光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

江蘇常目目 ; 目前進(jìn)行日照觀測(cè)的基本氣象站目前進(jìn)行日照觀測(cè)的基本氣象站我國1953年開始測(cè)量太陽輻射，氣象臺(tái)站數(shù)量從解放初的70個(gè)發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的2610個(gè)，其中氣象站2300個(gè)（縣級(jí)氣象站），氣象臺(tái)310個(gè)。數(shù)據(jù)只有“日照時(shí)數(shù)”布格布格-朗伯定律:SD’=S0=余弦定律:ST’=SD’COSQpDNI*COS（G）Dpm=1/Sin×P/P0Sin=SinSin+CosCosDT’=Dp’(1+CosZ)/2RT’=ρQp’(1-CosZ)/2QTST+DT+RT（直散分離QT(I)=ST(I)+DT(I)+ SdS DTD RTRd(1cosZ)/注意：COS1卡=4.18焦耳，1=1ws6141.6106/3600/1000=1706kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/147Kcal/cm21471034.1810000/3600/10001706.8kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/(10年平均值 對(duì)于聚光太陽電池，要求DNI（DirectNormalInrradiation）的輻//≥≥≥5040–1400–3.8–3780–1050–2.9–<<<Fullrunninghrs(peakhrs)fordifferent獨(dú)立光伏電站效率：60-65%；Eff.ofstand-along建筑并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電效率：70-75%；Eff.ofBIPV&大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站效率：75-80%。Eff.ofLS-BIPV&I:電流Isc:短路電流Im:V:電壓Voc開路電壓Vm: 光強(qiáng) V(-2.5mV/I:I:電流Isc:短路電流Im:V:電壓Voc開路電壓Vm:光強(qiáng)與太陽電池組件的光電流成正比，在光強(qiáng)由100W/m21000W/m2范圍內(nèi)，的條件下，當(dāng)光強(qiáng)在400W/m2-1000W/m2范圍內(nèi)變化，太陽電池組件的開路電 ηeuro=0.03η5%+0.06η10%+0.13η20%+0.10η30%+0.48η50%+TestingProcedure-IslandingPreventionMeasuresforPowerConditionersusedingridconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)generation術(shù)和信息，并開展國際間的交流和合作。。VLS-PV是指型號(hào)太陽電池最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤（MPPT）允許電網(wǎng)電壓范圍（三相尺寸（深×寬×高DeploymentofenvironmentallyfriendlyrammingtechnologiesLevelingoffgeologicalIdeallyfacilitatestheexactalignmentErectionofInstallationofangel-irondependingongeographicalInstallationofErectionofInstallationofmainInstallationofPreparingfinalinstallationDigoutearthcablechannelsLayingofStrings&StrappingElectrical-TechnicalConstructionandinstallationofdistributiontransformerandinverters大。當(dāng)每個(gè)組串被遮擋時(shí)，不會(huì)由于熱斑而損壞。注意：“光伏保險(xiǎn)”的技術(shù)參數(shù)尚不存在?！熬徤亩搪冯娏鳌薄?6組串的并聯(lián)數(shù)：4RCA100%)3(=RCA72%)，maximumseriesfuseReversecurrentoverloadTestMST26Modulescontainelectricallyconductivematerial,containedinaninsulatingsystem.Underreversecurrentfaultconditions,thetabbingandcellsofthemoduleareforcedtodissipateenergyasheat,priortocircuitinterruptionbyanover-currentprotectorinstalledinthesystem.Thistestisintendedtodeterminetheacceptabilityoftheriskofignitionorfirefromthiscondition.AlaboratoryDCpowersupplyshallbeconnectedtothemodulewithpositiveoutputshallbeequalto135%ofthemodule’sovercurrentprotectionrating,asprovidedbythemanufacturer.ThetestsupplycurrentshouldbelimitedtothevalueofItest,andthemodule.Thetestshallbecontinuedfor2h,oruntilultimateresultsareknown,see12.2ofIEC61730-1.InstallationofModulesandSecuringofPlantSecuritySystems:安保系統(tǒng)fences,cameras&motion:美國美國Arizona州PhenixWBANNo.：23183氣象站1961-1990的測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)：緯度：33.43oN，經(jīng)度：112.02oW，海拔：339米，氣壓：974毫巴 91011月(kWhm2當(dāng)光伏安裝成本為$6.2/Wp（44元/Wp時(shí)，固定安裝的光伏電價(jià)為$0.2/kWh（1.4Sin=SinSin+CosCosSinβ=CosSin/CoscoscosZsinsinZcoscos(式中，為太陽電池方陣任一時(shí)刻方位角；為固定安裝：Z’=Z，=0；跟蹤：Z’=90-，=。COS23.50.917,僅有8.3%，全年平均誤差：4%250250400500Springevell5.0MWon inaoninainfrontcold/sloped flattheRequiredareaforPVgeneratorswithdifferentcelltypesFacadeintegration,noventilationRoofintegration,noOn/infacade,poorventil.On/infacade,goodOn/inroof,poorventilationOn/inroof,goodOnwithlarge8,9555,4434,8393,6352,6322,1291,8280,022 電電壓：交流220V單相頻率：50Hz0.5VA靈敏度：“逆向”“上網(wǎng)電價(jià)”（Feed-inTariff）政策和并網(wǎng)方1、NospecialFITforPV；2、ReducepowerconsumptionfromgridbyPV；3、PVconnectgridatloadside。用戶側(cè)并網(wǎng)的光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目所發(fā)電量，富余于“富余電量”“富余電量”？注圖中黃色屋頂上的光伏注圖中黃色屋頂上的光伏TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveuniformregulationsforinterconnectionacrossinterconnectionruleshavethefollowingcharacteristics:distributioncircuithasnomorethan15percentofitscapacityasdistributedAninverterthatcompliedwithUL/IEEE1574standards,whichensures"anti-AlockableACdisconnecttoallowutilitypersonneltolockoutthegeneration.ThesesimpleruleshaveworkedwellfortheUStodate,withalmostnodocumentedproblemsduetodistributedgeneration.The15percentrulehasbeenadoptedatthefederallevel,andaleadingutility(SouthernCaliforniaEdison)isusingthisrulewhenHighvoltageduetoDG:Highvoltagesmaybecausedbyreversepowerflow.Underlightloadforalocationwheretheprimaryvoltageisalreadyhigh,thevoltagerisecanbeenoughtopushthevoltageabovenominallimits.ThiscanevenhappenforasmallDGlocatedonthesecondarybecauseofthevoltagedropalongtheservicedrop,thesecondarywiring,andthedistributiontransformer.（IEEE1547）2009747號(hào)“國家電網(wǎng)公司光伏電站接入電網(wǎng)技術(shù)規(guī)定等都型荒漠光伏電站和風(fēng)電場(chǎng)的光伏發(fā)電站。光伏發(fā)電站的功德國已經(jīng)公布了BDEW“發(fā)電站接入中壓電網(wǎng)的技術(shù)規(guī)定”（Generatingplantsconnectedtothemedium-voltagenetwork），對(duì)于接入中壓電網(wǎng)（1kV-60kV）的TechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedTechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedtotheMedium-VoltageNetworkJune2008issue,BDEW,3rdVersionofVDEThisguidelineshallapplytotheplanning,construction,operationandmodificationofgeneratingplantswhichareconnectedtoanetworkoperator’smedium-voltagenetworkandoperatedinparallelwiththisnetwork.本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于與中壓電網(wǎng)（1kV-60kV)連接且并聯(lián)運(yùn)行的發(fā)電站。tloplyfetokonptfengptdinelo-aeto,hleenptthebtkscadneigeto.Tss.rgpasdtoao-otetokchsdthtkptsiventkhaeae,ndhhnostrsficlyeod.本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也適用于連接在低壓（4）電網(wǎng)的發(fā)電站，這些電站通過變壓器與中壓電網(wǎng)相連，而在低壓側(cè)沒有連接用電負(fù)荷。（即適合于低負(fù)荷、高滲透率時(shí)的情況）AGermangridcodeforthelow-voltagelevelisunderway.Thefirstdraftisverysimilartothedirectiveforthemedium-voltagelevelwhichhighlycontroversial,duetothecomparablyhighcostsforsmallroofPVsystems.德國低壓并網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正在制定，電站必須能夠以10%的步長限制其有60%,30%,和0%）頻率高于50.2Hz時(shí)，功率必須以40%僅當(dāng)頻率恢復(fù)到50.05Hz以下時(shí)，才頻率高于51.5Hz或低于47.5Hz時(shí)必須有功功率調(diào)節(jié)有功功率調(diào)節(jié)（ActivePower60%,30%,和0%）無功功率調(diào)節(jié)無功功率調(diào)節(jié)（ReactivePower低電壓穿越能力低電壓穿越能力（Low-voltageRide（Max.AdmissibleShort-Circuit太陽高度角的公式：sin=sinsin+coscos太陽方位角的公式：sinβ=cosD=cosβ×L，L=H/tan，=arcsin(sinsin+coscos彎曲力矩M：MWL28W彎曲應(yīng)力PPM/Z彎曲度A：A（5WtL3）/（384EL（m）ImB（N/cm2）:B=W/APk=n2（EIm）/L2Im：截面軸向二次力矩(cm4)；E：材料的縱向彈性系數(shù)（N/cm2）L（cm）1/2WA（N/cm2）W（N）A（cm2）總荷重（W+G）/2應(yīng)小于PkW=CwQAw