大學英語六級改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷17（共230題）

大學英語六級改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷17（共9套）（共230題）大學英語六級改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、詞匯理解(本題共30題，每題1.0分，共30分。)Inthepast12months,Nigeriahassufferedfromashrinkingeconomy,aslidingcurrency,andaprolongedfuelshortage.Now,Africa'slargestinfacingafoodcrisisasmajortomatofieldshavebeendestroyedbyaninsect,leadingtoanationwideshortageandescalatingprices.Theinsect,Tutaabsoluta,hasdestroyed80%offarmsinKaduna,Nigeria'slargesttomatoproducingstate,leadingthegovernmenttheretodeclareastateof【C1】______.Theinsect,alsoknownasthetomatoleafminer,devastatescropsby【C2】______onfruitsanddiggingintoandmovingthroughstalks.It【C3】______incrediblyquickly,breedingupto12generationsperyearifconditionsarefavorable.Itisbelievedtohave【C4】______inSouthAmericaintheearly1900s,andlaterspreadtoEuropebeforecrossingovertosub-SaharanAfrica.InNigeria,wheretomatoesareastapleoflocaldiets,theinsect'seffectsaredevastating.Retailpricesfora【C5】______oftomatoesatlocalmarketshaverisenfrom$0.50to$2.50.Farmersarereportingsteeplossesandanew$20milliontomato-pastefactoryhas【C6】______productionduetotheshortages.Giventhemoth'sabilityalsotoattackcropslikepepperandpotatoes,AuduOgbeh,Nigeria'sministerofagriculture,haswarnedthatthepestmay"createseriousproblemsforfood【C7】______"inthecountry.Ogbehsaysexpertsareinvestigatinghowtocontrolthepest'sdamageandpreventitsspread,whichhasgonelargely【C8】______untilnow.Despitebeingthecontinent'ssecond-largestproduceroftomatoes,Nigeriais【C9】______on$1billionworthoftomato-pasteimportseveryyear,asaround75%ofthelocalharvestgoestowastethankstoalackofproperstoragefacilities.Afurther【C10】______inlocalsuppliesisyetanotherunwelcomesetbacktotheindustry.A)dependentB)embarkingC)emergencyD)feedingE)grazesF)haltedG)handfulH)multitudeI)originatedJ)reductionK)reproducesL)securityM)terrorN)uncheckedO)unchecked1、【C1】標準答案：C知識點解析：空格前為介詞of，故空格處應填名詞或者動名詞，且需填入的詞應與astateof構(gòu)成固定搭配。根據(jù)句意：這種名叫番茄葉蟲的昆蟲使80％的農(nóng)場都遭受到了破壞，導致當?shù)卣歼M入______狀態(tài)，故名詞emergency符合題意，與of構(gòu)成固定搭配，意為“緊急狀態(tài)”。故選C。2、【C2】標準答案：D知識點解析：空格前為介詞by，故空格處應填入動名詞，且與后文digginginto和movingthrough構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)。同時，還應與on構(gòu)成固定搭配，故feeding為正確答案．feedingon意為“以……為食”。embarkingon“開始做某事”不符合原文語義，排除。故選D。3、【C3】標準答案：K知識點解析：劃分句子成分可知，空格處應填入謂語動詞，故備選項grazes，halted，originated和reproduces均在選擇范圍。根據(jù)后文“條件適宜的話，它一年可以繁衍12代”可推斷出，這種昆蟲的繁衍速度非?？?，因此reproduces“繁殖”符合題意。故選K。4、【C4】標準答案：I知識點解析：根據(jù)空格前助動詞have可知，空格處應填入過去分詞，備選項有originated和halted。根據(jù)后文“它在橫跨至撒哈拉以南的非洲之前就已經(jīng)傳播到了歐洲”可知，originated“起源”符合題意。故選I。5、【C5】標準答案：G知識點解析：根據(jù)空格前冠詞a及空格后介詞of可知，空格處所填詞應與a和of構(gòu)成固定搭配。根據(jù)句意“______西紅柿的零售價格從0．5美元漲到2．5美元”，將備選項reduction“減少”、security“安全”和terror“恐怖行為”代入原文可知，它們均不符合句意，故排除。ahandfulof意為“一把”符合題意。故選G。6、【C6】標準答案：F知識點解析：根據(jù)助動詞has可知，空格處所填單詞應為動詞過去分詞，以構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，因此halted“停止”符合題意。故選F。7、【C7】標準答案：L知識點解析：根據(jù)空格前的food和介詞for可知，空格處所填單詞與food一起作for的賓語，由此可知，空格處應填入名詞。本句句意為：這種害蟲可能對國家的糧食______造成危害，因此foodreduction“糧食減少”不符合語義，foodsecurity“糧食安全”符合題意。故選L。8、【C8】標準答案：N知識點解析：空格前hasgonelargely中的go為系動詞，故空格處應填入形容詞，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。備選項有：dependent，unchecked，untouched。根據(jù)空格處所在句意“奧貝赫說專家們正在研究如何控制病蟲害并控制其傳播，而直到現(xiàn)在，這個問題都一一”可知，unchecked“未受制止的”符合題意。故選N。9、【C9】標準答案：A知識點解析：空格前為系動詞is，由此可知，空格處應填入形容詞，并與后面介詞on相搭配。將備選項帶入空格處可知，bedependenton“依賴于……”符合題意。故選A。10、【C10】標準答案：J知識點解析：空格前為冠詞a和形容詞further，通過謂語動詞is可知，空格處所在位置為主語，因此空格處應填入名詞。本句句意為：當?shù)匚骷t柿供給的進一步______將成為該行業(yè)的另一個障礙，因此reduction“降低”符合題意。故選J。Moneycanbuyhappiness,butonlyifyouspenditonsomeoneelse,researchersreported.Spendingaslittleas$5adayonsomeoneelsecouldsignificantly【C1】______happiness,theteamattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaandHarvardBusinessSchoolfound.Theirexperimentsonmorethan630Americansshowedtheywere【C2】______happierwhentheyspentmoneyonothers—eveniftheythoughtspendingthemoneyonthemselveswouldmakethem【C3】______."Wewantedtotestourtheorythathowpeoplespendtheirmoneyisatleastasimportantashowmuchmoneythey【C4】______,"saidElizabethDunn,apsychologistattheUniversityofBritishColumbia.Theyaskedtheir600volunteersfirstto【C5】______theirgeneralhappiness,reporttheirannualincomeanddetailtheirmonthlyspendingincludingbills,giftsforthemselves,giftsforothersanddonationstocharity."【C6】______ofhowmuchincomeeachpersonmade,thosewhospentmoneyonothersreportedgreaterhappiness,whilethosewhospentmoreonthemselvesdidnot,"Dunnsaidinastatement.Dunn'steamalsosurveyed16employeesatacompanyinBostonbeforeandaftertheyreceivedanannualprofit-sharing【C7】______ofbetween$3,000and$8,000."Employeeswho【C8】______moreoftheirbonustopro-socialspendingexperiencedgreaterhappinessafterreceivingthebonus,andthemannerinwhichtheyspentthatbonuswasamoreimportant【C9】______oftheirhappinessthanthesizeofthebonusitself,"theywroteintheirreport,publishedinthejournalScience.Theygavetheirvolunteers$5or$20andhalfgotclear【C10】______onhowtospendit.Thosewhospentthemoneyonsomeoneorsomethingelsereportedfeelinghappieraboutit.A)wealthierB)boostC)rateD)actuallyE)focusedF)earnG)devotedH)bonusI)regardlessJ)discussK)predictorL)instructionM)happierN)InspiteO)improve11、【C1】標準答案：B知識點解析：空前是情態(tài)動詞could和副詞significantly，空后是名詞happiness，故此處應填一個動詞，文章第一段提到把錢花在別人身上可以買到快樂，由此可推知．每天為別人花5美元可以增加快樂感。選項中，B項boost意為“增加，促進”，O項improve意為“改善，提高”，improve和boost均可以用來修飾happiness，不過boost語氣更強烈，與文中空前副詞significantly相呼應，更符合句意。因此選擇boost“增加，促進”。12、【C2】標準答案：D知識點解析：空前是be動詞were，空后是形容詞比較級happier，則此處應填一個副詞，聯(lián)系上下文，可推知此句意為“即使實驗對象認為為自己花錢會更快樂，但實際結(jié)果顯示，他們?yōu)閯e人花錢時其實更加快樂”。D項actually意為“事實上，實際上”。因此選擇actually“事實上，實際上”。13、【C3】標準答案：M知識點解析：空前是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，則此處應填一個動詞或形容詞，該空所在句破折號前句意為“實際結(jié)果顯示，他們?yōu)閯e人花錢時其實更加快樂”，破折號后是由evenif引導的與前半句意思相反的句子，由此可推知，此空所在句意為“即使實驗對象認為為自己花錢會更快樂”。M項happier意為“更快樂的”。因此選擇happier“更快樂的”。14、【C4】標準答案：F知識點解析：空前是人稱代詞they，they前是名詞money，那么此處應填一個動詞，和they結(jié)合構(gòu)成money的后置定語，此空所在句是由asimportantas將前后部分聯(lián)系起來，此空和spend對應，花錢和賺錢對應，則此處應填earn。因此選擇earn“獲得，掙得”。15、【C5】標準答案：C知識點解析：空前是asksb．to結(jié)構(gòu)，空后是名詞theirgeneralhappiness，則此處應填一個動詞，根據(jù)下一段內(nèi)容“為別人花更多錢的人稱自己的快樂感增強，而為自己花較多錢的人則沒有這種感受”。這是作者對志愿者針對自己快樂感的評價的轉(zhuǎn)述，C項rate意為“評價”。因此選擇rate“評價”。16、【C6】標準答案：I知識點解析：根據(jù)此空所在句后半句內(nèi)容“為別人花更多錢的人稱自己的快樂感增強，而為自己花較多錢的人則沒有這種感受?！笨赏浦?，前半句應是一個讓步狀語從句，I項regardless與空后of結(jié)合構(gòu)成短語regardlessof，意為“無論，不管”。因此選擇regardless“不管，不顧”。17、【C7】標準答案：H知識點解析：空前是profit-sharing(分紅制)，空后是具體的金額范圍，則此處應填一個與金錢有關的名詞，選項中H項bonus意為“獎金”，加之下文中多次出現(xiàn)bonus，故bonus符合題意。因此選擇bonus“獎金”。18、【C8】標準答案：G知識點解析：空前是定語從句引導詞who，空后是名詞moreoftheirbonus，則此處應填一個動詞，聯(lián)系上下文推知此句意為“這些員工領到獎金后，將較多錢花在別人身上的人快樂感更強”，選項中G項devoted意為“奉獻”，與介詞to搭配，意為“將……奉獻給……”，符合題意。因此選擇devoted“奉獻”。19、【C9】標準答案：K知識點解析：空前是形容詞important，空后是介詞of．則此處應填一個名詞，聯(lián)系上下文推知，此句意為“他們支配這筆錢的方式比獎金本身的多少對快樂感的影響更大?！边x項中K項predictor意為“預測器”，即他們支配這筆錢的方式是更重要的快樂感的預測器，這是一種打比方的說法，符合原文意思。因此選擇predictor“預測器”。20、【C10】標準答案：L知識點解析：空前是形容詞clear，空后是介詞on，則此處應填一個名詞，根據(jù)此段已有內(nèi)容“研究人員向志愿者們分發(fā)了5美元至20美元金額不等的錢……結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，將錢用于別人或其他事情的人感到更快樂?！蓖浦?，研究人員告訴其中一組人花錢的方式，這樣才會使兩組實驗人員形成對比。L項instruction意為“指示，指導”，符合文意。因此選擇instruction“指示，指導”。Athirdofofficeworkerswouldrathergrabafewminutes【C1】______sleepthanbreakfast,accordingtoasurveythatestimatedpooreatinghabitswerecostingcompaniesdearlyintermsoflost【C2】______.AsurveybyIpsosMorifound17percentofBritishofficeworkersneverhavebreakfastand17percenthaveitjustonetothreetimesaweek.Itfoundeightpercentof1,051officestaffquestionedalso【C3】______skiplunch,withthesepooreatinghabitsestimatedtobecostingcompanies17billionpounds($34billion)ayearor97millionlostworkingdays."Worryingly,ofthosewho【C4】______ornevereatlunch,27percentalsonevereatbreakfastduringtheworkingweek,"saidIpsosMoriresearchersinastatement.Thesurvey,commissionedbyfoodservicecompanyBaxterStorey,【C5】______skippingbreakfastcostcompanies8.1billionpoundsor46.5millionlostworkingdays,withmanystudiesfindingalinkbetweeneatingbreakfastandattention【C6】______,learningabilityandgeneralwell-being.Whenotherpooreatinghabitssuchashavingnobreakfastandlunchorhavingnobreakfastandsnacks,areincluded,lostproductivity【C7】______tonearly17billionpounds.Thesurveyfoundmostemployees—percent—havelunch,with68percentoptingforsandwiches,butmostpeopledon'tdrinkenoughduringtheday.Only11percenthadthe【C8】______eightormoredrinksduringtheworkingday."Peoplewhoeatbreakfasthavebetterconcentration,problemsolvingability,mentalperformance,memoryandmood.Peoplewhoeatbreakfastarealsomore【C9】______energeticandhavebettercoordination,"saidnutritionspecialistMattBarker."Researchtellsusthatscoresonmemorytestswereabout15percentlowerinpeoplewhoskippedbreakfast.Andthosewhoskipittendtoeatsugary,fattyfoodslaterintheday,【C10】______theirproductivity."A)physicallyB)rarelyC)estimatedD)targetE)mentallyF)recommendedG)reducingH)adequateI)regularlyJ)extraK)specifiedL)enhancingM)productivityN)spanO)rocketed21、【C1】標準答案：J知識點解析：本文主要講述了不良的飲食習慣導致工作效率下降的問題.由此可推知，此空所在句意為“三分之一的上班族早上寧愿多睡幾分鐘，也不愿起床吃早餐”。選項中，J項extra意為“額外的”，符合句意。因此選擇extra“額外的”。22、【C2】標準答案：M知識點解析：空前是形容詞lost(喪失的)，則此處應填一個名詞，結(jié)合句意推知，員工不良的飲食習慣導致工作效率喪失，從而給公司造成了巨大損失。M項productivity意為“效率，生產(chǎn)力”，符合句意。因此選擇productivity“效率，生產(chǎn)力”。23、【C3】標準答案：I知識點解析：空前的中心詞是名詞officestaff，空后是動詞skip，則此處應填一個副詞，修飾動詞skip，根據(jù)后半句中的withthesepooreatinghabits可推知，此處指的是不良的飲食習慣，那么應該指經(jīng)常不吃午餐的員工。I項regularly意為“經(jīng)常地”，符合句意。因此選擇regularly“經(jīng)常地”。24、【C4】標準答案：B知識點解析：此空所填的詞與副詞never并列，故應填一個具有否定意義的副詞，選項中，只有B項rarely(很少地)是具有否定意義的副詞，填進去后句意為“令人擔憂的是，在那些很少或從來不吃午餐的人中，27％的人也從不吃早餐。符合原文意思，因此選擇rarely“很少地”。25、【C5】標準答案：C知識點解析：空前的中心詞是Thesurvey，空后是省略掉that的從句，故此處應填一個動詞，根據(jù)前文類似句子“withthesepooreatinghabitsestimatedtobecostingcompanies17billionpounds($34billion)ayearor97millionlostworkingdays．結(jié)合備選動詞中C項estimated“估計”，K項specified“明確”，O項rocketed“快速增加”可知，C項動詞estimated符合題意。26、【C6】標準答案：N知識點解析：此空所填詞和ability并列，故應填一個名詞，根據(jù)常識判斷，不吃早餐的人很難長時間集中注意力，也就是“是否吃早餐與注意力集中時間長度、學習能力及總體幸福感有關”。選項中N項span意為“跨度，范圍”，符合句意。因此選擇span“跨度，范圍”。27、【C7】標準答案：O知識點解析：空前句意為“如果將其他一些不良的飲食習慣也算上，如早餐和午餐都不吃或不吃早餐而吃零食，公司所遭受的損失……”，空后是具體數(shù)據(jù)：近170億英鎊，與上一段中提到的“81億英鎊”對比，突顯出損失額的增加幅度之大。選項中O項rocketed有“快速增加”之意，與介詞to搭配，意為“迅速增加到”，符合句意。因此選擇rocketed“快速增加”。28、【C8】標準答案：F知識點解析：空前主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整，空后中心詞是drinks，故此處應填一個形容詞，根據(jù)常識，科學的飲水習慣是每天喝八杯水左右，即每天喝八杯水左右是受人推薦的飲水習慣。選項中，F(xiàn)項recommended意為“被推薦的”，符合句意。因此選擇recommended“被推薦的”。29、【C9】標準答案：A知識點解析：空前中心詞是be動詞are，空后是形容詞energetic，故此處應填一個副詞．吃早餐的人更具活力，當然指的是身體狀態(tài)，A項physically意為“身體上地”，符合句意。因此選擇physically“身體上地”。30、【C10】標準答案：G知識點解析：空前句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，空后是名詞theirproductivity．則此處應填一個動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，表伴隨意義。根據(jù)此段內(nèi)容“研究人員稱，不吃早餐的人記憶力測試得分約低15％。而且早上不吃飯的人之后可能會吃甜食和高脂肪食品……”，可知，前后兩甸是遞進關系，故此句應為否定意義，即“降低他們的效率”，G項reducing意為“減少”，符合句意。因此選擇reducing“減少”。大學英語六級改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、詞匯理解(本題共10題，每題1.0分，共10分。)It'shardtothinkofanearlyretirementasanythingotherthanapositive.Whowouldn'twanttotradeintheirsuitandtieforapairofbeachshorts?Whileretiringaheadofschedulemaybeeasieronthebody,anewsetofresearchhasfoundthatitmaynotbesobeneficialforthe【C1】________.Thestudy,conductedatBinghamtonUniversity,findsthatanearlyretirementcanacceleratetheusualrateofcognitive【C2】________amongtheelderly.TheresearchteamanalyzedChina'snewruralpensionscheme(NRPS),aswellasChina'smostrecentRetirementLongitudinalSurvey(CHARLS),inorderto【C3】________theeffectsofearlyretirementandpensionbenefitsonindividualcognitionamongadultsovertheageof60.Forreference,CHARLSisarepresentativenationalsurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45thattestsrespondentsregarding【C4】________cognition,episodicmemory,andoverallmentalwellbeing.LifeexpectancyratesinChinahavesteadilyincreasedoverthepastfewdecades,coincidingwithadeclineinfertility.ThesetwotrendshaveresultedinalargeelderlypopulationintheAsiannation,【C5】________creatinganurgentneedformorerobustpensionprograms.Aftergoingoverallofthedata,theresearchteam【C6】________acleartrend:individualsreceivingpensionbenefitswereexperiencingmuchmorerapidmentaldeclinethantheir【C7】________stillontheworkforce.Themostprominentindicatorofmentaldeclineamongretireeswasdelayedrecall,atraitwidelyconsideredtobean【C8】________predictorofdementia.Surprisingly,femalesseemedtoexperienceevensharpermentaldeclineafterretiringearly.Overall,theresultssupportthehypothesisthatdecreasedmentalactivityacceleratescognitivedecline.Thisstudy'sfindingsweresimilartopreviousresearchthathadfocusedonthe')ofretirementonelderlyindividualslivingintheUnitedStates,England,andtheEuropeanUnion.So,thisis10atrendlimitedtoAsia.A)menialF)investigateK)intensityB)notedG)accurateL)declineC)mindH)hardlyM)subsequentlyD)followingI)detailedN)impactE)witJ)initiallyO)counterparts1、【C1】標準答案：C知識點解析：空格前為定冠詞the，因此空格處應填入名詞（n.）。由句意可知，空格處的名詞應與“大腦”表意相近。只有C項mind“頭腦，大腦”符合句意。故本題選C。2、【C2】標準答案：L知識點解析：空格前為形容詞cognitive，空格后為介詞among，因此空格處應填入名詞（n.）。由句意可知，空格處的名詞應與“衰退，下降”表意相近。名詞中只有L項decline“衰退，下降，減少”符合句意。故本題選L。3、【C3】標準答案：F知識點解析：空格前為inorderto，空格后為定冠詞the，因此空格處應填入動詞原形（v.）。由句意可知，空格處的動詞應與“調(diào)查，研究”表意相近。動詞中只有F項investigate“調(diào)查，研究”符合句意。故本題選F。4、【C4】標準答案：A知識點解析：空格前為介詞regarding，空格后為名詞cognition，因此空格處應填入形容詞（a.）。由句意可知，空格處的形容詞應與“心理上的”表意相近。形容詞中只有A項mental“心理上的；精神上的”符合句意。故本題選A。5、【C5】標準答案：M知識點解析：空格前為逗號，空格后為動詞creating，因此空格處應填入副詞（ad.）。由句意可知，空格處應填表示順承關系的副詞。副詞中只有M項subsequently“接著；后來”符合句意。故本題選M。6、【C6】標準答案：B知識點解析：空格前為名詞team，空格后為不定冠詞a，空格所在句缺少謂語，且文章用的是過去時，因此空格處應填入動詞的過去式（v.-ed）。由句意可知，空格處的動詞應與“發(fā)現(xiàn)”表意相近。只有B項noted“注意；指出”符合句意。故本題選B。7、【C7】標準答案：O知識點解析：空格前為形容詞性物主代詞their，空格所在句的主干為individualswereexperiencingmuchmoredeclinethan________，因此空格處應填入名詞（n.），空格后的stillontheworkforce為后置定語，修飾空格處的名詞。由句意可知，空格處的名詞應與“對應的事物”表意相近。名詞中只有O項counterparts“職位（或作用）相當?shù)娜?；對應的事物”符合句意。故本題選O。8、【C8】標準答案：G知識點解析：空格前為不定冠詞an，空格后為名詞predictor，因此空格處應填入形容詞（a.）。由句意可知，空格處的形容詞應與“準確的”表意相近。形容詞中只有G項accurate“準確的”符合句意。故本題選G。9、【C9】標準答案：N知識點解析：空格前為定冠詞the，空格后為介詞結(jié)構(gòu)ofretirement作后置定語，因此空格處應填入名詞（n.），且能與后面的介詞on構(gòu)成搭配。由句意可知，空格處的名詞應與“影響”表意相近。名詞中只有N項impact“影響”可與on構(gòu)成搭配，意為“對……的影響”，符合句意。故本題選N。10、【C10】標準答案：H知識點解析：空格前為be動詞is，空格后為不定冠詞a，空格所在句不缺主干成分，因此空格處可填入副詞（ad.）。由句意可知，空格處的副詞應與“不僅”表意相近。副詞中只有H項hardly“幾乎不”符合句意。故本題選H。二、長篇閱讀(本題共10題，每題1.0分，共10分。)TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyTransitions[A]Politiciansarefondofpromisingrapidenergytransitions.Whetheritisatransitionfromimportedtodomesticoilorfromcoal-poweredelectricityproductiontonatural-gaspowerplants,politicianslovetotalkbig.Unfortunatelyforthem(andoftenthetaxpayers),ourenergysystemsareabitlikeanaircraftcarrier:theyareunbelievablyexpensive,theyarebuilttolastforaverylongtime,theyhaveahugeamountofinertia(meaningittakesalotofenergytosetthemmoving),andtheyhavealotofmomentumoncetheyaresetinmotion.Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan'tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime(10美分硬幣),orevenafewthousanddimes.[B]Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems:inertiaandmomentum.Inertiaistheresistanceofobjectstoeffortstochangetheirstateofmotion.Ifyoutrytopushaboulder(大圓石),itpushesyouback.Onceyouhavestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.Momentumissaidtobe"conserved,"thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.Soaheavyobject,likeafootballplayermovingatahighspeed,hasalotofmomentum—thatis,onceheismoving,itishardtochangehisstateofmotion.Ifyouwanttochangehiscourse,youhaveonlyafewchoices:youcanstophim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergy(動能)toyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhiscourse.[C]Butthereareotherkindsofmomentumaswell.Afterall,wedon'tspeakonlyofobjectsorpeopleashavingmomentum;wespeakofentiresystemshavingmomentum.Whetherit'sasportsteamorapresidentialcampaign,everybodyrelisheshavingthebigmomentum,becauseitmakesthemhardertostoporchangedirection.[D]Onekindofmomentumistechnologicalmomentum.Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.Considertheincandescent(白熾燈的)bulb,anobjectcurrentlyhatedbymanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.Theincandescentlightbulb,inventedbyThomasEdison,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.Therearestandard-shapedbulbs,flame-shapedbulbs,coloredglobe-shapedbulbs,andmore.Itisquiteeasy,withallthatchoice,tochangealightbulb.[E]Butthemomentumofincandescentlightingdoesnotstopthere.Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures,fromthedesklampyoustudyby,totheuglybutbelovedhand-paintedChineselampyouinheritedfromyourgrandmother,totheceilingfixtureinyourcloset,tothelightinyourovenorrefrigerator,andtothelightthatthedentistpointsatyou.Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture.[F]Andthereismoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,butroomsandentirebuildingshavebeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.[G]AslightingexpertHowardBrandstonpointsout,"Generally,therearenobadlightsources,onlybadapplications."TherearesomeverycommendablecharacteristicsoftheCFL[compactfluorescent(熒光的)lightbulb],yettheselectionofanylightsourceremainsinseparablefromtheluminaire(照明裝置)thathousesit,alongwiththespaceinwhichbothareinstalled,andlightingrequirementsthatneedtobesatisfied.Thelamp,thefixture,andtheroom,allthreemustworkinconcertforthetruebenefitsofend-users.IftheCFLshouldbeusedforlightingaparticularspace,oranobjectwithinthatspace,thefixturemustbedesignedtoworkwiththatlamp,andthatfixturewiththeroom.Itisasymbiotic(共生的)relationship.ACFLcannotbesimplyinstalledinanincandescentfixtureandthenexpectedtoproduceavisualappearancethatismorethanwashedout,foggy,anddim.Thewholefixturemustbereplaced—lightsourceandluminaire—andthisisneveraninexpensiveproposition.[H]AndBrandstonknowsathingortwoaboutlighting,beingthemanwhoilluminatedtheStatueofLiberty.[I]Anothertypeofmomentumwehavetothinkaboutwhenplanningforchangesinourenergysystemsislabor-poolmomentum.Itisonethingtosaythatwearegoingtoshift30percentofourelectricitysupplyfrom,say,coaltonuclearpowerin20years.Butitisanotherthingtohaveasupplyoftrainedtalentthatcouldletyoucarryoutthispromise.Thatisbecausetheengineers,designers,regulators,operators,andalloftheotherskilledpeopleneededforthenewenergyindustryarespecialistswhohavetobetrainedfirst(orretrained,iftheyaretheonesbeinglaidoffinsomerelatedindustry),andeducation,likeanyothercomplicatedendeavor,takestime.Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachgroupofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.[J]Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproduction,refining,electricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespans.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.Wheninvestorsputupmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowerplant,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackovertheplannedlifeoftheplant,whichistypicallybetween40and60years.SomecoalpowerplantsintheUnitedStateshaveoperatedformorethan70years!Theoldestcontinuouslyoperatedcommercialhydro-electricplantintheUnitedStatesisonNewYork'sHudsonRiver,anditwentintocommercialservicein1898.[K]AsVaclavSmilpointsout,"Alltheforecasts,plans,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner."[L]Whenyouhearpeoplespeakingofmakingarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergy,whetheritisaswitchfromcoaltonuclearpower,oraswitchfromgasoline-poweredcarstoelectriccars,orevenaswitchfromanincandescenttoafluorescentlight,understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumcanhelpyoudecidewhethertheirplansarefeasible.11、Notonlymovingobjectsandpeoplebutallsystemshavemomentum.標準答案：C知識點解析：題干：不僅運動的物體和人，而且所有系統(tǒng)都具有動量。題干的關鍵詞movingobjectsandpeople和havemomentum分別與原文C段第二句中的objectsorpeople和havingmomentum相對應，題干是對C段第二句的同義替換。故本題選C。12、Changingthecurrentenergysystemrequiresthesystematictrainingofprofessionalsandskilledlabor.標準答案：I知識點解析：題干：改變當前的能源系統(tǒng)需要對專業(yè)人員和熟練的勞動力進行系統(tǒng)培訓。題干的關鍵詞training和skilledlabor分別與I段第四句中的trained和skilledpeople相對應，且題干關鍵詞Changingthecurrentenergysystem與I段第一句中的changesinourenergysystems相對應，題干是對I段第一、四句的概括總結(jié)。故本題選I。13、Changingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixturehousingit.標準答案：E知識點解析：題干：更換燈泡比更換承載燈泡的燈具更容易。題干的關鍵詞Changingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixture分別與原文E段末句中的Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture相對應，題干是對E段末句的同義替換。故本題選E。14、Effortstoacceleratethecurrentenergytransitionsdidn’tsucceedasexpected.標準答案：K知識點解析：題干：加速當前能源轉(zhuǎn)型所作的努力并沒有像預期的那樣成功。題干的關鍵詞accelerate與原文K段中的accelerated對應，且題干關鍵詞didn’tsucceed是K段中havefailed的同義替換，題干是對K段的概括總結(jié)。故本題選K。15、Tochangethelightsourceiscostlybecauseyouhavetochangethewholefixture.標準答案：G知識點解析：題干：更換光源成本很高，因為你必須更換整個燈具。題干的關鍵詞change，thelightsource，costly，thewholefixture分別與原文G段最后一句中的bereplaced，lightsource，never…inexpensive，Thewholefixture相對應，題干是對G段最后一句的同義替換。故本題選G。16、Energysystems,likeanaircraftcarriersetinmotion,havehugemomentum.標準答案：A知識點解析：題干：能源系統(tǒng)，就像一艘啟動的航空母艦，有著巨大的動量。題干的關鍵詞Energysystems，anaircraftcarrierhavehugemomentum分別與A段第三句中的energysystems，anaircraftcarrier和havealotofmomentum相對應，題干是對A段第三句的同義替換。故本題選A。17、Theproblemwithlighting,ifitarises,oftendoesn’tlieinlightsourcesbutintheirapplications.標準答案：G知識點解析：題干：照明這一問題，如果出現(xiàn)的話，通常不在于光源，而在于它們的應用。題干的關鍵詞lightsources；~applications分別在原文G段第一句中原詞復現(xiàn)，且題干中的doesn’tliein…butin是G段第一句中thereareno…only的同義替換。題干是對G段第一句的同義替換。故本題選G。18、Thebiggestobstacletoenergytransitionisthatthepresentenergysystemistooexpensivetoreplace.標準答案：J知識點解析：題干：能源轉(zhuǎn)型的最大障礙是現(xiàn)有的能源系統(tǒng)過于昂貴而難以替代。題干的關鍵詞Thebiggestenergysystem別與J段第一句中的thebiggest和energysystems對應，且J段第二句指出裝置的成本太高(costlyinstallations)，和題干的關鍵詞tooexpensive相對應，題干是對J段第一、二句的概括總結(jié)。故本題選J。19、Theapplicationofatechnologycanimpactareasbeyonditself.標準答案：D知識點解析：題干：一項技術(shù)的應用可以影響其本身以外的領域。題干的關鍵詞application，atechnology，impactareasbeyonditself與原文D段第二句中的deployed，atechnology，itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself相對應，題干是對D段第二句的同義替換。故本題選D。20、Physicalcharacteristicsofmovingobjectshelpexplainthedynamicsofenergysystems.標準答案：B知識點解析：題干：運動的物體的物理特征有助于解釋能量系統(tǒng)動力學。題干的關鍵詞Physicalcharacteristics，movingobjects，explain，thedynamicsofenergysystems分別與原文B段第一句中的physics，characteristics，movingobjects，understanding，thedynamicsofenergysystems相對應，題干是對B段第一句的同義替換。故本題選B。三、仔細閱讀(本題共10題，每題1.0分，共10分。)Fiftyyearsagotoday,whentheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)openeditsdoors,Americanworkplaceswerefullofdangers.ThelawthatcreatedOSHAwasrevolutionary:Itestablished,forthefirsttime,therighttoasafeworkplace,freeofserioushazards.Businesseshadtocomplywithfederalregulationsandpermitinspectorstoexaminetheirfacilities.TheagencyhasimprovedworkingconditionsforgenerationsofAmericans.Ithaspreventedthousandsofdeathsandmillionsofinjuries.Butinresentyears,progresshasslowed.OSHA'slimitationspredatethepandemic.Theagency'senforcementstaffissosmallthatifOSHAsentinspectorstoeveryworkplace,itwouldtake162yearstovisitthemall.Newregulationsoftenlake10ormoreyearstobefinalized.What'smore,theemergenceoftheonlineplatformeconomyhasallowedmorebusinessestoabdicateresponsibilityforthepeopledoingworkontheirbehalf,sincegigworkersaren'taffordedtheprotectionsavailabletoregularemployees.Inaddition,severalothergroups—independentcontractors,peopleworkingonsmallfarms,eightmillionpublicsectorworkersin24statesandtheDistrictofColumbia-havenolegalrighttoasafeworkplace.Temporaryworkers,whoareatgreaterriskofinjuryanddeaththantraditionallyemployedworkers,alsooftenfallbetweenthecracks.WhileOSHAbadlyneedsmoreinspectors,itwillneverhaveenoughtovisitallworkplaces.Tobroadenitsimpact,theagencyshouldaugmenttheconsequencesforviolatingsafetyregulationsinordertoencourageemployerstoaddressthreatsbeforeOSHAinspects,andbeforeworkersgethurt.Publicizingsafetyviolationscanserveasaneffectivedeterrent:OnestudyfoundthatOSHAwouldhavetoconduct210inspectionstoachievethesameamountofdeterrenceasasinglenewsreleasedetailingaseveresafetyviolation.OSHAalsoneedstoadapttothechangingnatureoftheAmericanlabormarket.ItcantakeacuefromcountrieslikeAustraliaandNewZealand,whichhaveembracedanewmodelcalled"dutyofcare",inwhichcompaniesmustensurethattheiractivitiesdonotendangerthehealthandsafetyofanyworker,regardlessoftype.ThankstoOSHA'sefforts,countlessworkershavebeensparedinjuries,illnesses,disabilityandprematuredeath.Buttoomanyarestillbeinghurtonthejob.TheCovid-19pandemichastaughtusthevalueoftheofteninvisibleworkerswhomakeoureconomyfunction.OSHAshouldmodernizetoensurethatallworkersareabletodotheirjobsandattheendoftheirshiftsgohomesafeandhealthy.21、Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutOSHAinrecentyears?A、Itsperformanceisnotasbrilliantasbefore.B、Itsauthorityischallengedduetoinaction