)告中引用部分1:在盆地地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)煤層

11、應(yīng)力狀態(tài)及周邊圍巖和兩個(gè)含煤地層的一些性質(zhì)和煤層本身。 接下來的段落總結(jié)了本研究項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)的狀態(tài)。許多研究人員研究煤突出與地質(zhì)因素的關(guān)系。 (曹等2001年)發(fā)現(xiàn),在四個(gè)礦區(qū)進(jìn)行了 分析,改變周圍的爆發(fā)在逆斷層構(gòu)造帶發(fā)生,這將有助于突出劃定易發(fā)區(qū)。在8煤層氣,在 過去的一些輕微的爆發(fā)可能與故障或在煤層厚度變化。因此,一般的地質(zhì)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)檢查, 以及任何可能出現(xiàn)的異常情況每日監(jiān)測(cè)。但是,在任何情況下,一些其他的爆發(fā)可能與當(dāng)?shù)?也沒有一般故障。圖2 一般位置的研究領(lǐng)域。M.B.迪亞斯阿瓜多爾岡薩雷斯 Nicieza/煤炭地質(zhì)69(2007)253-266國(guó)際雜志 一些年來,負(fù)責(zé)技術(shù)專家在煤研礦究了

12、壓力狀況下工作面端頭或殘留巖體預(yù)測(cè)理論計(jì)算,意味著潛在的危險(xiǎn)地區(qū),根據(jù)俄羅斯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(安全煤和油頁(yè)巖的礦工,1973年規(guī)例)煤 層氣的。假設(shè)有一個(gè)初步的辦法來應(yīng)力狀態(tài),這個(gè)參數(shù),因此沒有包括在這個(gè)文件中提出的 研究性學(xué)習(xí)。在中央阿斯圖里亞斯煤盆地,無論是孔隙度和含煤地層滲透率非常低,夾板結(jié) 構(gòu)不發(fā)達(dá)和夾板通常是充滿水,甚至礦化。因此,為5.10立方米/噸在諸如澳大利亞(比米什 和 Crosdale,1998年)或德國(guó),一個(gè)瓦斯突出危險(xiǎn)性的價(jià)值已建立當(dāng)甲烷濃度超過9立方米/ 噸(盡管接近超壓區(qū),此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值下降到5.5立方米一些國(guó)家,/噸)。由于在煤層瓦斯含量平均 與那些魯爾盆地(而據(jù)科德寶集團(tuán)等。1

13、996年,從0變化到15立方米/噸)相比,在第8煤層氣的價(jià)值將接近的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值。威廉姆斯和韋斯曼(1995年),最重要的瓦斯壓力梯度與前臉結(jié)合參數(shù)。瓦斯解吸率(V1)的已被定義為甲烷量立方厘米表示,這是從10克煤樣解吸與0.5和0.8毫米之間,晶粒尺寸,在一個(gè)35秒(fromsecond 35個(gè)時(shí)間段70測(cè)試)。解吸率計(jì)算從2米,3米和7米的樣本,經(jīng)技術(shù) 規(guī)范0307-2-92對(duì)西班牙工業(yè)部的訴訟。在研究過程中,平均得到的值是:0.3立方厘米/(10 克 35 s)在2米的深度,0.5立方厘米/(10克 35 s)在3米和一點(diǎn)六立方厘米/(10克 35 s) 在甲烷流量只有路徑開放性骨折。煤礦瓦斯

14、含量是先前已被劃分的主要參數(shù)之一。在盆地中部的甲烷濃度變化阿斯圖里亞斯4至14立方米的煤/噸(蘇亞雷斯費(fèi)爾南德斯,1998年)。特 別是,在 Riosa - Olloniego 單位,氣體含量為3.79的9.89立方米/噸的煤(Pends 等。,2004)。 在研究, 在研究領(lǐng) 域有各種 不同的測(cè) 量值之間 的 4.95 和 8.10 立方米 / 噸,平均 value7m.Maximumvalues,都是一點(diǎn)七立方厘米/(10克 35 s)在2米的深度,在3.3和高達(dá)3 米到四點(diǎn)三立方厘米/(10克 35 s)在7 m.The 初始臨界安全值,以避免在8煤層氣瓦斯突出 是二立方厘米/(10克

15、35秒)。由于在這一事件的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),限制值降低到一點(diǎn)五立方 厘米/(10克 35秒)。但是其他的屬性,如煤氣壓力,煤炭本身的結(jié)構(gòu)和通透性,有 beeninsufficiently 特點(diǎn)是 Riosa Olloniego 單位在此之前研究性學(xué)習(xí)。先前已經(jīng)有兩種方法用于確定在煤礦瓦斯壓力: 為應(yīng)力狀態(tài)分析和應(yīng)用的魯爾盆地(德國(guó))制訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獲得了煤層瓦斯壓力的理論計(jì)算間接 測(cè)量俄羅斯,波蘭和前蘇聯(lián)。這些間接測(cè)量或測(cè)試鉆孔的 Jahns 罰款(布勞納,1994年), 其中規(guī)定,當(dāng)一個(gè)潛在的危險(xiǎn),罰款超過限值。雖然有表列的魯爾盆地煤層值,它是不適合 的 Riosa - Olloniego 單位煤的情

16、況。因此,在該文件中的氣體壓力測(cè)量技術(shù)的改進(jìn),提出了 發(fā)展的方法和設(shè)備在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直接測(cè)量壓力的能力。第八層氣是易碎煙煤,高鏡質(zhì)組含量,局部改造成面理化面料其中,當(dāng)受到進(jìn)入工作面支 承壓力(阿爾珀恩,1970),甲烷塊遷移。用低揮發(fā)分,它的形成過程中的后期階段和煤化, 正如由弗洛雷斯(1998年),這相當(dāng)于一個(gè)大的甲烷產(chǎn)生量。此外,煤炭是受突如其來的厚 度變化(開采條件,在不可預(yù)知的結(jié)果)和床平行剪切內(nèi)的煤層氣,已審議了關(guān)于瓦斯突出(李,2001)的影響。其透氣性從來沒有被量化,然后在該礦區(qū)。因此,在煤層氣研究中的 第八,決定進(jìn)行原位測(cè)試,以測(cè)量壓力瞬變,獲得網(wǎng)站的價(jià)值觀,讓未來的網(wǎng)站滲透率的計(jì) 算

17、,以驗(yàn)證是否小于5毫,限制值,達(dá)賴?yán)锖?Bodziony 后(1998年),使一對(duì)突出煤層負(fù) 責(zé)。因此,在本研究中,我們?cè)噲D描述氣體的壓力和壓力瞬變,為它們?cè)诎l(fā)生瓦斯突出或事 件的重要性,其中一個(gè)突出暴力的發(fā)生是由于煤的能量突然釋放,由大量的氣體釋放的陪同 下(岡薩雷斯 Nicieza 等。,2001年),無論是在突破或在煤層(Hardgraves,1983年)的發(fā) 展。3.結(jié)論煤層氣的主要危險(xiǎn)是影響安全的一些煤礦井下 andproductivity。本文強(qiáng)調(diào)了8煤層氣傾向引起瓦斯突出,由于履行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,已量化為煤層氣的第8和第一次是非常相關(guān)的采礦危害系列:氣體的壓力和變化,高 value

18、smeasured 在煤層氣,獲得較低的寄存器在 Montsacro 比圣尼古拉斯(其中480千帕的壓力測(cè)量中的氣體達(dá)到最大深度)。這些參數(shù),隨著濃度和解 吸率測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的那些已經(jīng)正在開展的排雷工作人員一起出去,需要監(jiān)測(cè)和控制。一個(gè)氣體測(cè) 量管設(shè)計(jì)了一套,用于測(cè)量氣體壓力及其變化,以及附近的運(yùn)作的影響,以確定 outburstprone 地區(qū)。,作為一種預(yù)防性措施注射液表明了這些測(cè)量管的手段。注射液在降低煤層氣壓力, 雖然測(cè)試的所有必須進(jìn)行最大化的預(yù)防措施,因?yàn)橥咚雇怀鲞^程中可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)本身。結(jié)果表明該儀器 convenienceof 煤層氣開采的第七至少一個(gè)分段提前8煤層氣。這意味著已 完成綜采

19、放頂煤綜都相應(yīng)向東和向西,并具有必要的時(shí)間來讓流逝的擴(kuò)張生效。這擴(kuò)張的時(shí) 間估計(jì)兩至三個(gè)月。所構(gòu)造的儀器也允許重疊的運(yùn)作效果來衡量:由于煤層綜采放頂煤的坐落于煤層的方法 檢測(cè)的屋頂?shù)牡诎藢妹簩託?,一個(gè)在氣體壓力的增加是推動(dòng)區(qū)域生產(chǎn)在8煤層氣。這甚至可 能一式三份的氣體壓力,更為突出的綜采放頂煤方法的測(cè)量設(shè)備的位置。作者對(duì)一些55-60 米空間范圍綜放開采的影響,估計(jì)和2-3個(gè)月的時(shí)間期限。本文的主要貢獻(xiàn)在居住的控制和瓦斯突出礦井中,以補(bǔ)充自身的系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的措施 theproposal 測(cè)量,以提高礦山安全生產(chǎn)的目的。這除了某些實(shí)際改進(jìn)工作首先在礦業(yè)開發(fā)方 面的順序, 建議,將涉及提前啟動(dòng)之前或

20、在運(yùn)作重疊的氣體測(cè)量管安裝。這將包括 intemporarily 扣留提前在8煤層氣的運(yùn)作時(shí),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)重疊或之前,一個(gè)在8煤層氣提前開始,安裝在臉上測(cè)量管。價(jià)值觀和對(duì)測(cè)量氣體壓力的趨勢(shì)與來自氣體濃度測(cè)試得到的數(shù)據(jù),將使對(duì)煤層氣的條件控制和什么時(shí)候可適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)提前建立。氣體測(cè)量管道將因此成為一個(gè)可 靠,經(jīng)濟(jì)控制和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的瓦斯突出的措施。此外,這種設(shè)備將啟用,既為校準(zhǔn)時(shí)間和礦業(yè)在每個(gè)工作的影響范圍內(nèi)預(yù)先研究 openingof 其他線路,以及為計(jì)算煤的滲透性。通過對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的測(cè)試(氣兩 gasmeasurement 管 集流)的方法,可估計(jì)滲透率通過與網(wǎng)站的數(shù)據(jù)校正數(shù)值模型,無論是在礦山領(lǐng)域仍然被挖

21、 掘工作,并在那些已經(jīng)受到影響采礦工程。這些校準(zhǔn)也將允許具有的深度在煤層透氣性變化本身進(jìn)行分析。4.參考文獻(xiàn)1 Alexeev, A.D., Revva, V.N., Alyshev, N.A., Zhitlyonok, D.M., 2004.2 True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245250.3 Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bi

22、bliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 6776.4 Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 2755.5 Braner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and The

23、ir Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.6 Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 4763.7 Creedy, D., Garner, K., 2001. UK-China Coalbed Technology Transfer. Report N Coal R207 DTI/Pub URN 01/584, 24 pp.8 Daz Agu

24、ado, M.B., 2004. Anlisis, Control y Evaluacin de Riesgo de Fenmenos Gaseodinmicos en Minas de Carbn, PhD Thesis, University of Oviedo (Spain) Publishing Service, I.S.B.N.: 84-8317-434-0, 301 pp. (in Spanish, with English Abstract).9 Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fractur

25、ing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205216.10 Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J.Coal Geol. 35, 326原文Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines, RiosaOlloniego coalfield, SpainMara B. Daz AguadoC. Gonzlez NiciezaAbstractUnderground coal mine

26、s have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet beenfully avoided. This is partly due to t

27、he increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not

28、paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in

29、order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the RiosaOlloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Cent

30、ral Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressu

31、re and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result

32、of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably

33、 two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influ

34、ence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining the permeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of o

35、verstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.1. IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certain countries.

36、For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 ofestimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the in-place gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germanys total estimated coalbed metha

37、ne resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all wit

38、h respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not been sufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or non-fataldisastrous events.Sinc

39、e the famous mining catastrophe with over 1000 fatalities in Courrires, France, in March 1906, the list of dead and injured miners in modern mining has grown progressively, but growth in Western countries is at a decreasing rate. Fourteen miners died in the 8th Coalbed at San Nicols mine on 31 Augus

40、t 1995, the worst mining accident in recent years in Spain. Major concern was aroused in the region with respect to mining-related safety problems.The fatal accident in the 8th Coalbed at San Nicolsmine has led to different research studies (such as the“Research project of the 8th Coalbed in the 863

41、 area”, 2003, between the University of Oviedo and Hunosa;“Research of Prevention of Gas Outbursts”, 2003, by the Department of Safety of Hunosa; “Research of the 8th Coalbed in San Nicols and Montsacro”, 2004, between the University of Oviedo and the Regional Industry, Commerce and Tourism Ministry

42、 of Asturias) for achieving a better knowledge of this coalbed and its behavior in order to improve safety conditions and thus to minimize future risks. As Flores (1998) suggested, there is a relationship between gas outbursts (mine safety) and production in underground mines (efficiency of mine ope

43、rations and mine economics). Since the 8th Coalbed is economical, the management has not considered the option of ending mining operations in it.The 8th Coalbed is mined via two mines: the aforementioned San Nicols, in Ablaa (Mieres) and Montsacro, in Riosa. This research study has taken place in bo

44、th mines and has an unquestionable importance in orderto fulfill some gaps: to quantify some unknown parameters of the 8th Coalbed very related to mining hazards(such as gas pressure), to improve the mining sequence in the sublevel method (a factor very related, after Thielemann et al., 2001, with t

45、he risk of sudden outbursts), to establish the accuracy of some of the prevention measurements applied or to delimit the hazardous areas.2. Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8th CoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the RiosaOlloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coa

46、l Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential

47、of the 8th Coalbed belongs to San Nicols and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicols area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the 800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Surez-Ruiz and Jimnez, 2004). The RiosaOlloniego geological unit cons

48、ists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 36 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 35 coalbeds with a thickness of 57m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 812 coalbeds

49、 that sum up to 1215 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coalbed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicols and 15.13matMontsacro (Pends et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of bo

50、th mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbur

51、sts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillarworkings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main pr

52、operties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Daz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reportsM.B. Daz Aguado, C. Gonzlez Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253266255Fig. 1. Geological map. as well as

53、 in the different research studies cited in Section1: the geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coalbed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project

54、 started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburst-prone zones.

55、In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be relatedneith

56、ertolocalnorgeneralfaults.Fig. 2. General location of the study area.M.B. Daz Aguado, C. Gonzlez Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253266For some years now, the technical experts in chargeof the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical c

57、alculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the researc

58、h study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration

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