2024年AI工作晴雨表+2024+AI+Jobs+Barometer

PwC’s2024

AIJobsBarometer

HowwillAIaffectjobs,skills,wages,

andproductivity?

/aijobsbarometer

25%

JobsthatrequireAIspecialistskillscarryuptoa25%wagepremiuminsomemarkets.

25%

Skillssoughtbyemployersarechangingata25%higherrateinoccupationsmostabletouseAI.Tostayrelevant,workersinthesejobswillneedtobuildordemonstratenewskills.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometergoesbeyond

predictionsaboutAI’simpacttofindevidenceby

analysingoverhalfabillionjobads.TheBarometerrevealshowAIistransformingtheworldofwork,

makingpeopleandbusinessesmoreproductive

whilechangingwhatittakesforworkerstosucceed.

HeadlineFindings

4.8x

SectorswithhighestAIpenetrationare

seeingalmostfivefold(4.8x)greaterlabour

productivitygrowth.Risinglabourproductivity

cangenerateeconomicgrowth,higherwages,andenhancedlivingstandards.

3.5x

GrowthinjobsthatrequireAIspecialistskillshasoutpacedalljobssince2016(wellbeforeChatGPTbroughtfreshattentiontoAI),withnumbersofAIspecialistjobsgrowing3.5

timesfasterthanalljobs.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer2

Halfabillionjobadsreveal

AI’simpact

AIistheIndustrialRevolutionofknowledgework,transforminghowallworkerscanapplyinformation,createcontent,anddeliverresultsatspeedandscale.Howisthisaffecting

jobs?WiththeAIJobsBarometer,PwCsetouttofindempiricalevidencetohelpsortfactfromfiction.

PwCanalysedoverhalfabillionjobadsfrom15countriestofindevidenceofAI’simpactatworldwidescalethroughjobsandproductivitydata.

PwCtrackedthegrowthofjobsthatdemandspecialistAIskills(suchasmachinelearning

orneuralnetworks)acrosscountriesandsectorsasanindicationofAIpenetration.1We

findthatAIpenetrationisaccelerating,especiallyinprofessionalservices,information&

communication,andfinancialservices.WorkerswithspecialistAIskillscommandsignificantwagepremiums,suggestingthattheirabilitiestodeployAIarevaluabletocompanies.

1AI’struepenetrationintotheeconomymaybeevengreaterthanreflectedinthisanalysis.Byfocusingonjobads,thisanalysiscapturesAI’simpactonjobchangers,butdoesnotcaptureAIusageorupskillingforexistingemployees.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer3

TheAIJobsBarometeruseshalfabillionjobadsfrom15countriestoexamineAI’simpactonjobs,skills,wages,andproductivity

Asia

singapore

Europe

UK

France

Germany

spain

ltaly

Belgium

Australasia

Australia

Denmark

Netherlands

Newzealand

Norway

sweden

NAmerica

USA

canada

ButAI’simpactisnotlimitedtoonlythoseworkerswhohavespecialistAIskills.Many,

ifnotmost,workerswhouseAItoolsintheirworkdonothaveorneedthesespecialist

skills.Forexample,alimitednumberofworkerswithspecialistAIskillsmaydesign

anAIsystemortoolforacompanythatisthenusedbyhundredsorthousandsofthe

company’scustomerserviceagents,analysts,orlawyers-noneofwhomhavespecialistAIskills.Infact,onethingthatmakesawell-knownformofAI-generativeAI-sucha

powerfultechnologyisthattypicallyitcanbeoperatedusingsimpleeverydaylanguagewithnotechnicalskillsrequired.

TocaptureAI’simpactonalljobs,PwCanalysedalljobs(andsectors)bytheirlevelof‘AIexposure.’AhigherlevelofAIexposuremeansthatAIcanmorereadilybeusedforsometasks.ExamplesofoccupationswithhigherAIexposurearefinancialanalysts,customerserviceagents,softwarecoders,andadministrationmanagers.TheanalysisrevealedthatsectorswithhigherAIexposureareexperiencingmuchhigherlabourproductivitygrowth.Atthesametime,theskillsdemandedbyemployersinAI-exposedoccupationsare

changingfast.Readontolearnmore.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer4

KeyTerms

‘AIspecialistskills’:Specialist,technicalAIskillslikedeeplearningorcognitiveautomation.SeeAppendixOneforAIskillslist.

‘AIspecialistjobs’:Jobsthatrequirespecialist,technicalAIskills.

‘Alljobs’:Alljobsinalloccupations.

‘AI-exposed’:DescribesalljobsorsectorsinwhichAIcanreadilybeused

forsometasks(basedondefinitionofAIOccupationalExposure

developedbyFeltenetal.)

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer5

AIpenetrationis

accelerating

AttentiontoAI’simpactonthejobsmarketexplodedinNovember2022withthelaunchofChatGPT3.5.However,thedatashowsthatAIhadquietlyexertedagrowingimpactonthejobsmarketyearsbefore.GrowthinAIspecialistjobshasoutpacedgrowthinalljobssince2016,wellbeforeChatGPTbroughtfreshfocustoAI.

Today,thereareseventimesasmanypostingsforspecialistAIjobsastherewerein2012.Incontrast,postingsforalljobshavegrownmoreslowly,doublingsince2012.Putanotherway,openingsforjobsthatrequirespecialistAIskillshavegrown3.5timesfasterthan

openingsforalljobssince2012.

GrowthinAljobshasoutpacedalljobssinceatleast2016

NumberofJobPostings,relativeto2012

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023

AIJobsAllJobs

Source:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata.Theanalysisrepresentssixofthefifteencountries:US,UK,Singapore,Australia,Canada,andNewZealand.

Ninecountrieshavebeenexcludedduetodatapriorto2018beingunavailable:France,Germany,Belgium,Denmark,Spain,Italy,Netherlands,Norway,andSweden.

The2022peakinjobpostingsaboverepresentsexceptionallyhighdemandforworkerswhichgraduallyeasedin2023asjobmarketconditionsreturnedtowardnormal.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer6

Knowledgeworksectorshavehigher

AIpenetration

KnowledgeworksectorsinparticularareseeinggrowingdemandforjobsthatrequirespecialistAIskills.Theshareofjobadsrequiringtheseskillsishigherinprofessional

services,information&communication,andfinancialservices-preciselythosesectorspredictedtobemostexposedtoAI.2Financialserviceshasa2.8xhighershareofjobsrequiringAIskillsvsothersectors,professionalservicesis3xhigher,andinformation&communicationis5xhigher.

ShareofjobpostingsbysectorrequiringAlskills

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023

InformationandCommunicationProfessionalServicesFinancialServicesOthersectors

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata,UKGovernmentImpactofAIonJobs2023.“Othersectors”includesAgriculture,Mining,Power,Water,Retailtrade,Transportation,Accommodation,RealEstate,Administrativeactivities,ArtsandEntertainment,Householdactivities,Construction,Manufacturing,Education,HealthandSocialActivitiesandExtraterritorialActivitiessectors.Chartincludesall15countriesinthisstudy.

2AIOccupationalExposure(AIOE),constructedbyFeltenetal(2021),scoresandmeasuresthedegreetowhichoccupationsrelyonabilitiesinwhichAIhasmadethemostprogressinrecentyears,meaningAIcanmorereadilybeusedforsometasksinthoseoccupations.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer7

AIspecialistjobscommanduptoa25%

wagepremiumonaverage

AI’svaluetocompaniesismadeclearbywhatishappeningwiththewagesofworkerswithAIspecialistskills-theverypeoplewhoaremakingtheAIrevolutionpossible.

25%

Upto25%wagepremiumforworkerswithspecialistAIskills

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer8

Aswehaveseen,growthinjobsdemandingAIspecialistskillshasoutpacedgrowthinalljobssince2016.What’smore,thesejobscarryuptoa25%wagepremiumonaverage,underliningthevalueoftheseskillstocompanies.

BelowareaverageAIwagepremiumsforfivecountriesforwhichthereissufficientdatatoperformtheanalysis.Toshowhowthiswagepremiumcanaffectindividualoccupations,wagepremiumsforselectedoccupationsaregiven.

WagepremiumforjobvacancieswhichrequireAlskillsbycountry

CountryAlWagePremium

Occupation

USA

UK

Canada

Australia

Singapore

DatabaseDesigners

andAdministrators

+53%

+58%

+8%

+14%

+35%

Lawyers

+49%

+27%

-

-

-5%

SalesandMarketing

Managers

+43%

+14%

+3%

+7%

+3%

FinancialAnalysts

+33%

+32%

-

-

+11%

ApplicationsProgrammers

+32%

+24%

-

+7%

+34%

SystemsAnalysts

+30%

+34%

+15%

+7%

+28%

Accountants

+18%

+5%

+17%

-

+4%

Averagewagepremiumacrossalljobs

+25%

+14%

+11%

+6%

+7%

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata,ISCO-08OccupationCodes(4-digitlevel).2023data.Thesefindingsdonotdemonstrateacausalrelationship.TheseestimatesarecalculatedbycomparingtheaveragesalariesofAIjobpostingstothoseofnon-AIpostingsforthesameoccupations.Twofilters

areappliedtoensure(1)thecountofAIjobpostingsand(2)theratioofAIjobs:non-AIjobsbeingcomparedisaboveacertainthreshold.Theanalysis

providedrepresentsfiveofthe15countries:UK,USA,Singapore,CanadaandAustralia.Theremainderofthecountrieshavebeenomittedfromthis

analysisasthedatawaslessextensive:NewZealand,Italy,France,Germany,Spain,Belgium,Netherlands,Denmark,NorwayandSweden.

Forexample,jobadsforUSsalesmanagersthatrequireAIspecialistskillsofferwagesthatareonaverage43%higherthanjobadsforsalesmanagersthatdonotrequireAIskills.

Canada’saccountantscanenjoya17%wagepremiumiftheyhaveAIspecialistskills,andUKemployersarewillingtopaya27%premiumforlawyersequippedwithAIskills.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer9

AIappearstobedrivinga

productivityrevolution

SofarthisreporthasdiscussedjobswhichrequirespecialistAIskillslikedeeplearning

ornaturallanguageprocessing.Butmany,ifnotmost,workerswhouseAItoolsintheirworkdonothavetheseskills.TounderstandhowAIisaffectingalljobs,PwCexaminedjobsandsectorsbytheirlevelsof‘AIexposure’whichmeansthedegreetowhichAIcanreadilybeusedforsometasks.PwC’sanalysisrevealedhowhigherlevelsofAIexposureappeartobeaffectingworkers’productivity,numbersofjobopenings,andtheskillsthatjobsrequire.First,let’sseehowAImaybeaffectingproductivity.

Labourproductivitygrowthhasbeensluggishinmanynationsforyears.OECDcountrieshaveexperiencedalostdecadeoflabourproductivitygrowthwithweakaverageannualrisesof1.1%from2011to2020,followedbydeclinesinboth2021and2022.3

4.8x

highergrowthinlabour

productivityinAl-exposedsectors

3OECD,LabourProductivityandUtilisation.Thepandemichadanegativeimpactonproductivityin2020-2022.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer10

Labourproductivitygrowthrate2018-2022

Thisstagnantlabourproductivityisaseriousproblembecauseitisadragoneconomicgrowth,reducingpotentialtaxrevenues,chippingawayatinvestmentinpublicservicesandflatlininglivingstandards.

RecentlytherehasbeenmuchspeculationthatAIcansuperchargeworkers’productivity.Thegoodnewsisthereisnowevidencetosuggestthatthisisnotjustwishfulthinking,

andisalreadyfastbecomingreality.

Wehaveseenthatthreesectors-financialservices,IT,andprofessionalservices-havehigherAIexposureandhigherAIpenetration.Howisthisaffectingproductivity?

Thedatashowsthatthesethreesectorsareseeingnearly5xfasterproductivitygrowththansectorswithlowerAIexposure(suchastransport,manufacturingandconstruction).

Alexposureandlabourproductivitygrowthratebysector.Eachdotrepresentsacountry.

30%

20%

10%

0%

-10%

-20%

Construction

Manufacturing

Retail,Food

Services&

Transport

Professional

services

Information

Technology

Financial

Services

-1.5-1-0.500.51

SectorslessexposedtoAlAlSectoralExposure

Average.9%

1.522.5

SectorsmoreexposedtoAl

Average4.3%

Sources:PwCanalysisofOECDdata,Feltenetal.(2021).TheAIOccupationExposure(AIOE)constructedbyFeltenetal’s(2021)AIOccupational

Exposure(AIOE)scoresandmeasuresthedegreetowhichoccupationsrelyonabilitiesinwhichAIhasmadethemostprogressinrecentyears,meaningAIcanmorereadilybeusedforsometasks.TheAIOEscoreisarelativemeasure,wherehighernumbersindicategreaterexposuretoAI,meaningthat

evennegativevaluesstillimplyacertaindegreeofexposuretoAI.Tomeasurethegrowthrateinlabourproductivity,PwCusedtheOECD’sGVAper

personemployedmetric,indexedon2018.DuetotheavailabilityoftheOECDdata,PwCfocusedonjustsixsectors.The2023OECDlabourproductivity

datahasnotbeenreleased.Thereforethelabourproductivitygrowthratebetween2018and2022isconsidered.IftheviewthatAIisincreasingproductivityiscorrect,itwouldbeexpectedthatthepatternofstrongerproductivitygrowthforAI-exposedsectorswouldcontinueoracceleratein2023.The‘4.8x

highergrowth’isacomparisonofaveragedlabourproductivitygrowthrates;absolutegrowthratesare0.9%and4.3%.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer11

Whileitisnotpossibletoprovecausation,thisisanintriguingpattern.Unlikethe

computerrevolutionwhichtooksignificanttimetoenhanceproductivity(economistRobertSolowonceobservedthattheimpactofthecomputeragewasevident

everywherebutintheproductivitystatistics),thedatasuggestsAIisalreadydoingso,rightnow.AImaybecompressingthe‘productivityJ-curve’4inwhichnewtechnologiescantakesignificanttimetocauseasharpuptickinproductivity.

PwC’s

2024GlobalCEOSurvey

confirmsthat84%ofCEOswhosecompanieshave

beguntoadoptAIbelieveitwillincreaseefficiencyintheiremployees’timeatwork.5

Increasingproductivitymeansmorethanjustdoingtheoldthingsfaster.Italsomeans

findingnew,AI-poweredwaystocreatevalue.Infact,70%ofCEOssaythatAIwill

significantlychangethewaytheircompanycreates,deliversandcapturesvalueoverthenextthreeyears.

Aldoesmorethanhelpworkersdotheoldthingsfaster.Alopensthedoortonewbusinessmodelsandwaysofcreatingvalue.

Theimplicationsforbusinessarehuge.GlobalCEOsanticipatethatoneformofAI-

generativeAI-willdeliversignificanttopandbottomlinebenefits,with46%sayingitwillincreaseprofitability,and41%sayingitwillincreaserevenue.

Investorsagree.PwC’s2023GlobalInvestorSurveyshowsthatinvestorsbelieve

acceleratedadoptionof

AIiscriticaltothevalueequ

ation,with61%ofinvestorssayingfasteradoptionisveryorextremelyimportant.Whenresponsesindicating‘moderatelyimportant’areincluded,theproportionjumpsto85%.

Allofthisaddsuptoapositivestoryfortheglobaleconomy:arevolutioninproductivityandvaluecreation.

4ProductivityJ-curve,’Brynjolfssonetal.,NationalBureauofEconomicResearch.

5Aroundathirdoftherespondentsinour2024GlobalCEOSurveyhavebeguntoadoptAI.Ofthese,84%believeitwillincreaseemployees’efficiency.ThesefindingssuggestthatcompaniesleadingthewayonAIdeploymentareseeingthebenefits.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer12

AIishelpingtoease

labourshortages

InAI-exposedoccupationssuchascustomerservicesandIT-anumberofwhichhaveacutelabourshortages-jobsarestillgrowing,but27%moreslowlyonaverage.

Thiscouldbegoodnewsformanynationsfacingshrinkingworkingagepopulationsandvastunmetneedsforlabourinmanysectors.AIcanhelptoensurethatthelaboursupplyisavailablefortheeconomytoreachitsfullpotential.

27%

Lowerjobgrowthin

Al-exposedoccupations

(thoughjobsstillgrowingoverall)

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer13

Growthrateinpostings2019-2023

JobopeningsarestillgrowinginAl-exposedoccupations,butmoreslowly

250%

200%

CleanersandHelpers

Constructionand

150%

ManufacturingLabourers

Workers

SalesandService

PlantandMachinery

Operators

100%

ClericalSupportWorkers

Administrative&

CommercialManagers

50%

AgricultureLabourers

Business

Professionals

ITProfessionals

0%-2

000

.00-1.50-1.00-0.500..501.001.502.00

-50%

OccupationlesstoAl

exposed

exposed

-100%

OccupationismoretoAl

Averagegrowth80%AlOccupationExposureAveragegrowth58%

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata,ISCO-08OccupationCodes(2-digitlevel)andFeltenet.alAIOccupationExposure.Thecross-country

comparisonontherighthandsideconsidersthedifferenceinthegrowthinjobpostingsbetweentheoccupationsmostexposedtoAIandthoseleastexposedtoAI.

ItisimportanttoemphasisethatjobnumbersinAI-exposedoccupationsarestillgrowing.ThedatasuggeststhatAIdoesnotheraldaneraofjoblossesbutrathermoregradual

jobsgrowth,helpingtoenablecompaniestofindtheworkerstheyneed.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer14

Whatthismeansforworkers:

BuildskillsforanAIage

TheskillsrequiredbyemployersinAI-exposedoccupationsarechangingfast.Oldskillsaredisappearingfromjobads-andnewskillsareappearing-25%fasterthaninroleslessexposedtoAI.

25%

higherskillschangeinAl-exposedoccupations

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer15

Netskillchangebetween2019-2023

14

12

10

8

6

Mathematicians,

4

2

Roofers

0

Changeinskillsdemandedbyemployersforoccupationsmore(andless)exposedtoAl

Greater

change

inskills

demanded

by

employer

Smaller

change

inskills

demanded

by

employer

Webandmultimediadevelopers

.

Webtechnicians

.

Software

developers

Athletesand

sportsplayers

actuariesandstatisticians

Hand

launderers

.

Judges

Psychologists

-2-1.5-1-0.500.511.52

Occupationless

exposedtoAl

Average:2.7

(Leastexposedquartile)

AlOccupationExposure

Occupationismore

exposedtoAl

Average:3.4

(Mostexposedquartile)

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata,ISCO-08OccupationCodes(2-digitlevel),Feltenetal.(2021).ThenetskillchangeisbasedonDemingand

Noray(2020)andiscalculatedbyusingthedifferencebetween2019-2023inthetotalnumberofskillsrequiredbyjoboccupationsusingtheISCO-084-digitoccupationalcodes.TheAIOccupationExposureisfromFeltenetal’s(2021)andmeasuresthedegreetowhichoccupationsrelyonabilitiesin

whichAIhasmadethemostprogressinrecentyears,meaningAIcanmorereadilybeusedforsometasks.Thecorrelationcoefficientis.31andisthe

statisticalmeasurethatquantifiesthestrengthanddirectionofalinearrelationshipbetweennetskillchangeandAIExposure.TocalculatetheaveragenetskillchangesforthemostandleastexposedoccupationstoAI,anaverageofthenetskillchangeofthetopandbottomquartileofoccupationsistaken

basedontheirexposuretoAI.SeeAppendixTwoforformula.

WorkersinAI-exposedrolesmayneedtodemonstrateoracquirenewskillstostayrelevantinajobsmarketthatisfast-evolving.PwC’s2024GlobalCEOSurveymakesitclearthat

69%ofCEOsanticipatethatgenerativeAIwillrequiremostoftheirworkforcetodevelopnewskills,risingto87%ofCEOswhohavealreadydeployedgenerativeAI.Workersneedtotakeownershipoftheirlearning,rapidlydevelopingtheskillstoremainrelevantandtoembracetheopportunityAIbrings.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer16

TherearecluestowhichskillsworkersmaywanttobuildtoprosperinanAIage.Some

oftheskillsrisingfastestindemandarethosewhichcannoteasilybeperformedbyAI.

Belowarefouroftheskillscategoriesrisingfastestindemand,andforeachcategoryafewexamplesareprovidedofspecificskillswithgrowingdemand.Fromdamconstructionto

sportsinstruction,someskillswithboomingdemandarerelativelyhardforAItoperform.

FASTESTgrowingskillcategories

Skillsub-category

Growthinskillssub-category

Performing

Arts,Sports,

andRecreation

+155%

Yoga

SportInstructors

Swimming

CreativeArts

+426%

+178%

+20%

+18%

PersonalCare

andServices

+82%

ChildSafeguardingLaserHairRemoval

SkinTreatments

FuneralArrangements

+156%

+84%

+41%

+11%

SolarDevelopment

+87%

Energyand

Utilities

+58%

WaterMetering

EnergyTrading

+58%

+44%

DamConstruction

+33%

SedimentSampling

+84%

Environment

+48%

EcologicalRestorationWasteCollection

+57%

+32%

FloodControls

+17%

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata.Databasedon2019-2023.Theoverallgrowthinskillcategoriesiscalculatedasthechangeintheaverageshareoftheskillcategoryforallcountriesbetween2019and2023.

Ontheotherhand,whatskillsaredecliningindemand?Belowarefourskillscategorieswiththesteepestdeclinesinemployerdemand,withafewillustrativeexamplesof

specificskillswithfalling(orrising)demandwithineachcategory.

TheAItransformationiscleartoseeincategorieslikeInformationTechnologywheredemandforAI-relatedskillslike‘AI/MachineLearningInference’6isflourishing,while

6AI/MachineLearningInferencemeansapplyingamachinelearningmodeltoadatasettogenerateanoutput,insight,orprediction.

PwC’s2024AIJobsBarometer17

demandforsomeskillsthatmaybemorereadilyreplacedbyAI(suchascodingin

Javascript)isfalling.TheAnalysiscategoryshowsasimilarpatternwithsoaringdemandforNaturalLanguageProgramming(anAIskill)anddecliningdemandforRegression

Analysis,atypeofanalysisAIcanhelptoperform.

SLOWESTgrowingskillcategories

Skillsub-category

Growthinskillssub-category

Information

Technology

-26%

AI/MLInference

SmartDevices

CloudOperations

Javascript

+113%

+81%

-7%

-37%

Design

-23%

GameDesign

VisualEffects

ComputerGraphicsInterfaceDesign

+12%

-11%

-30%

-46%

Sales

-20%

PipelineManagementConsumerSales

OnlineAuctions

ColdCalling

+6%

-11%

-23%

-37%

Analysis

+64%

+3%-8%-21%

NaturalLanguageProgramming

AssetAnalytics

DataSynthesis

RegressionAnalysis

-14%

Withintheslowestgrowingskillscategories,somesub-categoriesbuckthetrendandaregrowingfast.Someofthese(likeAl/MLInference)areAlskills.

Sources:PwCanalysisofLightcastdata.Databasedon2019-2023.Theoverallgrowthinskillcategoriesiscalculatedasthechangeintheaverageshareoftheskillcategoryforallcountriesbetween2019and2023.

Nogoingbacktoyesterday’sjobsmarket-

butvastopportunitiesawaitthosewho

adapttoanAIage

AIisredefiningwhatitmeanstobeafinancialanalyst,asoftwarecoder,acustomer

serviceagent(andmanymoreroles),openingupwholenewpossibilitiesforworkerstodeliverimpact.WorkerswholearntoharnessAIarelikelytohavebrightfuturesinwhichtheycangenerategreatervalueandcouldconsequentlyhave