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Chapter7RepresentativeWriters

andTheirWorksUnit1BenjaminFranklinBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)出生于波士頓商人家庭10歲輟學(xué)12歲起,在印刷所幫工12歲,發(fā)表兩首敘事詩(shī)16歲,發(fā)表諷刺文章,評(píng)論時(shí)事在創(chuàng)作、政治、科學(xué)等方面都有卓越城就家庭條件不好閱讀、自學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)和4門(mén)外語(yǔ),寫(xiě)作蘇格蘭哲學(xué)家大衛(wèi)·休謨稱(chēng)他為來(lái)自美洲的“第一個(gè)哲學(xué)家和第一個(gè)偉大作家”1790年,溘然逝去兩句碑文概括了他一生中最輝煌的兩件事業(yè):1.印刷工本杰明·富蘭克林2.從蒼天處取得閃電,從暴君處取得民權(quán)如:1732年,PoorRichard’sAlmanack《格言歷書(shū)》在印刷生意和寫(xiě)作事業(yè)期間,富蘭克林還參與和承擔(dān)公共服務(wù):1.先后出使英國(guó)和法國(guó);2.與約翰·亞當(dāng)斯等人協(xié)助杰斐遜撰寫(xiě)《獨(dú)立宣言》;3.與亞當(dāng)斯等人與英國(guó)談判,使英國(guó)承認(rèn)美國(guó)獨(dú)立。BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)富蘭克林還是一個(gè)科學(xué)家:發(fā)明了富蘭克林火爐和避雷針;他用風(fēng)箏做雷電實(shí)驗(yàn),還提出熱量吸收理論等。他也是公益活動(dòng)家,先后推動(dòng)、建立了公共圖書(shū)館、消防公司,“美洲哲學(xué)會(huì)”、費(fèi)城學(xué)院(后為賓夕法尼亞大學(xué))、賓夕法尼亞醫(yī)院等Autobiography1771年,他開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)TheAutobiography?自傳?,前后共歷時(shí)18年。開(kāi)篇以父親的口吻講述自己的經(jīng)歷,向后人細(xì)說(shuō)自己通過(guò)努力奮斗獲得財(cái)富,成為名人的歷程。?自傳?結(jié)構(gòu)雖顯松散,但其樸實(shí)無(wú)華的文筆生動(dòng)地為世人展現(xiàn)了一個(gè)小人物的成就和自身品格塑造的歷程,凸顯了美國(guó)資本主義社會(huì)典型的個(gè)人主義價(jià)值取向,其影響力歷經(jīng)百年,經(jīng)久不衰。Autobiography(Excerpt)我兒:我一向愛(ài)好搜集有關(guān)祖上的一切珍聞?shì)W事。你也許還記得當(dāng)你跟我同住在英國(guó)的時(shí)候我曾經(jīng)為了那個(gè)緣故跋涉旅途,遍訪家族中的老人。目前我正在鄉(xiāng)間休假,預(yù)料有整整一個(gè)星期的空閑,我想你也許同樣地喜歡知道我一生的事跡(其中有許多你還沒(méi)有聽(tīng)過(guò)),因此我就坐了下來(lái)替你把這些事跡寫(xiě)出來(lái)。除此以外,我還有一些別的動(dòng)機(jī)。我出身貧寒,幼年生長(zhǎng)在窮苦卑賤的家庭中,后來(lái)居然生活優(yōu)裕,在世界上稍有聲譽(yù),迄今為止我一生一帆風(fēng)順,遇事順利,我的立身之道,得蒙上帝的祝福,獲得巨大的成就,我的子孫或許愿意知道這些處世之道,其中一部分或許與他們的情況適合,因此他們可以仿效。DEARSON:Ihaveeverhadpleasureinobtaininganylittleanecdotesofmyancestors.YoumayremembertheinquiriesImadeamongtheremainsofmyrelationswhenyouwerewithmeinEngland,andthejourneyIundertookforthatpurpose.Imaginingitmaybeequallyagreeabletoyoutoknowthecircumstancesofmylife,manyofwhichyouareyetunacquaintedwith,andexpectingtheenjoymentofaweek'suninterruptedleisureinmypresentcountryretirement,Isitdowntowritethemforyou.TowhichIhavebesidessomeotherinducements.HavingemergedfromthepovertyandobscurityinwhichIwasbornandbred,toastateofaffluenceandsomedegreeofreputationintheworld,andhavinggonesofarthroughlifewithaconsiderableshareoffelicity,theconducingmeansImadeuseof,whichwiththeblessingofGodsowellsucceeded,myposteritymayliketoknow,astheymayfindsomeofthemsuitabletotheirownsituations,andthereforefittobeimitated.Autobiography(Excerpt)當(dāng)我回顧我一生中幸運(yùn)的時(shí)候,我有時(shí)候不禁這樣說(shuō):如果有人提議我重新做人的話,我倒樂(lè)意把我的一生再?gòu)念^重演一遍,我僅僅要求像作家那樣,在再版時(shí)有改正初版某些缺陷的機(jī)會(huì)。如若可能,除了改正錯(cuò)誤以外,我也同樣地要把某些不幸的遭遇變得更順利些。但是即使無(wú)法避免這些不幸的厄運(yùn),我還是愿意接受原議,重演生平。但是由于這種重演是不可能的,那么最接近重演的似乎就是回憶了。為了使回憶盡可能地保持久遠(yuǎn),似乎就需要把它記下來(lái)。Thatfelicity,whenIreflectedonit,hasinducedmesometimestosay,thatwereitofferedtomychoice,Ishouldhavenoobjectiontoarepetitionofthesamelifefromitsbeginning,onlyaskingtheadvantagesauthorshaveinasecondeditiontocorrectsomefaultsofthefirst.SoImight,besidescorrectingthefaults,changesomesinisteraccidentsandeventsofitforothersmorefavorable.Butthoughthisweredenied,Ishouldstillaccepttheoffer.Sincesucharepetitionisnottobeexpected,thenextthingmostlikelivingone'slifeoveragainseemstobearecollectionofthatlife,andtomakethatrecollectionasdurableaspossiblebyputtingitdowninwriting.Autobiography(Excerpt)因此我將順從一種老人中常有的癖好來(lái)談?wù)撟约汉妥约哼^(guò)去的作為。但是我這樣做,將不使聽(tīng)者感到厭倦,他們或是因?yàn)榫蠢?,覺(jué)得非聽(tīng)我的話不可,但是一經(jīng)寫(xiě)下來(lái),聽(tīng)與不聽(tīng)就可以悉聽(tīng)自便了。最后(我還是自己承認(rèn)了好,因?yàn)榧词刮曳裾J(rèn),別人也不會(huì)相信),寫(xiě)自傳,或許還會(huì)大大地滿(mǎn)足我的自負(fù)心。說(shuō)句老實(shí)話,我時(shí)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)或在書(shū)上讀到別人在剛說(shuō)完了像“我可以毫不自夸地說(shuō)……”這種開(kāi)場(chǎng)白以后,接著就是一大篇自吹自擂的話。大多數(shù)人不喜歡別人的虛夸,不管他們自己是多么自負(fù)。但是無(wú)論在什么地方,我對(duì)這種自負(fù)心總是寬宥的。因?yàn)槲蚁嘈胚@種心理對(duì)自己和他四周的人都有好處。所以,在許多情況下,一個(gè)人如果把自負(fù)心當(dāng)作生命的慰藉而感謝上帝,這也不能算是怪誕悖理的。Hereby,too,Ishallindulgetheinclinationsonaturalinoldmen,tobetalkingofthemselvesandtheirownpastactions;andIshallindulgeitwithoutbeingtiresometoothers,who,throughrespecttoage,mightconceivethemselvesobligedtogivemeahearing,sincethismaybereadornotasanyonepleases.And,lastly(Imayaswellconfessit,sincemydenialofitwillbebelievedbynobody),perhapsIshallagooddealgratifymyownvanity.Indeed,Iscarceeverheardorsawtheintroductorywords,"WithoutvanityImaysay,"&c.,butsomevainthingimmediatelyfollowed.Mostpeopledislikevanityinothers,whateversharetheyhaveofitthemselves;butIgiveitfairquarterwhereverImeetwithit,beingpersuadedthatitisoftenproductiveofgoodtothepossessor,andtoothersthatarewithinhissphereofaction;andtherefore,inmanycases,itwouldnotbealtogetherabsurdifamanweretothankGodforhisvanityamongtheothercomfortsoflife.Autobiography(Excerpt)與富蘭克林同時(shí)代的英國(guó)偉大的歷史學(xué)家吉本和休謨?cè)谒麄兊淖詡髦斜磉_(dá)了同樣的觀點(diǎn),即公正的自我表?yè)P(yáng)是否恰當(dāng)。自傳既然我提到了上帝,我愿意十分謙恭地承認(rèn),上面提到的我過(guò)去一生中的幸福當(dāng)歸功于上帝仁慈的旨意,上帝使我找到了處世之道,并且使這些方法獲得成功。這種信仰使我希望,雖然我不應(yīng)該臆斷,上帝在將來(lái)會(huì)像以前一樣地祝福我,不論是使我繼續(xù)享受幸福,或是使我忍受命中注定的逆運(yùn)(像其他人一樣,我也可能有這樣的遭遇),因?yàn)槲椅磥?lái)命運(yùn)的輪廓只有上帝知道,上帝甚至能夠通過(guò)苦難來(lái)祝福我們。GibbonandHume,thegreatBritishhistorians,whowerecontemporariesofFranklin,expressintheirautobiographiesthesamefeelingabouttheproprietyofjustself-praise.AndnowIspeakofthankingGod,IdesirewithallhumilitytoacknowledgethatIowethementionedhappinessofmypastlifetoHiskindprovidence,whichleadmetothemeansIusedandgavethemsuccess.Mybeliefofthisinducesmetohope,thoughImustnotpresume,thatthesamegoodnesswillstillbeexercisedtowardme,incontinuingthathappiness,orenablingmetobearafatalreverse,whichImayexperienceasothershavedone:thecomplexionofmyfuturefortunebeingknowntoHimonlyinwhosepoweritistoblesstousevenourafflictions.Autobiography(Excerpt)我有一位伯父,他也同樣地愛(ài)好搜集家族中的遺聞?shì)W事,有一次他交給我一些筆記,其中講到關(guān)于我們祖先的一些事情。從這些筆記我知道我們的家族在諾桑普頓郡的愛(ài)克頓教區(qū)至少已經(jīng)住了三百年,究竟在這以前還有多少年,他就不知道了。(也許從他們采用“富蘭克林”為姓的那時(shí)候起?!案惶m克林”在這以前是一個(gè)人民階層此處原文是anorderofpeople。按franklin一詞原指英國(guó)十四、五世紀(jì)的非貴族的小土地所有者或自由農(nóng)?!g者的名稱(chēng),當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)各地人們都在采用姓氏。)他們享有三十英畝的自由領(lǐng)地,以打鐵為副業(yè)。直到我伯父的時(shí)候?yàn)橹?,打鐵這一行業(yè)一直保持在我們家族中。家中的長(zhǎng)子總是學(xué)打鐵的,我伯父和我父親都按照這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)叫他們的長(zhǎng)子學(xué)鐵匠。我查考了愛(ài)克頓教區(qū)的戶(hù)籍冊(cè),我只找到了一五五五年以后的出生、嫁娶和喪葬的紀(jì)錄,那時(shí)以前的戶(hù)籍冊(cè)在那個(gè)教區(qū)里已經(jīng)沒(méi)有了,從這個(gè)戶(hù)籍冊(cè)里我發(fā)現(xiàn)我是五世以來(lái)小兒子的小兒子。Thenotesoneofmyuncles(whohadthesamekindofcuriosityincollectingfamilyanecdotes)onceputintomyhands,furnishedmewithseveralparticularsrelatingtoourancestors.FromthesenotesIlearnedthatthefamilyhadlivedinthesamevillage,Ecton,inNorthamptonshire,forthreehundredyears,andhowmuchlongerheknewnot(perhapsfromthetimewhenthenameofFranklin,thatbeforewasthenameofanorderofpeople,wasassumedbythemasasurnamewhenotherstooksurnamesalloverthekingdom),onafreeholdofaboutthirtyacres,aidedbythesmith'sbusiness,whichhadcontinuedinthefamilytillhistime,theeldestsonbeingalwaysbredtothatbusiness;acustomwhichheandmyfatherfollowedastotheireldestsons.WhenIsearchedtheregistersatEcton,Ifoundanaccountoftheirbirths,marriagesandburialsfromtheyear1555only,therebeingnoregisterskeptinthatparishatanytimepreceding.BythatregisterIperceivedthatIwastheyoungestsonoftheyoungestsonforfivegenerationsback.Autobiography(Excerpt)我祖父湯麥斯生于一五九八年,住在愛(ài)克頓直到他年邁不能從事生產(chǎn)的時(shí)候?yàn)橹梗缓笏〉剿麅鹤蛹s翰的地方去,他兒子是牛津郡班布雷村的一個(gè)染匠,我父親就是跟著他學(xué)徒的。我的祖父就死在那里,葬在那里。我們?cè)谝黄呶灏四昕吹搅怂哪贡?。他的長(zhǎng)子湯麥斯住在愛(ài)克頓的住宅里,后來(lái)把住宅和田產(chǎn)遺留給他的獨(dú)養(yǎng)女兒。他女兒和她的丈夫(是威靈堡的一個(gè)叫做費(fèi)雪的人)又把房產(chǎn)賣(mài)給伊斯德先生,他現(xiàn)在就是那里的莊園領(lǐng)主。我祖父養(yǎng)大了四個(gè)兒子,名叫湯麥斯、約翰、本杰明和約瑟。我手邊沒(méi)有材料,但是我將把我記得的給你寫(xiě)出來(lái)。如果我的紀(jì)錄在我離家以后未曾遺失的話,你可以從紀(jì)錄里找到更詳細(xì)的材料。MygrandfatherThomas,whowasbornin1598,livedatEctontillhegrewtoooldtofollowbusinesslonger,whenhewenttolivewithhissonJohn,adyeratBanbury,inOxfordshire,withwhommyfatherservedanapprenticeship.Theremygrandfatherdiedandliesburied.Wesawhisgravestonein1758.HiseldestsonThomaslivedinthehouseatEcton,andleftitwiththelandtohisonlychild,adaughter,who,withherhusband,oneFisher,ofWellingborough,soldittoMr.Isted,nowlordofthemanorthere.Mygrandfatherhadfoursonsthatgrewup,viz.:Thomas,John,BenjaminandJosiah.IwillgiveyouwhataccountIcanofthem,atthisdistancefrommypapers,andifthesearenotlostinmyabsence,youwillamongthemfindmanymoreparticulars.Autobiography(Excerpt)湯麥斯跟他父親學(xué)了打鐵,但是他秉性穎悟,當(dāng)?shù)亟虆^(qū)的大紳士伯麥老爺鼓勵(lì)他求學(xué)上進(jìn)(他的弟弟們也得到同樣的鼓勵(lì)),他獲得了充當(dāng)書(shū)記官的資格,成為地方上有聲望的人,也是當(dāng)?shù)?無(wú)論是他的本村,諾桑普頓的城鎮(zhèn)或是他所在的州)一切公益事業(yè)的主要推動(dòng)者,我們聽(tīng)到了許多關(guān)于這一類(lèi)的事例。在愛(ài)克頓教區(qū)他頗受到當(dāng)時(shí)的哈利法克斯勛爵的賞識(shí)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。他死在舊歷一七○二年一月六日,恰巧是我出生以前的四年整。我記得當(dāng)我們從愛(ài)克頓教區(qū)的一些老人口中聽(tīng)到關(guān)于他的生平和性格的時(shí)候,你覺(jué)得很像你所知道的我的一生和個(gè)性,頗為驚異,你說(shuō):“他如果死在您出世的那一天,人家也許認(rèn)為是靈魂轉(zhuǎn)生呢!”Thomaswasbredasmithunderhisfather;but,beingingenious,andencouragedinlearning(asallmybrotherswere)byanEsquirePalmer,thentheprincipalgentlemaninthatparish,hequalifiedhimselfforthebusinessofscrivener;becameaconsiderablemaninthecounty;wasachiefmoverofallpublic-spiritedundertakingsforthecountyortownofNorthampton,andhisownvillage,ofwhichmanyinstanceswererelatedofhim;andmuchtakennoticeofandpatronizedbythethenLordHalifax.Hediedin1702,January6,oldstyle,justfouryearstoadaybeforeIwasborn.TheaccountwereceivedofhislifeandcharacterfromsomeoldpeopleatEcton,Iremember,struckyouassomethingextraordinary,fromitssimilaritytowhatyouknewofmine."Hadhediedonthesameday,"yousaid,"onemighthavesupposedatransmigration."Autobiography(Excerpt)約翰學(xué)了染匠,我相信是染呢絨的。本杰明是絲綢染匠,在倫敦拜師受業(yè)。他秉性聰穎。我很清楚地記得他,因?yàn)楫?dāng)我還是一個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,他渡海到波士頓來(lái),住在我父親那里,跟我們同住了幾年之久。他一直活到高齡,他的孫子撒木耳·富蘭克林現(xiàn)在還住在波士頓。他死后留下了兩本四開(kāi)本的詩(shī)稿,里面是一些寫(xiě)贈(zèng)給他親友的即興短詩(shī)。下面寄給我的一首詩(shī)就是一個(gè)實(shí)例。〔富蘭克林在括弧中加了一個(gè)注:“嵌在這兒”,但是未附實(shí)例〕他自己制定了一套速寫(xiě)術(shù),并且教會(huì)了我,但是因?yàn)槲覐膩?lái)不練,所以現(xiàn)在忘光了。我是跟這位伯父命名的,因?yàn)槲腋赣H跟他感情特別融洽。他篤信宗教,經(jīng)常去聽(tīng)著名傳教師的說(shuō)教,并且把他們的說(shuō)教用他的速記術(shù)記下來(lái),他身邊有許多這樣的筆記本。他也是一個(gè)很好的政治家,或許從他的地位來(lái)講,他過(guò)分地關(guān)心政治了。Johnwasbredadyer,Ibelieveofwoolens.Benjaminwasbredasilkdyer,servinganapprenticeshipatLondon.Hewasaningeniousman.Irememberhimwell,forwhenIwasaboyhecameovertomyfatherinBoston,andlivedinthehousewithussomeyears.Helivedtoagreatage.Hisgrandson,SamuelFranklin,nowlivesinBoston.Heleftbehindhimtwoquartovolumes,MS.,ofhisownpoetry,consistingoflittleoccasionalpiecesaddressedtohisfriendsandrelations,ofwhichthefollowing,senttome,isaspecimen.Hehadformedashort-handofhisown,whichhetaughtme,but,neverpractisingit,Ihavenowforgotit.Iwasnamedafterthisuncle,therebeingaparticularaffectionbetweenhimandmyfather.Hewasverypious,agreatattenderofsermonsofthebestpreachers,whichhetookdowninhisshort-hand,andhadwithhimmanyvolumesofthem.Hewasalsomuchofapolitician;toomuch,perhaps,forhisstation.Autobiography(Excerpt)最近在倫敦我獲得了他所搜集的從一六四一到一七一七年間重要的政論手冊(cè),從書(shū)本上的卷號(hào)看來(lái),有許多冊(cè)已經(jīng)遺失了,但是還留下了對(duì)開(kāi)本八本,四開(kāi)本和八開(kāi)本二十四本。一個(gè)舊書(shū)商人獲得了這些書(shū)籍,因?yàn)槲矣袝r(shí)候從他這里買(mǎi)書(shū),他認(rèn)識(shí)我,所以就把它們送到我這里來(lái)??礃幼邮俏也冈谌ッ乐拗傲粼趥惗氐?,這已經(jīng)是五十多年以前的事了。在書(shū)邊上他還加了許多注解。Therefelllatelyintomyhands,inLondon,acollectionhehadmadeofalltheprincipalpamphlets,relatingtopublicaffairs,from1641to1717;manyofthevolumesarewantingasappearsbythenumbering,buttherestillremaineightvolumesinfolio,andtwenty-fourinquartoandinoctavo.Adealerinoldbooksmetwiththem,andknowingmebymysometimesbuyingofhim,hebroughtthemtome.Itseemsmyunclemusthaveleftthemhere,whenhewenttoAmerica,whichwasaboutfiftyyearssince.Therearemanyofhisnotesinthemargins.Autobiography(Excerpt)我們這一卑微的家族很早就參加了宗教改革運(yùn)動(dòng),在瑪麗女王統(tǒng)治時(shí)期他們一直堅(jiān)信新教,當(dāng)時(shí)由于他們熱烈地反對(duì)教皇,時(shí)有遭受迫害的危險(xiǎn)。他們有一本英語(yǔ)版的《圣經(jīng)》天主教的《圣經(jīng)》是拉丁文的,他們信奉新教,所以采用英語(yǔ)版的《圣經(jīng)》。,為了隱藏和保管這本《圣經(jīng)》,他們把它打開(kāi)用狹帶綁在一個(gè)折凳的凳面底部。當(dāng)我的高祖對(duì)著全家宣讀經(jīng)文時(shí),他把折凳翻過(guò)來(lái)放在膝蓋上,翻動(dòng)狹帶下面的書(shū)頁(yè)。他的一個(gè)孩子站在門(mén)口,假如他瞧見(jiàn)教會(huì)法庭的官吏走過(guò)來(lái),他就預(yù)先通風(fēng)報(bào)信。這時(shí)候板凳又重新翻過(guò)來(lái)四腳落地,《圣經(jīng)》就像原先一樣地藏匿起來(lái)了。這是我從本杰明伯父那里聽(tīng)來(lái)的,直到大約查理二世統(tǒng)治的末年,全家還是一致地信奉國(guó)教。但是那時(shí)候,有一些牧師因?yàn)椴恍欧顕?guó)教教條而被開(kāi)除教籍,在諾桑普頓舉行會(huì)議,本杰明和約瑟改信了非國(guó)教,一生信守不渝,家里其他的人仍然繼續(xù)信奉國(guó)教。ThisobscurefamilyofourswasearlyintheReformation,andcontinuedProtestantsthroughthereignofQueenMary,whentheyweresometimesindangeroftroubleonaccountoftheirzealagainstpopery.TheyhadgotanEnglishBible,andtoconcealandsecureit,itwasfastenedopenwithtapesunderandwithinthecoverofajoint-stool.Whenmygreat-great-grandfatherreadittohisfamily,heturnedupthejoint-stooluponhisknees,turningovertheleavesthenunderthetapes.Oneofthechildrenstoodatthedoortogivenoticeifhesawtheapparitorcoming,whowasanofficerofthespiritualcourt.Inthatcasethestoolwasturneddownagainuponitsfeet,whentheBibleremainedconcealedunderitasbefore.ThisanecdoteIhadfrommyuncleBenjamin.ThefamilycontinuedalloftheChurchofEnglandtillabouttheendofCharlestheSecond'sreign,whensomeoftheministersthathadbeenoutedfornonconformityholdingconventiclesinNorthamptonshire,BenjaminandJosiahadheredtothem,andsocontinuedalltheirlives:therestofthefamilyremainedwiththeEpiscopalChurch.Autobiography(Excerpt)我父親約瑟早年就成了家,大約在一六八二年帶著妻子和三個(gè)孩子遷到新英格蘭來(lái)。非國(guó)教的宗教集會(huì)受到法律的禁止,而且時(shí)常受到干擾,因此我父親的友好中有一些有聲望的人就想移居到新大陸去,我父親答應(yīng)陪同他們前往美洲。他們希望在新大陸可以享有宗教信仰的自由,在新英格蘭這位太太又生了四個(gè)孩子,后來(lái)他的繼室又生了十個(gè),共十七個(gè)孩子。我還記得有一個(gè)時(shí)候他的餐桌旁圍坐著十三個(gè)孩子,這十三個(gè)孩子都長(zhǎng)大成人,各自婚嫁。我是幼子,比我小的只有兩個(gè)妹妹。我生在新英格蘭的波士頓。Josiah,myfather,marriedyoung,andcarriedhiswifewiththreechildrenintoNewEngland,about1682.Theconventicleshavingbeenforbiddenbylaw,andfrequentlydisturbed,inducedsomeconsiderablemenofhisacquaintancetoremovetothatcountry,andhewasprevailedwithtoaccompanythemthither,wheretheyexpectedtoenjoytheirmodeofreligionwithfreedom.Bythesamewifehehadfourchildrenmorebornthere,andbyasecondwifetenmore,inallseventeen;ofwhichIrememberthirteensittingatonetimeathistable,whoallgrewuptobemenandwomen,andmarried;Iwastheyoungestson,andtheyoungestchildbuttwo,andwasborninBoston,NewEngland.Autobiography(Excerpt)我母親是我父親的繼室,名叫阿拜亞·福求,是彼得·福求的女兒。我的外祖父是新英格蘭的最初移民之一??深D·馬太在他的美洲教會(huì)史中曾經(jīng)加以表?yè)P(yáng),稱(chēng)他為“一個(gè)虔誠(chéng)而有學(xué)問(wèn)的英國(guó)人”,如果我沒(méi)有記錯(cuò)的話。我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他曾經(jīng)寫(xiě)過(guò)各樣的即興短詩(shī),但是只有一篇付印,我在好多年以前曾經(jīng)讀過(guò)。這首詩(shī)寫(xiě)于一六七五年,是用當(dāng)時(shí)民間流行的詩(shī)歌體裁寫(xiě)成的,寫(xiě)給當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐膱?zhí)政當(dāng)局。它擁護(hù)信仰自由,聲援受迫害的浸禮會(huì)、教友會(huì)和其他教派,認(rèn)為殖民地所遭受到的印第安人戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和其他災(zāi)禍?zhǔn)瞧群掏降暮蠊?,是上帝?duì)這種重大罪行的判決和懲罰,奉勸當(dāng)局廢止那些殘暴不仁的立法。Mymother,thesecondwife,wasAbiahFolger,daughterofPeterFolger,oneofthefirstsettlersofNewEngland,ofwhomhonorablementionismadebyCottonMatherinhischurchhistoryofthatcountry,entitledMagnaliaChristiAmericana,as'agodly,learnedEnglishman,"ifIrememberthewordsrightly.Ihaveheardthathewrotesundrysmalloccasionalpieces,butonlyoneofthemwasprinted,whichIsawnowmanyyearssince.Itwaswrittenin1675,inthehome-spunverseofthattimeandpeople,andaddressedtothosethenconcernedinthegovernmentthere.Itwasinfavoroflibertyofconscience,andinbehalfoftheBaptists,uakers,andothersectariesthathadbeenunderpersecution,ascribingtheIndianwars,andotherdistressesthathadbefallenthecountry,tothatpersecution,assomanyjudgmentsofGodtopunishsoheinousanoffense,andexhortingarepealofthoseuncharitablelaws.Autobiography(Excerpt)整首詩(shī)在我看來(lái)寫(xiě)得簡(jiǎn)單平易,落落大方。我還記得這首詩(shī)的最后六行,但是最初的兩行我已經(jīng)記不清了,不過(guò)這兩行的大意是說(shuō)他的批評(píng)出于善意,因此他并不隱匿他的真姓實(shí)名:由于從心坎里我憎惡,做一個(gè)匿名誹謗的人;我的姓名我定要寫(xiě)出,我現(xiàn)在是住在修彭城;毫無(wú)惡意,你的真實(shí)朋友,是彼得·福求。我的哥哥們都拜師學(xué)了各種不同的行業(yè)。我父親打算把我當(dāng)作兒子中的什一捐奉獻(xiàn)給教會(huì),所以在八歲上就把我送到語(yǔ)法學(xué)校去念書(shū)。我早年讀書(shū)穎悟(我一定很早就識(shí)字,因?yàn)槲矣洸黄鹞以?jīng)有過(guò)不識(shí)字的時(shí)期),他的朋友們又都說(shuō)我將來(lái)讀書(shū)一定很有成就,這一切都鼓勵(lì)了我父親把我送到學(xué)校去念書(shū)。Thewholeappearedtomeaswrittenwithagooddealofdecentplainnessandmanlyfreedom.ThesixconcludinglinesIremember,thoughIhaveforgottenthetwofirstofthestanza;butthepurportofthemwas,thathiscensuresproceededfromgood-will,and,therefore,hewouldbeknowntobetheauthor."Becausetobealibeller(sayshe)Ihateitwithmyheart;FromSherburnetown,wherenowIdwellMynameIdoputhere;Withoutoffenseyourrealfriend,ItisPeterFolgier."Myelderbrotherswereallputapprenticestodifferenttrades.Iwasputtothegrammar-schoolateightyearsofage,myfatherintendingtodevoteme,asthetitheofhissons,totheserviceoftheChurch.Myearlyreadinessinlearningtoread(whichmusthavebeenveryearly,asIdonotrememberwhenIcouldnotread),andtheopinionofallhisfriends,thatIshouldcertainlymakeagoodscholar,encouragedhiminthispurposeofhis.Autobiography(Excerpt)我伯父本杰明也贊成我念書(shū),并且提議把他全部說(shuō)教的速記本贈(zèng)送給我(我想大概是作為開(kāi)業(yè)的資本罷),如果我肯學(xué)習(xí)他的速記術(shù)的話。但是我在語(yǔ)法學(xué)校里念了不到一年,雖然在這一年中我逐步地從該班的中等生升到全班的優(yōu)等生,接著就升入了二年級(jí),好讓我在那年年終隨班升入三年級(jí)。但是這時(shí)候我父親因?yàn)榧彝ト丝诙?,?fù)擔(dān)不起大學(xué)求學(xué)的費(fèi)用,同時(shí)他看到許多受過(guò)大學(xué)教育的人日后窮困潦倒(這是他在我面前對(duì)他的朋友們講的),他改變了他原先的主張,叫我離開(kāi)語(yǔ)法學(xué)校,把我送到一所書(shū)算學(xué)校去。這所學(xué)校是當(dāng)時(shí)著名的喬治·布朗納先生主持的,一般說(shuō)來(lái)他辦學(xué)很有成績(jī),并且能夠循循善誘,春風(fēng)化雨。在他的教導(dǎo)之下,我很快地學(xué)會(huì)了一手清晰的書(shū)法,但是算術(shù)我考不及格,并且毫無(wú)進(jìn)步。MyuncleBenjamin,too,approvedofit,andproposedtogivemeallhisshort-handvolumesofsermons,Isupposeasastocktosetupwith,ifIwouldlearnhischaracter.Icontinued,however,atthegrammar-schoolnotquiteoneyear,thoughinthattimeIhadrisengraduallyfromthemiddleoftheclassofthatyeartobetheheadofit,andfartherwasremovedintothenextclassaboveit,inordertogowiththatintothethirdattheendoftheyear.Butmyfather,inthemeantime,fromaviewoftheexpenseofacollegeeducation,whichhavingsolargeafamilyhecouldnotwellafford,andthemeanlivingmanysoeducatedwereafterwardsabletoobtain-reasonsthatbegavetohisfriendsinmyhearing--alteredhisfirstintention,tookmefromthegrammar-school,andsentmetoaschoolforwritingandarithmetic,keptbyathenfamousman,Mr.GeorgeBrownell,verysuccessfulinhisprofessiongenerally,andthatbymild,encouragingmethods.UnderhimIacquiredfairwritingprettysoon,butIfailedinthearithmetic,andmadenoprogressinit.Autobiography(Excerpt)在十歲上我父親把我接回家來(lái),幫助他營(yíng)業(yè)。他經(jīng)營(yíng)的是油燭和肥皂制造業(yè)。這原不是他的本行,但是到了新英格蘭,他發(fā)現(xiàn)染色業(yè)生意清淡,不能維持一家的生活,所以改了皂燭業(yè)。因此我父親就叫我做剪燭芯、灌燭模、管店鋪、出差等工作。我厭惡這個(gè)行業(yè),同時(shí)我非常想去航海,但是我父親不贊成。可是因?yàn)樽≡谘睾?,我常到水中和海邊去。我很早就擅長(zhǎng)游泳,也學(xué)會(huì)了劃船。當(dāng)我和其他小孩在大小船上的時(shí)候,他們平??偸锹?tīng)我的命令,特別是在處境困難的時(shí)候。在其他場(chǎng)合我一般也是孩子們的頭兒,有時(shí)候我使他們陷入窘境。我想舉其中的一個(gè)例子,因?yàn)檫@件事顯示了我早年突出的熱心公益的精神,雖然當(dāng)時(shí)這件事是做得不對(duì)的。AttenyearsoldIwastakenhometoassistmyfatherinhisbusiness,whichwasthatofatallow-chandlerandsope-boiler;abusinesshewasnotbredto,buthadassumedonhisarrivalinNewEngland,andonfindinghisdyingtradewouldnotmaintainhisfamily,beinginlittlerequest.Accordingly,Iwasemployedincuttingwickforthecandles,fillingthedippingmoldandthemoldsforcastcandles,attendingtheshop,goingoferrands,etc.Idislikedthetrade,andhadastronginclinationforthesea,butmyfatherdeclaredagainstit;however,livingnearthewater,Iwasmuchinandaboutit,learntearlytoswimwell,andtomanageboats;andwheninaboatorcanoewithotherboys,Iwascommonlyallowedtogovern,especiallyinanycaseofdifficulty;anduponotheroccasionsIwasgenerallyaleaderamongtheboys,andsometimesledthemintoscrapes,ofwhichIwillmentiononeinstance,asitshowsanearlyprojectingpublicspirit,tho'notthenjustlyconducted.Autobiography(Excerpt)在水車(chē)貯水池的一邊有一個(gè)鹽澤,在漲潮的時(shí)候,我們時(shí)常站在鹽澤的邊上釣鰷魚(yú)。由于踐踏得多了,我們把鹽澤的邊沿弄成一個(gè)泥沼了。我提議在那里修筑一個(gè)我們可以站立的碼頭,我把一大堆石塊指點(diǎn)給我的同伴們看,這些石塊原是為了在鹽澤邊上建筑一所新屋預(yù)備的,它們卻很符合我們的需要。因此在晚上當(dāng)工人們已經(jīng)離開(kāi)的時(shí)候,我召集了幾個(gè)同伴,我們像一群螞蟻似的不辭勞苦地工作著,有時(shí)候兩三個(gè)人搬一塊石頭,我們終于把石塊全搬來(lái)了,修好了我們的小碼頭。第二天早晨工人們不見(jiàn)了石塊大為驚異,后來(lái)才在我們的碼頭上找到了。他們查究這是誰(shuí)干的。接著他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了這是我們的把戲,就向我們的家長(zhǎng)告狀。我們中有幾個(gè)就因此受到了父親的責(zé)備。雖然我辯解說(shuō)這樁事是有益的,但是我父親使我深信:不誠(chéng)實(shí)的事是不會(huì)有益的。Therewasasalt-marshthatboundedpartofthemill-pond,ontheedgeofwhich,athighwater,weusedtostandtofishforminnows.Bymuchtrampling,wehadmadeitamerequagmire.Myproposalwastobuildawharfftherefitforustostandupon,andIshowedmycomradesalargeheapofstones,whichwereintendedforanewhousenearthemarsh,andwhichwouldverywellsuitourpurpose.Accordingly,intheevening,whentheworkmenweregone,Iassembledanumberofmyplay-fellows,andworkingwiththemdiligentlylikesomanyemmets,sometimestwoorthreetoastone,webroughtthemallawayandbuiltourlittlewharff.Thenextmorningtheworkmenweresurprisedatmissingthestones,whichwerefoundinourwharff.Inquirywasmadeaftertheremovers;wewerediscoveredandcomplainedof;severalofuswerecorrectedbyourfathers;andthoughIpleadedtheusefulnessofthework,mineconvincedmethatnothingwasusefulwhichwasnothonest.Autobiography(Excerpt)我想你或許想知道一點(diǎn)我父親的外貌和性格吧。他體格健全,身材中等,但長(zhǎng)得很結(jié)實(shí),十分強(qiáng)壯。他生性穎悟,善畫(huà),稍懂音樂(lè)。他的嗓子清脆悅耳,所以,有時(shí)候在晚間工作完畢后,當(dāng)他在提琴上拉著贊美歌的調(diào)子,一面唱著歌的時(shí)候,聽(tīng)上去是怪好聽(tīng)的。他對(duì)于機(jī)械工作也很有才能,有時(shí)候碰到其他行業(yè)的工具,他也能運(yùn)用自如。但是他最大的長(zhǎng)處是在處理公私重大問(wèn)題時(shí)他所表現(xiàn)的深刻見(jiàn)解和正確判斷。Ithinkyoumayliketoknowsomethingofhispersonandcharacter.Hehadanexcellentconstitutionofbody,wasofmiddlestature,butwellset,andverystrong;hewasingenious,coulddrawprettily,wasskilledalittleinmusic,andhadaclearpleasingvoice,sothatwhenheplayedpsalmtunesonhisviolinandsungwithal,ashesometimesdidinaneveningafterthebusinessofthedaywasover,itwasextremelyagreeabletohear.Hehadamechanicalgeniustoo,and,onoccasion,wasveryhandyintheuseofothertradesmen'stools;buthisgreatexcellencelayinasoundunderstandingandsolidjudgmentinprudentialmatters,bothinprivateandpublicaffairs.Autobiography(Excerpt)果然,他從來(lái)沒(méi)有參預(yù)政權(quán)工作,家里孩子眾多,需要他去教育,家境又困難,使他無(wú)法離開(kāi)他的行業(yè)。但是我清楚地記得常常有地方上的名人來(lái)請(qǐng)教他關(guān)于鎮(zhèn)上或他所屬教會(huì)的問(wèn)題,他們很重視他的判斷和忠告,同時(shí)當(dāng)人們?cè)趥€(gè)人生活中遇到了困難問(wèn)題的時(shí)候,他們也常常來(lái)向他討教,他常常被人們選定為爭(zhēng)執(zhí)雙方的仲裁人。Inthelatter,indeed,hewasneveremployed,thenumerousfamilyhehadtoeducateandthestraitnessofhiscircumstanceskeepinghimclosetohistrade;butIrememberwellhisbeingfrequentlyvisitedbyleadingpeople,whoconsultedhimforhisopinioninaffairsofthetownorofthechurchhebelongedto,andshowedagooddealofrespectforhisjudgmentandadvice:hewasalsomuchconsultedbyprivatepersonsabouttheiraffairswhenanydifficultyoccurred,andfrequentlychosenanarbitratorbetweencontendingparties.Autobiography(Excerpt)他喜歡盡可能地時(shí)常請(qǐng)一些通達(dá)的友人或鄰居來(lái)進(jìn)餐敘談,在這種時(shí)候他總是設(shè)法提出一些明智或有益的討論題,好增進(jìn)孩子們的智慧。這樣他使我們注意到立身處世中善良、正直和審慎的種種美德,對(duì)于餐桌上的食物很少留意或完全不注意,不管菜肴烹調(diào)的優(yōu)劣,當(dāng)令或落令,滋味的好壞,以及與同類(lèi)中其他菜肴的比較。結(jié)果當(dāng)我長(zhǎng)大時(shí)我對(duì)這些事物完全不加注意,對(duì)我面前的菜肴漠不關(guān)心,粗心大意到這樣一個(gè)程度:甚至在飯后幾小時(shí)內(nèi)人們?nèi)魡?wèn)我飯餐的內(nèi)容我會(huì)瞠目不知所對(duì)。在旅途中,當(dāng)我的旅伴們因?yàn)槿狈煽诘氖澄?,不能滿(mǎn)足他們比較高貴精致的口味和食欲而感到痛苦的時(shí)候,我這種習(xí)慣倒是一種方便。Athistablehelikedtohave,asoftenashecould,somesensiblefriendorneighbortoconversewith,andalwaystookcaretostartsomeingeniousorusefultopicfordiscourse,whichmighttendtoimprovethemindsofhischildren.Bythismeansheturnedourattentiontowhatwasgood,just,andprudentintheconductoflife;andlittleornonoticewasevertakenofwhatrelatedtothevictualsonthetable,whetheritwaswellorilldressed,inoroutofseason,ofgoodorbadflavor,referableorinferiortothisorthatotherthingofthekind,sothatIwasbro'tupinsuchaperfectinattentiontothosemattersastobequiteindifferentwhatkindoffoodwassetbeforeme,andsounobservantofit,thattothisdayifIamaskedIcanscarcetellafewhoursafterdinnerwhatIdinedupon.Thishasbeenaconveniencetomeintravelling,wheremycompanionshavebeensometimesveryunhappyforwantofasuitablegratificationoftheirmoredelicate,becausebetterinstructed,tastesandappetites.Autobiography(Excerpt)同樣地我母親也有一個(gè)健壯的體格:她替她所有的十個(gè)孩子哺乳。除了我父母死前的患病以外,我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)我父親或母親患過(guò)病。父親活到八十九歲,母親活到八十五歲,他們的遺體同葬在波士頓。幾年前我在他們的墓前立了一塊大理石墓碑,上面銘刻著如下的碑文:約賽亞·富蘭克林和他的妻子阿拜亞共葬于此。在婚后的五十五年中他們相親相愛(ài)地生活著。他們既無(wú)田產(chǎn),又無(wú)高俸厚祿,靠著不斷的勞動(dòng)和勤勉,蒙上帝的祝福,他們維持了一個(gè)人口眾多的家庭,安樂(lè)度日。并且撫養(yǎng)了十三個(gè)孩子,和七個(gè)孫兒孫女,聲譽(yù)良好。讀者,從這個(gè)實(shí)例中,你應(yīng)當(dāng)勉勵(lì)自己,在你的職業(yè)中勤奮從事,切勿不信上帝。約賽亞是一個(gè)虔誠(chéng)謹(jǐn)慎的男子,阿拜亞是一個(gè)細(xì)心貞潔的婦女。他們的幼子立此碑銘聊表孝意和紀(jì)念。約賽亞·富蘭克林生于一六五五年,死于一七四四年,享年八十九歲。阿拜亞·富蘭克林生于一六六七年,死于一七五二年,享年八十五歲。Mymotherhadlikewiseanexcellentconstitution:shesuckledallhertenchildren.Ineverkneweithermyfatherormothertohaveanysicknessbutthatofwhichtheydy'd,heat89,andsheat85yearsofage.TheylieburiedtogetheratBoston,whereIsomeyearssinceplacedamarbleovertheirgrave,withthisinscription:JOSIAHFRANKLIN,andABIAHhisWife,liehereinterred.Theylivedlovinglytogetherinwedlockfifty-fiveyears.Withoutanestate,oranygainfulemployment,Byconstantlaborandindustry,withGod'sblessing,Theymaintainedalargefamilycomfortably,andbroughtupthirteenchildrenandsevengrandchildrenreputably.Fromthisinstance,reader,Beencouragedtodiligenceinthycalling,AnddistrustnotProvidence.Hewasapiousandprudentman;She,adiscreetandvirtuouswoman.Theiryoungestson,Infilialregardtotheirmemory,Placesthisstone.J.F.born1655,died1744,AEtat89.A.F.born1667,died1752,85.Autobiography(Excerpt)我嘮嘮叨叨地講了許多離題的話,從這里我看出我已在逐漸衰老了,過(guò)去我寫(xiě)文章比現(xiàn)在條理清楚,但是在私人的團(tuán)聚中,人們的衣著遠(yuǎn)不同于在公共的舞會(huì)??赡苓@只不過(guò)是疏懶罷了。BymyramblingdigressionsIperceivemyselftobegrownold.Ius'dtowritemoremethodically.Butonedoesnotdressforprivatecompanyasforapublicball.'Tisperhapsonlynegligence.Silence

is

not

always

a

sign

of

wisdom,

but

babbling

is

ever

a

folly.Sell

not

virtue

to

purchase

wealth,

nor

liberty

to

purchase

power.

If

a

man

empties

his

purse

into

his

head,

no

one

can

take

it

from

him.

———Benjamin

Franklin課后練習(xí)知識(shí)鏈接1.富蘭克林前半生都做過(guò)哪些工作?2.從?自傳?中的描述,你能體會(huì)到一種什么樣的精神?結(jié)合時(shí)代背景,談?wù)勥@部作品的時(shí)代意義。Chapter7RepresentativeWriters

andTheirWorksUnit2RalphWaldoEmersonRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)出生于波士頓牧師家庭14歲入讀哈佛大學(xué)1829年,擔(dān)任牧師1829年,出行歐洲并拜訪柯勒律治等作家回國(guó)后,開(kāi)始演講和寫(xiě)作畢業(yè)后任教師因不認(rèn)同神學(xué)而辭職散文家、詩(shī)人、哲學(xué)家RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)主要作品1836年,Nature《論自然》1867年,詩(shī)集May-Day

and

Other

Pieces?五月節(jié)?1844年,Essays:

Second

Series?散文集:第二輯?1850年,Representative

Men?代表人物?1837年,演講TheAmericanScholar《美國(guó)學(xué)者》1841年,Essays:

First

Series?散文集:第一輯?1856年,English

Traits?英國(guó)特色?1860年,The

Conduct

of

Life?生活的準(zhǔn)則?該演講對(duì)美國(guó)文化產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響,詩(shī)人霍姆斯稱(chēng)之為美國(guó)“思想的獨(dú)立宣言”。愛(ài)默生通過(guò)演講和散文宣揚(yáng)個(gè)人就是整個(gè)宇宙,他的思想成了美國(guó)個(gè)人主義意識(shí)形態(tài)的重要基石。愛(ài)默生的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格融合了文學(xué)與哲學(xué),哲理性較強(qiáng),其語(yǔ)言獨(dú)辟蹊徑、深?yuàn)W難懂。他的超驗(yàn)主義,在當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)社會(huì)中無(wú)疑是一場(chǎng)極具獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的思想運(yùn)動(dòng),影響了一代又一代的美國(guó)人。Self-Reliance散文?論自助?(Self-Reliance)發(fā)表于1841年,概述了愛(ài)默生此前8年演講和日記所表達(dá)的“自助”思想。這一思想與他的超驗(yàn)主義觀念密不可分。愛(ài)默生的超驗(yàn)主義思想基于柯勒律治對(duì)所謂“理性”(the

Reason)(特指直覺(jué))和“知性”(theUnderstanding)所做的區(qū)分。愛(ài)默生的“自助”思想涵蓋了個(gè)體自我、超越個(gè)別的同一(the

One)或上帝、自主與服從(服從理性、道德本性、普遍法則和上帝)等多重關(guān)聯(lián)。愛(ài)默生的“自助”論點(diǎn)有其宗教色彩和內(nèi)在矛盾,但他肯定和頌揚(yáng)個(gè)人自然本性,與傳統(tǒng)加爾文教義壓抑人性本能形成了鮮明反差。這篇散文文筆清新活潑,語(yǔ)氣如同朋友之間的攀談,文中口語(yǔ)化的稱(chēng)謂拉近了讀者與文章的距離。此外,文中奇言妙語(yǔ)隨處可見(jiàn),哲思遐想更是舉重若輕。作為著名演說(shuō)家,其精妙的修辭手法可略見(jiàn)一斑。行文中,比喻、典故、隨想、先賢哲人的名言洞見(jiàn)信手拈來(lái),盡管論點(diǎn)和思路略顯龐雜松散,但廣博的視野、豐富的想象力,使其思想表達(dá)獨(dú)具魅力。Self-Reliance(excerpt)前些日子我讀了一位有名畫(huà)家的詩(shī)作。這是些奇特而且不落俗套的作品。在這種詩(shī)句中,不論其主題是什么,心靈總能聽(tīng)到某種告誡。詩(shī)句中所注進(jìn)的情感比它們所包括的思想內(nèi)容更寶貴。信任你自己的思想,信任凡是對(duì)你心靈來(lái)說(shuō)是真實(shí)的,對(duì)所有其它人也是真實(shí)的—這就是天才,黃金礦工。表露蟄伏在你心坎的信心,它便具有廣泛的意義;由于最內(nèi)在的終將成為最外在的—我們最初的想法終將在上帝最后審訊日的喇叭聲中得到響應(yīng)。盡管心靈的聲音對(duì)每一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都是熟習(xí)的,但是我們以為,摩西、柏拉圖和彌爾頓最了不起的功勞是他們鄙棄書(shū)本和傳統(tǒng),他們論及的不是人們想到的,而是他們自己的思想。人應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)的是捕捉、察看發(fā)自心坎的閃光,而不是詩(shī)人和巨人們的圣光。但是,人們卻不假思索地?cái)P棄自己的思想,就由于那是自己的思想。Ireadtheotherdaysomeverseswrittenbyaneminentpainterwhichwereoriginalandnotconventional.Thesoulalwayshearsanadmonitioninsuchlines,letthesubjectbewhatitmay.Thesentimenttheyinstillisofmorevaluethanan

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