大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法_第1頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法_第2頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法_第3頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法_第4頁(yè)
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩164頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

TTMSsystemofficeroom【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-TTMSHHJ8】示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Theshopopensatnineeveryday.這家商店每天九點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。Itseldomsnowshere.這兒很少下雪。示客觀存在或普遍真理Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光速比聲速快。Foodeasilygoesbadinhotweather.天氣熱時(shí)食物容易壞。示主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài)Thepicturelooksverybeautiful.這幅畫(huà)看起來(lái)很美。Aircontainsoxygenandnitrogen.空氣含有氧和氮。時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)I'lltellheraboutitassoonasIseeher.Whendoesthetrainarrive火車幾點(diǎn)到或劇本中的動(dòng)作提示和背景說(shuō)明INSIDETHESHELTERStocktonslowlyturnstofacehiswife.Theangryscreamingcriesofthepeopleringintheirearsevenastheydepart.群人正在離去,而他們憤怒的尖叫聲卻還回響在他們的耳邊。解說(shuō)ItsCartertoserveheneedsjustonemorepoint.Heserves.AndSmithmisses.Whatagreatserve!Sothechampionshipgoesto19-year-oldHarryCarter.只需再得一分就贏了。他發(fā)球了,史密斯接球失誤。多漂亮的發(fā)球!冠軍屬于了19歲行時(shí)示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作有表示現(xiàn)階段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:today,thisweek,thismonth,thisyear,thisterm,now等。如:Heiswritinganovelnow.他目前正在寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、重復(fù)性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作時(shí)必須與only,merely,simply,really,fast,rapidly,steadilyforever,allthetime,always,constantly,continually,repeatedly等頻度副詞連用。如:Sheisalwayscomplaining總是在抱怨。示按計(jì)劃或已安排好要做的事這一用法只適用于某些動(dòng)詞,如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:Theguestisleavingbytraintonight.客人今晚坐火車走。正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子,并沒(méi)有“正在”這樣的字眼,但在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)必須用進(jìn)態(tài)。如:It'srainingheavily.下大雨了。Howiseverythinggoing情進(jìn)展如何不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞有:hearseesmell,taste,feel,seem,notice,hate,love,like,want,wish,refuse,prefer,forgive等。所屬的詞,如:exist,stay,remain,obtain,have,own,form,contain等。理解的詞,如:understand,know,remember,forget,believe,think,doubt等。示從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在完成時(shí)的這種用法通常與由since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Theoldmanhavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.20多年了。示過(guò)去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)可以和already,before,ever,just,lately,never,once,recently,yet等一些所指時(shí)間不具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoAustralia你去過(guò)澳大利亞嗎時(shí)和now,today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Ihaven'tseenhimtoday.我今天沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Ihaveseenhimonlyoncethisyear.我今年只見(jiàn)過(guò)他一次。時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作I'llgotothepartyassoonas(orwhen)Ihavefinishedmyhomework.就去參加聚會(huì)。untilnow,sofar,inthepastfewyears,uptothepresent等表示從某時(shí)到目前這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用Ihavenotheardfromhersofar.沒(méi)有收到過(guò)她的信。Wehavelearnedfivehundredwordsuptothepresent.到目前為止,我們已學(xué)了五百個(gè)生詞。要注意:當(dāng)意義明確時(shí),適用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子可以不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:Hehasdonealotofwork.他干了許多工作。Shehastoldmeaboutherstory.她跟我講過(guò)她的故事。在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作I'vebeenwritinglettersallthismorning.我寫(xiě)了一上午信。(動(dòng)作不再繼續(xù))O'Neilisill.He'sbeenlyinginthebedforthreeweeks.奧尼爾在病中,已臥床3個(gè)星期了。(動(dòng)作會(huì)繼續(xù)下去)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的重復(fù)性動(dòng)作在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法所表示的并不是一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:Whathaveyoubeendoingallthistime你一直都在干什么來(lái)著(動(dòng)作可能繼續(xù)下去)Thatreporterhasbeencontributingarticlestothismagazinealltheseyears.這些年那個(gè)記者一直為這家雜志撰稿。(斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。yesterdaylastnight(week,year,month,Sunday),then,atthattime,atthatmoment,justnow,afewdays(weeks,months,years)ago等。例句:Lucyturnedoffallthelightsbeforeshewentout.可以與today,thisweek(month,year)等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)指過(guò)去。如:Didyouseehimtoday你今天見(jiàn)他了嗎(today指今天已過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻)可以和for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Istayedtherefortwomonths.我在那里呆了兩個(gè)月。Nothinghappenedsincethen.打那以后什么事都沒(méi)有發(fā)生。時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Whowasthat人是誰(shuí)IsawKerintown.我在城里看見(jiàn)了克爾。(3)一般過(guò)去時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Hanssaidhewouldletusknowifhegotanynews.漢斯說(shuō)要是得到消息就告訴我們。行時(shí)示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Wewerehavingdinnerwhentheycame.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候,我們正在吃飯。示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如:Carloswasstayingathomealllastweek.洛斯都在家呆著。Theywerebuildingadamlastspring.去年春天他們一直在修一個(gè)水壩。示與過(guò)去某個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:Iwasreadingwhileshewaswriting.我在讀書(shū),她在寫(xiě)字。時(shí)用于主句,位于其后的when引導(dǎo)的從句表示意外發(fā)生的情況:Iwaswalkinginthestreetwhenitbegantorain.著,突然下起了雨。示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法多表示過(guò)去的打算,通常僅限于come,go,leave,depart,start些表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。如:Hedidn'tknowwhethershewascoming.他不知道她是否會(huì)來(lái)。Thedelegationwasdepartingthreedayslater.代表團(tuán)打算三天后動(dòng)身。示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前結(jié)束的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Whenhegotthere,thetrainhadalreadyleft.他到了那兒時(shí)火車已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。Inarealizedshehadmadeamistake.艾娜意識(shí)到她犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。when等從句連用had+just/barely/hardly/scarcely+done...when...,nosooner...than...Nosoonerhadweleftthehousethanitbegantorain.我們剛離開(kāi)家就開(kāi)始下雨了。IhadnotgonemuchfartherbeforeIcaughtthemup.我沒(méi)有走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)之前的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Wehadfinishedtheworkbynineo'clockyesterday.昨晚九點(diǎn)前我們已完成了工作。Thecompanyhadcompletedtheprojectbytheendof1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望的用法僅限于expect,hope,intend,mean,plan,think,want等動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去時(shí)間往往由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)。如:Ihadintendedtospeak,buttimedidnotpermit.我本想發(fā)言,可是時(shí)間不允許。Ihadhopedyoumightknow.我本希望你會(huì)知道的。去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)之前的動(dòng)作。如:IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.這個(gè)東西,我找了好多天才找著。eeminutesbeforeitwasansweredHewastired.He'dbeenworkingallday.他累了。他工作了一整天。Afterhe'dbeenlecturingforhalfanhour,ProfessorBrownhadadrinkofwater.布朗教授講了半小時(shí)課之后,他喝了一點(diǎn)水。用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀況。如:Helenawillbetwentynextyear.海倫娜明年就二十歲了。于真實(shí)條件句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中表示將來(lái)的情況。如:I'lltellyouassoonashecomes.他一來(lái)我就告訴你。從句表示愿望或意愿。如:Ifyouwillwaitforme,Ishallcomebacksoon.如果你愿意等我,我馬上就回來(lái)。用來(lái)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如:Theshopwon'topenuntilnine.這家商店九點(diǎn)才會(huì)開(kāi)門(mén)。Childrenwillbechildren.孩子就是孩子。begoingto原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算或準(zhǔn)備好要做的事或有跡象表明要發(fā)生的天氣變化等情況。如:Whatareyougoingtododuringthesummerholiday么Thetrainisgoingtoarrive.(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be+現(xiàn)在分詞)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。這類動(dòng)詞有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:Annieiscomingtosupperthisevening.安妮今晚要來(lái)吃飯。beto形這一結(jié)構(gòu)可表示約定、命令或按計(jì)劃要做的事。如:Whenaretheytocome他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.我們約好在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)。beaboutto原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。如:Heisabouttoleave.他馬上就要?jiǎng)由怼hevacationisabouttostart.假期即將開(kāi)始。行時(shí)WhatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrowThetrainwillbeleavinginasecond.火車馬上就開(kāi)。(1)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作,往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。如:Ishallhavefinishedreadingthebookbytheendofthisweek.我將在本周末前讀完這本書(shū)。Beforelong,hewillhaveforgottenallaboutthematter.過(guò)不久,他很快就會(huì)把這件事全然忘記。(2)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)到將來(lái)某時(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:Bythetimehegraduates,hewillhavestudiedFrenchforfouryears.,他學(xué)法語(yǔ)就滿四年了。BythetimePiercecomesbackfromthemeeting,wewillhavewaitedhereforthreehours.來(lái)的時(shí)候,我們已經(jīng)在這兒等了三個(gè)鐘頭了。去將來(lái)時(shí)(1)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之后將出現(xiàn)的情況,通常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:Ithoughthewouldcome.我以為他會(huì)來(lái)。Jennyneverimaginedthatshewouldbecomeadoctor.詹妮從沒(méi)想到自己會(huì)當(dāng)醫(yī)生。(2)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的事情。如:TheoldladywasfiftyeightthenIntwoyearsshewouldbesixty太當(dāng)時(shí)五十八歲,再過(guò)兩年就六十了。Ididn’tthinktheywouldhaveanyobjectiontoit.我想他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。(3)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作(不管什么人稱都用would)。如:Wheneverhehadtime,Harriswouldgotoseehisgrandmother.哈里斯一有時(shí)間就去看他奶奶。Joannawouldgoforawalkaftershehadsupper.喬安娜吃完晚飯總要去散步?,F(xiàn)在范疇一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/aremadeamisarebeingmadehavebeenmade過(guò)去范疇一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/weremadeswerebeingmade過(guò)去完成時(shí)hadbeenmadeshallwillbemadelwillhavebeenmadeshouldwouldbemadeshouldwouldhavebeenmade態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)便于論述客觀事實(shí),故常用于科技。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Iamnotsoeasilydeceived.我不會(huì)輕易上當(dāng)受騙的。Computersarewidelyusedintheworld.計(jì)算機(jī)在世界范圍內(nèi)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Thecarwasseriouslydamaged.汽車受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.印刷術(shù)是由中國(guó)傳入歐洲的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Thequestionisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.這個(gè)問(wèn)題現(xiàn)在正在會(huì)上討論。Thechildrenarebeingtakencareofbytheiraunt.孩子們現(xiàn)在正由其姑媽照看。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)eingserved被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Themeetinghasbeenputoff.會(huì)議已被推遲了。Thepartyhasbeenplannedsincethenewyear.這次聚會(huì)自新年起就已籌劃了。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Bytheendoflastmonth,hehadbeenrobbedatleastthreetimes.到上月底,他已被搶了至少三次。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)ItissaidthatthebuildingwillhavebeencompletedbeforeSeptember.據(jù)說(shuō)大樓將于九月前竣工。ThisclasswillhavebeentaughtbyMrBrownfortwoyearsbynextsummer.朗先生在這兩個(gè)班執(zhí)教已有兩年了。Watermustn'tbewasted.絕不能浪費(fèi)水。Electricenergycanbechangedintolightenery.電能可以轉(zhuǎn)變成光能。Crosstheroadverycarefully.Lookbothways,oryoumightbeknockeddown.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要特別小心,要往兩邊看,不然會(huì)被撞倒。Get的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Get+過(guò)去分詞也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而不是動(dòng)作本身。如:themangothurtonhiswayhome.那個(gè)男人在回家的路上受傷了。Maryisgoingtogetmarried.瑪麗準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚了。Howdidtheglassgetbroken杯子怎么破了語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Thismatterhasbeentalkedaboutrecently.這件事近來(lái)一直被談?wù)撝?。Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.這樣的事從未被聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)。Theoldmanwaslookedaftercarefully.那位老人被精心照顧著。Hehasneverbeenlistenedto.人家從不聽(tīng)他的話。Thesportsmeetingwasputoff.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被推遲了。Ashortplaywillbeputonbythemattheparty.一個(gè)短劇將要由他們?cè)谕頃?huì)上演出。Whathesaidmustbethoughtover.他說(shuō)的話必須仔細(xì)思考。Privilegesmustbedoneawaywith.特權(quán)必須被取消。Thelighthasjustbeenturnedoff.燈剛被關(guān)上。Theirplansarebeingcarriedout.他們的計(jì)劃正在執(zhí)行中?!本湫妥?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),另一賓語(yǔ)不變。WecallhimXiaoWang.我們叫他小王。(主動(dòng)句)HewascalledXiaoWang.他被叫做小王。(被動(dòng)句)Hepaintedthetablegreen.他把桌子漆成了綠色。(主動(dòng)句)Thetablewaspaintedgreen.桌子被漆成了綠色。(被動(dòng)句)that句型的被動(dòng)句that從句作賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成兩種形式的被動(dòng)句。如:Peoplesaythatheistherichestmaninthecity.人們說(shuō)他是全市頭號(hào)富翁。→Itissaidthatheistherichestmaninthecity.據(jù)說(shuō)他是全市頭號(hào)富翁。Heissaidtobetherichestmaninthecity.據(jù)說(shuō)他是全市頭號(hào)富翁。被動(dòng)句。如:Itwasreportedthattheboyhadbeenfound.據(jù)報(bào)道,男孩已被找到。Theboywasreportedtohavebeenfound.據(jù)報(bào)道,男孩已被找到。acknowledgeassumebelieve,claim,consider,declare,estimate,expect,find,know,presume,report,say,think等。的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)所表示的不是主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,而是其內(nèi)在的性能。這種句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);肯定句必須帶方式狀語(yǔ);否定句的謂語(yǔ)可以帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:Sheistoblame.她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。Thehouseistorent.這個(gè)房子要出租。Foodcankeepfreshinafridge.食物放在冰箱里能保鮮。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支鋼筆很好寫(xiě)。Theclothfeelssoft.這布摸上去很柔軟。Thecaketastesgood.這蛋糕很好吃。(1)助動(dòng)詞be和現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)或完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:Heisreading.他在讀書(shū)。I'llbewaitingforyoutherethen.我到時(shí)在那兒等你。(2)助動(dòng)詞be和過(guò)去分詞一起構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:Ishetakengoodcareof被照顧得好嗎Theyshallbepunished.他們一定要受懲罰的。(3)助動(dòng)詞be用作系動(dòng)詞。如:Matthewisateacher.馬修是個(gè)老師。Wewerelatetoday.我們今天遲到了。4)助動(dòng)詞be和不定式連用,可以表示下面幾種情況。只用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句。如:Wearetodiscussitthefollowingweek.我們打算下周討論那件事。Whenistheweddingtobe婚禮什么時(shí)候舉行表命令,只用于肯定句和否定句。如:Alljuniorofficersaretoreporttothecolonelatonce.全體下級(jí)軍官都必須立即向上校報(bào)到。TomsaysIamtoleaveyoualone.湯姆要我不理會(huì)你。多用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Herfatherwasoftentobeseeninthebarofthishotel.在這家旅館的酒吧經(jīng)常可見(jiàn)到她父親。Whereishetobefound在哪兒可找到他須”,“應(yīng)該”多用于現(xiàn)在式。如:Nobodyistoleavethisroom.誰(shuí)也不許離開(kāi)這個(gè)房間。WhatamItodonext下一步我該做什么He'stoblame.該怪他。多用于過(guò)去式。如:Hewastobemyteacherandfriendformanyyearstocome.在后來(lái)許多年里,他是我的老師和朋友。Theprofessordidnotknowatthetimethathewasnevertoseehisnativeplaceagain.(5)助動(dòng)詞be用于條件從句。如:Ifwearetosucceed,wemustredoubleourefforts.我們要想成功,必須加倍努力才行。(areto意為“想要”)(6)be后接goingto,aboutto,onthepointof等表示將來(lái)時(shí)間或根據(jù)計(jì)劃、意圖等將要發(fā)生的事。如:Itsgoingtorain快要下雨了。(將來(lái)時(shí)間)Hesabouttoleave他正要走。(將來(lái)時(shí)間)Have(1)助動(dòng)詞have與過(guò)去分詞一起構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:Ihavereadthebook.我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。Kennyhasleft.肯尼已經(jīng)走了。(2)助動(dòng)詞have與been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:Ihavebeenwashingtheclothesthewholemorning.整個(gè)上午我都在洗衣服。Lamberthasbeenworkingasaworkerherefornearlyfiveyears.蘭伯特一直在這里當(dāng)工人,幾乎有五年了。(3)助動(dòng)詞have構(gòu)成hadbetter,hadbest,hadrather等詞組。不帶to的不定式或接進(jìn)行式、完成式或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。hadbetter的否定式是hadbetternot。如:Youhadbetterstayathome.你最好呆在家里。You'dbetterhavehadthatexperiencebefore.假如你以前有過(guò)那個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)就好了。You'dbetternotruntherisk.你最好不要冒那個(gè)險(xiǎn)。Theyhavehadtheproblemsolved讓其他人解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題.(使役動(dòng)詞)Badnewshaswings丑事傳千里.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)Whatshallwehaveforlunch動(dòng)詞)(1)助動(dòng)詞do,does和did用于構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句和倒裝句。如:Doyouunderstandallthis你明白這一切嗎Don'tgoyet.先別走。(2)助動(dòng)詞do,does和did用于代替句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~,以避免重復(fù)。如:Hedidn'tgototheparty.NeitherdidI.他沒(méi)有去參加晚會(huì),我也沒(méi)有去。Idonotagree.Nordoeshe.我不同意,他也不同意。Dohaveanothercupofcoffeebeforeyougo.走前請(qǐng)一定再喝一杯咖啡。That'sexactlywhathedidsay.他就是那樣說(shuō)的。ButIdowanttogo.可是我確實(shí)想去。定副詞如never,rarely,scarcely,only等為首的句子中,如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí),助動(dòng)詞do和did可以構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。如:NeverdidItellhimaboutthat.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有告訴過(guò)他那件事。RarelydoesitsnowintheSouth.南方很少下雪。anmaymust(1)can表示主語(yǔ)的能力。如:Thehallcanseat1,000people.這個(gè)大廳能坐1000人。Canyouplaythepiano琴嗎(2)can表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)(即可能性),多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如:Canitbetrue嗎Themooncan'talwaysbeatthefull.月不可能總是圓的。Whatcanshemean她可能是什么意思呢(3)can表示許可。如:Thissortofthingcan'tgoon.這樣的事不能再繼續(xù)下去了。Youcan'tsmokehere.你不可在這里吸煙。(4)“can+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)(只用于否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中)。如:Hecan'thavemissedtheexplainedtheroutecarefullyanddrewhimamap.他不會(huì)迷路。我對(duì)他詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了路線,還畫(huà)了一張地圖。Cantheteamhaveleftalready經(jīng)離開(kāi)了嗎could法Daisycouldn'tcomeyesterdaybecauseshewasill.不能來(lái)是因?yàn)樗×?。Theysaidtheycouldswim.他們說(shuō)他們會(huì)游泳。(2)could表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)(即可能性)。如:Hecouldberight.他或許是對(duì)的。CoulditbeHenry嗎Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.可能是真的。(3)could表示許可。如:FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.爸爸說(shuō)我可以在河里游泳。uldIhelpyouCanIhelpyouThemanaskedifhecouldsmokeinthehall.那個(gè)人問(wèn)可不可以在大廳里吸煙。(4)“could+完成式”用于肯定句時(shí)一般表示過(guò)去可能完成卻未完成的動(dòng)作。如:Icouldhavereportedyou.我本可以報(bào)告你的。Youcouldhaveletmeknowearlier.你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。(1)may表示許可,多用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句中,否定句中不常用。如:MayIaskyouaquestionCanIaskyouaquestion更禮貌)Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.這本書(shū)你可以借兩周。(2)may表示可能性,常用于肯定句和否定句中,指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的可能性。如:Itmaybetrue.那可能是真的。Theroadmaybeblocked.這條路可能不通了。(3)“may+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:Evamayhavemissedhertrain.伊娃可能誤火車了。Hemayhavereadthebook.他可能讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。mayaswell(=mightasYoumayaswellstaywhereyouare.你還是原地呆著好。Allthepubsaremayaswellgohome.所有的酒館都打烊了。我們還是回家吧。may求許可”的問(wèn)句做出肯定回答時(shí),通常不用過(guò)于嚴(yán)肅和正式的“Yes,youmay,而多用“Yes,please(請(qǐng)便)”或“Ofcourse/Certainly(當(dāng)然可以).”;否定回答時(shí),常用“Pleasedon't(請(qǐng)不要).”或“No,youmustn't(不行).”4.might的用法(1)might表示許可。如:MightIhaveawordwithyou我可以同你說(shuō)句話嗎MightImakeasuggestion我可以提一項(xiàng)建議嗎Mightweaskyouafavour我們可以請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙嗎但要注意:MightI...比MayI...更客氣,但是不如MayI...常用。(2)might表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),其把握性比may小。如:MrSmithmightberight.史密斯先生或許是對(duì)的。Hemighthavesomefever.他可能有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。(3)might用于委婉地提出建議、責(zé)備等。如:Youmightaskhimforhelp.你可以請(qǐng)他幫忙嘛。Youmightaskbeforeyouborrowmycar.你可以先問(wèn)問(wèn)我再借我的車嘛。(4)“might+完成式”(表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的抱怨、責(zé)備、遺憾等)。如:Youmighthaveconsideredherfeelings.你本應(yīng)考慮她的感受。Youmighthaveletmeknowearlier.你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。(1)must表義務(wù)或強(qiáng)制。如:Imustgonow.我必須走了。Soldiersmustobeyorders人必須服從命令。Visitorsmustleavebagsinthecloakroom.參觀者須把包放到物品寄存處。must一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),其肯定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用Yes,please.或I'mafraidso.其否定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用needn't或don'thaveto.—MustIgotomorrow明天我必須去嗎—Yes,please.是的。—No,youneedn't.不,你不必去。must的否定式mustnot/mustn't表示禁止。Youmustn'tleavehere.你不許離開(kāi)這兒。Carsmustn'tbeparkedinfrontoftheentrance.車不能停在入口處。(2)must表示說(shuō)話人有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:Hemustbeathomenow.他現(xiàn)在肯定在家。Youmustbejoking.你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑。Hemustbemad.他一定是瘋了。must僅限于肯定句。如:Youmustbejoking.一定是在開(kāi)玩笑吧。(4)“must+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:Youmusthaveknownwhathewanted.你當(dāng)時(shí)肯定知道他想干什么。Emmmusthavebeenveryyoungwhenshegotmarried.?,斀Y(jié)婚時(shí)一定很年輕。(5)“must+完成進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:Hemusthavebeenworking.他肯定一直在工作。(1)shall用于疑問(wèn)句中,征求對(duì)方的意愿;這時(shí)可以用第一人稱和第三人稱。如:ShallIturnonthelight好嗎)Shallwesithere好嗎)Shallhesendyouacheckshall述句,與第二人稱或第三人稱連用,表示允諾、命令、警告和強(qiáng)制,或表示說(shuō)話人的決心等。Sheshallgethershare(允諾)Thenyoushallcome.那你就得來(lái).(命令)Nothingshallstopusfromcarryingoutthisplan.什么也不能阻止我們實(shí)現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心)should法(1)should表“應(yīng)該”,用于所有人稱,表示常理認(rèn)為是對(duì)的事或適宜做的事,通常意義為“應(yīng)該”。如:Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime.你下次應(yīng)該再細(xì)心些。Weshouldalwaysbearthisinmind.我們要把這一點(diǎn)常記在心里。(2)“should+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的抱怨、責(zé)備、后悔等。如:Ishouldhavetakenheradvice.我本該采納她的建議的。Ishouldn'thavetreatedherlikethat.我不該那樣待她來(lái)著。(3)表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:Theguestsshouldhavearrivednow.客人可能已經(jīng)到了。(1)will表示主語(yǔ)的決心或意愿。如:Iwon'targuewithyou.我不愿意跟你爭(zhēng)辯。IwilldoallIcan.我會(huì)盡力去做。Ifyouwanthelpletmeknow,willyou?(2)作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,will表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),意為“大概”。如:Thatwillbethebookyouwant.那大概是你所要的書(shū)。Askhim.Hewillknow.問(wèn)他吧,他大概知道。(3)will表示主語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣或習(xí)慣能力。如:Theyoungmanwillsitthereforhoursdoingnothing.在那兒無(wú)所事事。would用法(1)would表示主語(yǔ)的意愿。如:That'sjustwhathewouldwant.那正是他想要的。Hisdaughterwouldn'tlistentoanybody.他女兒誰(shuí)的話也聽(tīng)不進(jìn)去。(2)“Wouldyou...”表示客氣的請(qǐng)求。如:Wouldyoupleaselendmeyourpen借用一下你的鋼筆好嗎Whatwouldyouliketodrink你想喝點(diǎn)什么(3)“Wouldyoulike/prefer...”表示提議或邀請(qǐng)。如:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee你要不要喝點(diǎn)咖啡(4)would表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),其把握性比will小。如:Itwouldbeaboutteno'clockwhenhelefthome.他離開(kāi)家時(shí)大概是10點(diǎn)左右。Thatwouldbein1976,Ithink.我想那可能是在1976年。(5)would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如:Sometimeshewouldcometoseeus.他有時(shí)來(lái)看看我們。Everyeveninghewouldcometosaygoodnight.每天晚上他都來(lái)道晚安。(6)“would+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:ThetourgroupwouldhavereachedNewYork.旅游團(tuán)可能已經(jīng)到紐約了。IthoughtyouknewIthoughtMaximwouldhavetoldyou.我以為你知道了。我以為馬克西姆會(huì)告訴你的。ohaveto要用于表示客觀外界向主語(yǔ)施加的義務(wù)。它有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第三人稱形式hasto和過(guò)去時(shí)形式hadto,也可以與助動(dòng)詞和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。如:Ishallhavetogototheclinictodayformybadcough.我咳嗽得很厲害,今天得去診所。Youwillhavetocometomorrow.你明天得來(lái)。在口語(yǔ)中也可用have(has)gotto(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)可省去have)。英國(guó)英語(yǔ)還可用其否定與疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Youhaven'tgottoworktomorrow.明天你不用上班。(got可省去)Haveyougottoworktomorrow你明天得上班嗎(got可省去)donthavetohaventgotto所不同,如:Youdon'thavetochangeatLondon.你不用在倫敦?fù)Q車。(指通常)Youhaven'tgottochangeatLondon.你不用在倫敦?fù)Q車。(指這一次)tto(1)oughtto表示出于義務(wù)、責(zé)任、道義等方面的要求而該做的事。如:Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.你該去看病。Hesaidyououghttotellthepolice.他說(shuō)你應(yīng)該去報(bào)警。(2)oughtto表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)。如:Johnoughttoknowhowtousethemchine.約翰可能知道怎么用這個(gè)機(jī)器。注意:在表示義務(wù)和猜測(cè)時(shí),oughtto通??梢院蛃hould換用。d(1)表必要性,多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句或否定意味的疑問(wèn)句中。如:Youneedn'thurry.你不必著急。NeedIrepeatit需要我重復(fù)嗎/p>(2)“need+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況溫和的責(zé)備、后悔等,通常限于否定句。如:Weneedn'thavehurried.我們當(dāng)時(shí)不必那么匆忙。Thecarneedscleaning.=Thecarneedstobecleaned.車需要清洗了。Weneedsomemoremoney.我們還需要些錢(qián)。/p>,Dareyoujumpdownfromthetree你敢從樹(shù)上跳下來(lái)嗎Howdareyoubesorude你怎么敢如此無(wú)理(2)dare還可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),它有動(dòng)詞的全部形式,后面要跟帶to的不定式。如:Thegirldidn'tdaretogobyherself.那女孩不敢獨(dú)自去。Hedaredtosaynomore.他不再敢說(shuō)什么了。dare稱和數(shù)的變化,有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)形式,可以和助動(dòng)詞連用,也不僅只用于否定疑問(wèn)句,而且dare之后的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略。如:Whodarestogo誰(shuí)敢去Shedidnotdare(to)gooutafterdark.她天黑以后不敢出門(mén)。Idareyoutodoit.我諒你不敢做這事。Theyoungmandaredtheangeroftheentirefamily.那年輕人不怕惹起全家人的憤怒。dto(1)usedto表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:Natalietoldussheusedtogochurch.納塔莉告訴我們她過(guò)去常去做禮拜。Itusedtobeaprosperoustown.這里過(guò)去是一個(gè)繁榮的城鎮(zhèn)。to式和疑問(wèn)式有兩種形式。一種是不用助動(dòng)詞,另一種是借助于助動(dòng)詞did,而借助于助動(dòng)詞的形Ididn'tuseto/usedn'tto/usednottogettiredwhenIplayedtennis.我過(guò)去打網(wǎng)球時(shí)不感到累。Didyouusetousedtoplaytennis或Usedyoutoplaytennis你過(guò)去打網(wǎng)球嗎Thereusedtobeapubheredidntusethere/usedn'tthere?過(guò)去這里有一個(gè)小酒館,對(duì)嗎?(3)usedtodo(作“過(guò)去經(jīng)常做”解)與beusedtosth/doingsth(作“習(xí)慣于某事/做某事”解)。如:I'musedtolifeinthecountry.我習(xí)慣于鄉(xiāng)村生活。Shewasnotusedtogettingupearly.她不習(xí)慣早起。用法但要注意:美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的結(jié)果主句,不管什么人稱,皆常用would。事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句相反條件句中時(shí),條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were),結(jié)果主句的謂語(yǔ)用should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形。如:IamsorryIamverybusynow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlycometoseeyou.歉,我很忙。如果有時(shí)間,我一定去看你了。Ifitweren’tfortheirsupport,wewouldbeinadifficultsituation.要不是有他們的支持,我們的處境會(huì)很困難。ifplaceswerealike,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.樣,就不需要地理學(xué)家了。IfIwereyou,Iwouldapplyforthejob.如果我是你,我會(huì)申請(qǐng)那份工作的。Whatwouldyoudoifyouknewwhobroketheglass.要是你知道誰(shuí)打破了玻璃,你會(huì)怎么辦?EvenifIhadthemoney,Iwouldn’tbuyit.即使我有錢(qián)也不會(huì)買(mǎi)它。的非真實(shí)條件句實(shí)相反的條件句中時(shí),條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用had+過(guò)去分詞,結(jié)果主句的謂語(yǔ)用should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+have+過(guò)去分詞。如:IfIhadtakenyouradvice,Iwouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.如果當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)了你的話,我就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavefinishedtheworksoeasily.的幫助,我的工作不會(huì)這么容易完成。Ifwehadknownthebasicprinciplesweshouldhavecontrolledtheprocessevenbetter.基本原理,我們?cè)缇湍芨玫乜刂七@個(gè)工序了。Iffactshadbeencollectedoneweekearlier,weshouldhavehadmoretimetostudythem.假使早一個(gè)星期收集事實(shí),我們就有更多的時(shí)間研究它們了。Theconferencewouldnthavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparation.的準(zhǔn)備,會(huì)議是不會(huì)開(kāi)得這么成功的。將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句(1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的條件句中時(shí),條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were),wereto或should,結(jié)果主句用should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形。如:Ifitrained(weretorain/shouldrain)tomorrow,Ishouldstayathome.會(huì)呆在家里。Iftheteacherknewit,hewouldbeangry.萬(wàn)一老師知道了這事,他會(huì)生氣的。Iwouldn’tlosecourageevenifIshouldfailagain.即使再次失敗我也不會(huì)氣餒。IfImadeamistake,Ishouldtrytoremedyit.假如我犯了錯(cuò)誤,我就會(huì)設(shè)法補(bǔ)救。Ifsomethingshouldgowrong,thecontrolrodswoulddrop.萬(wàn)一發(fā)生什么事故,控制桿就會(huì)下落。相反的條件句中,其條件從句的謂語(yǔ)也可用wereto+動(dòng)詞原形。這種虛擬式比較正式,多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,其假想性很強(qiáng),實(shí)現(xiàn)性很小。如:aboutit語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞也可用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:Mayyoulivealongandhappylife.愿你長(zhǎng)壽幸福。(may只用于表示愿望)Iftherewerenofriction,anautomobilecouldnotmove.沒(méi)有摩擦力,汽車就不能開(kāi)動(dòng)。Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavesucceeded.要不是你的幫助,我們是不會(huì)成功的。Ifcomputershadnotbeeninvitedmanyproblemsonspaceflightcouldnothavebeensolved.如果沒(méi)有發(fā)明計(jì)算機(jī)的話,宇宙飛行的許多問(wèn)題就不可能解決。不用連詞if,而將謂語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去式were,had或should等移至主語(yǔ)之前。如:dyoudoWerehetoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.如果他今天動(dòng)身,星期五前會(huì)趕到那兒。Hadsomeworkbeendone,energywouldhavebeenapplied.如果做了一定量的功,就一定消耗了能量。Hadtheytime,theywouldcometoseeyou.如果他們有時(shí)間,他們就會(huì)來(lái)看你。Shouldhecome,hewouldbeabletoexaminethetrialrunofthemachine.檢驗(yàn)這臺(tái)機(jī)器的試車情況了。果主句所表示的時(shí)間不一致當(dāng)條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表示的時(shí)間不一致(如一個(gè)是過(guò)去發(fā)生的,一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的)時(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveaskedyoutocome.如果你身體好一些,我們?cè)缇驼?qǐng)你來(lái)了。Ifwehadconsultedhimonthequestionyesterday,weshouldknowwhattodonow.假如昨天我們向他請(qǐng)教了這個(gè)問(wèn)題,現(xiàn)在就知道該怎么辦了。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.假如你接受了我的意見(jiàn),你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好得多。ifIwere..,結(jié)果主句則可用任何時(shí)間的虛擬形式。如:IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如我不忙,我就會(huì)去的。(were表過(guò)去)用法(1)條件暗含在短語(yǔ)中。如:Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.我們不知道他的電話號(hào)碼,否則我們就會(huì)給他打電話。(暗含條件是otherwise)Withoutyourhelp,wewouldn’thaveachievedsomuch.沒(méi)有你的幫助,我們不可能取得這么大的成績(jī)。(暗含條件是介詞短語(yǔ)withoutyourhelp)Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceededintheexperiment.如果沒(méi)有你的幫助,我的實(shí)驗(yàn)就不會(huì)成功。(暗含條件是butforyourhelp)Itwouldcausegreattroublenottolubricatethebearingimmediately.軸承就會(huì)引起很大的故障。(暗含條件是nottolubricatethebearingimmediately)Alone,shewouldhavebeenterrified.(2)條件暗含在上下文中。如:Iwouldnothavedoneitthatway.我是不會(huì)那么做的。(可能暗含ifIwereyou)Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavecometohelpyou.我那天很忙。否則我會(huì)來(lái)幫你的。(可能暗含ifIhadn’tbeensobusy.)Youmightcometojoinusinthediscussion.你可以參加我們的討論。(可能暗含ifyouwantedto)IwouldhaveboughttheDVDplayer.我是會(huì)買(mǎi)下那臺(tái)影碟機(jī)的。(可能暗含ifIhadthemoney)Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.要不是碰到暴雨,我們還會(huì)早些到。(可能暗含ifithadnotbeenforthestorm)。非真實(shí)條件句IfIcouldseehimonce我只要再見(jiàn)到他一次就好了。Ifonlyhewerehere.如果他在這兒就好了。IfonlyIhadntdonethat.我要是沒(méi)做那事就好了IfonlyIhadmoretimetothinkaboutit.我要是有更多的時(shí)間考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題就好了。Ifonlyyouwouldtakemyadvice.你如果聽(tīng)我的意見(jiàn)就好了。Ifonlyshedidn’tdrivesofast!她要是別開(kāi)那么快就好了。that等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:Thegovernmentpreparedtoawardthemwhentheexperimentshouldbecompleted.政府已準(zhǔn)備在實(shí)驗(yàn)完成后嘉獎(jiǎng)他們。Steelpartswereusuallycoveredwithgreaselesttheyshouldrust.鋼部件通常涂有油脂以免生銹。UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn’tbeatwork.除非我好了,否則我不會(huì)去上班。conductorasifitwereafluidHehandledtheinstrumentwithcareforfear(that)itshouldbedamaged.他小心地?cái)[弄那儀器,生怕把它弄壞。Takesomemoremoneywithyouincaseyoushouldneedit.多帶點(diǎn)兒錢(qián)以備急用。Hecanusethecaronconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.來(lái),他就可以把車借去。poseyouweregivenachancetogetthejobwouldyouaccept那份工作,你會(huì)接受嗎?注意:與if一樣,上述詞語(yǔ)所引導(dǎo)的條件從句也可用直陳語(yǔ)氣,表可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。be型或be型虛擬式,在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常用be型虛擬式。如:It’snaturalthatsheshoulddoso.她這么做是很自然的事。Itisessentialthatweshouldtellherthenews.我們有必要告訴她這個(gè)消息。Itisimportantthatweshouldmakefulluseofourmineralresources.對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),充分利用我國(guó)的礦產(chǎn)資源是重要的。Itisstrangethattheresultoftheexperimentshouldbeunsatisfactory.奇怪的是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果竟然如此令人不滿意。Itisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadybytonight.希望一切在今晚準(zhǔn)備好。ItwasarrangedthatMrSamshouldgoandhelpBettie.他們作了安排,由薩姆先生去幫助貝蒂。edsuggestedsettledproposedrecommended,requested,decided,etc.)that...句型中。Itissuggestedthatthequestionshouldbediscussedatthenextmeeting.有人建議在下次會(huì)上討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Itisvitalthatheshouldbewarnedbeforeitistoolate.在還不太晚的時(shí)候警告他是非常必要的。IthasbeendecidedthatthesportsmeetshouldbepostponedtillnextItwasrequestedthatavote(should)betaken.有人要求進(jìn)行表決。從句中的用法wish的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式①動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)。如:Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.我真希望物價(jià)會(huì)下降。Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.我希望你不要再問(wèn)這種愚蠢的問(wèn)題。IwishIknewhisaddress.可惜我不知道他的地址。Iwishwecouldgowithhim.我們要是能跟他一起去該多好。②had+過(guò)去分詞表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)。如:IwishIhadknownitbefore.我真希望我預(yù)先知道這件事。Hewisheshehadn’tbeenrudetohisparents.他真希望他沒(méi)有對(duì)父母無(wú)禮。Shewishedthatshehadstayedathome.她想那時(shí)要是留在家里就好了。IwishIcouldhavebeenthereyesterday.要是我昨天到過(guò)那里該多好。wouldrather句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式uldratherwouldsoonerwouldjustassoonwouldsooner表示愿望,但其賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。如:Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday.我寧愿你明天來(lái),而不是今天。IcoulddoitmyselfbutIwouldsooneryoudidit.我自己也可以做,但我寧愿你去做。Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethetruth.我倒想你本該把事實(shí)真相告訴我。suggest中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式shouldthat從句,作為demand,order,prepose,request,require,suggestarrangeinsist,command,desire,advocate,maintain,urge,direct,move,prefer,arrange,recommend等詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:TheexpertproposedthatTVshouldbeturnedoffatleastonefoureveryday.專家提議每天至少應(yīng)該關(guān)掉電視一個(gè)小時(shí)。Theboardrecommendedthatthecompanyshouldinvestinthenewproperty.董事會(huì)建議公司投資新的房地產(chǎn)。ThecommitteehasgiveninstructionsthatthemanagershouldflytoNewYork.委員會(huì)已發(fā)出指示,要經(jīng)理飛往紐約。SecretaryofWarEdwinM.StantonorderedthatJamesVanMetreshouldbereleased.Heaskedthatthearrangementsbemadetohelpthemfinishthework.他要求做好安排,幫他們完成工作。Experimentsdemandthataccuratemeasurementsbemade.實(shí)驗(yàn)要求做到準(zhǔn)確的計(jì)量。Sheinsistedthatwetakeupthematteratthemeeting.她堅(jiān)持要求我們?cè)跁?huì)上談這個(gè)問(wèn)題。有些動(dòng)詞,如think,expect,believe其否定式的賓語(yǔ)從句亦可用should+動(dòng)詞原形。如:Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我萬(wàn)沒(méi)想到他會(huì)拒絕。Ihadnotexpectedthatthingsshouldturnoutlikethis.我沒(méi)料到事情的結(jié)果竟是這樣。用法虛擬語(yǔ)氣也可用在表語(yǔ)從句中。這種從句由that(可省略)所引導(dǎo),其謂語(yǔ)是shouldestionproposalideamotionorderrecommendationsplanimpossibility,possibility等名詞。如:Hissuggestionwasthateveryoneshouldhavemap.他的建議是每人發(fā)一張地圖。icdeviceshouldbetestedatonce在主句中作主語(yǔ)的名詞常見(jiàn)的有:擬語(yǔ)氣在同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法suggestion語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形,美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常用動(dòng)詞原形。Theymadetherequestthattheproblemshouldbediscussedassoonaspossible.他們要求盡快討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Hegaveordersthattheworkshouldbestartedatonce.他命令工作馬上開(kāi)始。Theproposalthatheshouldbedismissedwassupportedatthemeeting.大會(huì)對(duì)開(kāi)除他的提議表示了支持。中的用法步狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法由連接詞whether,if,evenif/though,whatever,soongas氣,即其謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形。如:Whetherthefiguresbeaccurateornot,theyhavetoberechecked.不管那些數(shù)字準(zhǔn)確與否,都得重新核對(duì)。Theearthispowerfulmagnetandallmagnetsbehavethesamewhethertheybelargeorsmall.個(gè)強(qiáng)大的磁體,而所有的磁體無(wú)論大小其作用都是一樣的。Theyhavedecidedtobuildareservoirwhateverthedifficultiesmaybe.他們決心建造一座水庫(kù),不管有多少困難。Iwon’tletyouinwhoeveryoumaybe.無(wú)論你是誰(shuí)我都不讓進(jìn)去。Howeverhardthetaskmaybe,wemustfulfillitontime.不管任務(wù)多么艱巨,我們必須按時(shí)完成。Ifthedefendantbefoundguilty,heshallhavetherightofappeal.如果被告被判有罪,他有權(quán)上訴。②倒裝的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管怎樣,我們一定要前進(jìn)。Howeverharditmayrain,weshallhavetogo.無(wú)論雨多大,我們都得走。式狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(謂語(yǔ)形式與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句相同,be在第一、三人稱可用was或were)。如:Youspeakasifyouhadreallybeenthere.你說(shuō)的好像你真的去過(guò)那里。Lightoftenbehavesasthoughitweremadeofparticles.光的性狀,常常有點(diǎn)兒像由粒子組成的。2.不定式(短語(yǔ))作表語(yǔ)HespoketomeasifIwas(were)deaf.他跟我說(shuō)話時(shí)就好像我是聾子似的。的狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法以lest,forfearthat和incase引出的狀語(yǔ)從句(謂語(yǔ)多用should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成)。如:uldbekeptindryplaceslestelectricityshouldleakawayHehandledtheinstrumentwithcareforfearthatitshouldbedamaged.他小心地弄那儀器,生怕把它弄壞。hangeyourmind語(yǔ)氣在itistime后的定語(yǔ)從句中的用法itis(high,about)time(that)...句型中。定語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。如:Itistimewestarted.我們?cè)摮霭l(fā)了。Itistimewesettowork.我們?cè)撝止ぷ髁?。Itistimeweleft.我們?cè)撟吡?。Itistimeweshouldleave.我

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論