Unit+3+Sea+Exploration+外刊精讀：氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響導(dǎo)學(xué)案 高二英語(yǔ)人教版（2019）選擇性必修第四冊(cè)

人教版選擇性必修第四冊(cè)Unit3外刊精讀：氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響Para.1Noisepollutionisoneofthegravestyetleastrecognizedhealththreatsofourtime.Evenmoderatelevelsofnoise–thekindthatsurroundsusinanyurbanenvironment–increaserisksofcardiovasculardisease,cognitiveimpairment,developmentaldelaysanddementia.Now,scientistsarerevealingthatnon-humans,too,sufferfromnoisepollution–andthattheyarefarmoresensitivethanhumans.噪聲污染是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代最嚴(yán)重，但最不受人關(guān)注的健康威脅之一。即使是中等水平的噪聲——任何城市環(huán)境中我們周圍的那種噪聲——也會(huì)增加心血管疾病、認(rèn)知障礙、發(fā)育遲緩和癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?，F(xiàn)在，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類之外的生物也會(huì)受到噪聲污染的影響，而且它們比人類要敏感得多。Para.2Perhapsnowhereisthismoreurgentthanintheglobaloceans.Marineanimalsseeandsensetheworldthroughsound,whichtravelsfartherunderwaterthanlight.Whales–whichusesoundtofindpreyandnavigate,communicateandmate–areonewell-knownexample.Butscientistsarenowrevealingthatavastrangeofmarinecreaturesareexquisitelysensitivetosound.Therangeofnegativeeffectscausedbymarinenoisepollutionisstaggering:delayeddevelopment,hamperedreproduction,stuntedgrowth,distortedmigrationpaths.也許噪聲污染對(duì)全球海洋造成的影響最為緊迫。海洋動(dòng)物通過(guò)聲音感知世界，聲音在水下比光傳播得更遠(yuǎn)。鯨魚就是一個(gè)人們熟知的例子，它們利用聲音來(lái)尋找獵物、導(dǎo)航、交流和交配。但科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)，大量的海洋生物對(duì)聲音極其敏感。海洋噪聲污染造成的負(fù)面影響令人驚詫：生長(zhǎng)遲緩、繁殖受阻、發(fā)育不良、遷徙路線扭曲。Para.3Extremenoisecankilloutright.Asingleshotfromaseismicsurveyair-guncankillzooplankton–thefoundationofthemarinefoodchain–uptoamileawayfromthedetonationsite.Motorboatenginenoisehasbeenfoundtoaffectfishembryos.Asonestudygrimlynoted:humannoisemayevenbescramblingtheeggsofbabyfish.極端噪聲可以當(dāng)場(chǎng)致死。地震勘探氣槍的一次爆炸就能殺死距離爆炸地點(diǎn)一英里遠(yuǎn)的浮游動(dòng)物，而浮游動(dòng)物是海洋食物鏈的基礎(chǔ)。摩托艇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噪聲已被發(fā)現(xiàn)影響魚類胚胎。一項(xiàng)研究嚴(yán)肅地指出：人類的噪聲甚至可能會(huì)影響幼魚卵。Para.4Moreremarkablestill,evenaquaticplantsarehighlysensitivetosound.Take,forexample,marineseagrass.Justliketerrestrialforests,seagrassisacarbonsink,contributingtostabilizingourglobalclimate.Inthepastfewdecades,seagrassmeadowsthesizeoftheAmazonhavevanished.Climatechange,pollution,boatanchorsanddredging,thebuildingofseawallsandharbors,andhypersalinewaterfromdesalinizationplantsarealllikelyfactors.AsresearchersattheTechnicalUniversityofCataloniahaverecentlydiscovered,wecannowaddnoisepollutiontothislistofthreats.WhenthescientistsexposedasampleofMediterraneanseagrasstoseismicblast-levelsound,theseagrasswasseverelydamaged,aswerethesymbioticfungithathelptheplantsabsorbnutrients.更值得注意的是，即使是水生植物也對(duì)聲音高度敏感。以海草為例，就像陸地上的森林一樣，海草也是碳匯，有助于穩(wěn)定全球氣候。在過(guò)去的幾十年里，與亞馬遜雨林大小相當(dāng)?shù)暮２荽惨呀?jīng)消失。氣候變化、污染、船錨、疏浚、海堤和港口的建設(shè)，以及海水淡化廠產(chǎn)生的高鹽度水都是可能因素。正如加泰羅尼亞理工大學(xué)的研究人員最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，我們現(xiàn)在可以將噪聲污染添加到這個(gè)會(huì)對(duì)海草造成威脅的列表中。科學(xué)家們將一份地中海海草樣本暴露在地震爆炸級(jí)的聲音中時(shí)，海草受到了嚴(yán)重破壞，幫助植物吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)的共生真菌也受到了嚴(yán)重破壞。Para.5Whywouldplants,withoutanyapparentmeansofhearing,besensitivetosound?Marineplantshaveorganellescalledamyloplasts,whichhelpplantssensesoundvibrations,andalsostorefood,orientthemselvestogravityandthusrootthemselvesintheoceanfloor.Thesetinyorganellesareanalogoustoorganellesfoundinoctopusesandshrimp,calledstatocysts,whichcansenseeventinysoundvibrationsinwater.Inoctopuses,statocystsaregroupedintolaterallinesontheirheadsandarms.Thisexplainshow,evenwithoutears,octopusescanlocatepreyorpredators,particularlyinlowlightconditions:theyhearwiththeirarms.Similarly,plantshearwiththeirbodies.為什么沒(méi)有任何明顯聽(tīng)覺(jué)手段的植物會(huì)對(duì)聲音敏感呢？海洋植物有一種叫做淀粉體的細(xì)胞器，它可以幫助植物感知聲音振動(dòng)，儲(chǔ)存食物，使自己適應(yīng)重力，從而在海底扎根。這些微小的細(xì)胞器類似于在章魚和蝦身上發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞器，被稱為平衡囊，它們可以感知水中極微小的聲音振動(dòng)。章魚的平衡囊分布在頭部和觸手的側(cè)線上。這就解釋了為什么即使沒(méi)有耳朵，章魚也能定位獵物或捕食者，尤其是在光線較差的條件下：它們用觸手來(lái)聽(tīng)。同樣，植物也用它們的身體來(lái)聽(tīng)。Para.6Theirsensitivehearingisanadvantageinthedarkdepthsoftheocean,butitmakesaquaticorganismsveryvulnerable.Loudunderwatersoundscandamageordestroytheirhearingability.Theseeffectsoccuratmuchlowerintensitiesofsoundthanareknowntobedamagingtoterrestrialanimals.Bywayofanalogy:imaginealoudsirenpassingby.Nowimaginethatitrendersyoudeaf;disruptsyourdigestion;andrendersyousodizzythatyouareunabletowalkortellwhichwayisup.Thisisthefateofmarineorganismsinanincreasinglynoisyocean:anonslaughtofnoisethatstunts,harmsandevenkills.水生生物靈敏的聽(tīng)覺(jué)在黑暗的海洋深處是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，但這使它們非常脆弱。巨大的水下聲音會(huì)損害或破壞它們的聽(tīng)力。能造成這些傷害的聲音強(qiáng)度比已知會(huì)對(duì)陸地動(dòng)物造成損害的聲音強(qiáng)度低得多。打個(gè)比方：想象耳邊響過(guò)一聲響亮的警笛?，F(xiàn)在想象它使你失聰，擾亂你的消化系統(tǒng)，使你頭暈?zāi)垦?，無(wú)法走路，也分不清哪邊朝上。這就是海洋生物在日益嘈雜的海洋中的命運(yùn)：大量的噪聲會(huì)阻礙它們的生長(zhǎng)，傷害甚至殺死它們。Para.7Thesefindingsunderscorethevastthreatthatmarinenoisepollutionposestoouroceans.Asoffshoreoperations–fromseabedminingtooilandgasandrenewableenergyconstruction–areproliferating,littlethoughthasbeengiventonoisepollution.Whileexposurethresholdlevelshavenotyetbeendetermined,itisclearthatthisemergingsciencewilleventuallyleadtonewrestrictionsonthepermittingandoperationsofmarineindustrialandshippingactivities.這些發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了海洋噪聲污染對(duì)海洋造成的巨大威脅。海上作業(yè)（從海底采礦到開(kāi)采油氣和可再生能源建設(shè)）激增的同時(shí)，人們卻很少考慮噪聲污染。雖然接觸閾值水平尚未確定，但顯然，這一新興科學(xué)最終將導(dǎo)致對(duì)海洋工業(yè)和航運(yùn)活動(dòng)的許可和操作施加新的限制。詞匯積累impairment

[?m?perm?nt]n.缺陷，障礙，損傷exquisitely

[?k?skw?z?tl?]adv.劇烈地，異常地；精致地staggering

[?st?ɡ?r??]adj.令人震驚的，令人難以相信的hamper

[?h?mp?r]v.妨礙，阻止outright

[?a?tra?t]adv.一下子，立即；完全徹底adj.完全的；公開(kāi)的detonation

[?det??ne??n]n.爆炸，引爆grimly

[ɡr?mli]adv.嚴(yán)肅地dredge

[dred?]v.疏浚，清淤vibration

[va??bre??n]n.震動(dòng)，顫動(dòng)；（感情的）共鳴analogous

[??n?l?ɡ?s]adj.相似的，類似的vulnerable

[?v?ln?r?bl]adj.脆弱的，易受傷害的siren

[?sa?r?n]n.汽笛，警報(bào)器render

[?rend?r]v.使成為，致使；給予，提供stunt

[st?nt]v.阻礙生長(zhǎng)，妨礙發(fā)展，遏制n.花招，噱頭underscore

[??nd?r?sk??r]v.強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出proliferate

[pr??l?f?re?t]v.迅速繁殖（或增殖），猛增固定搭配carbonsink

碳匯（指能從大氣中吸收二氧化碳的森林、海洋或其他自然環(huán)境）anonslaughtof

大批，大量長(zhǎng)難句拆解Perhaps

nowhere

isthismoreurgentthanintheglobaloceans.否定副詞nowhere放句首構(gòu)成部分倒裝，句中nowhere（否定）與比較級(jí)連用表示最高級(jí)含義。正常語(yǔ)序：Thisismoreurgentnowherethanintheglobaloceans.閱讀理解：Fromshippingtooildrilling,soundsfromhumanactivitiesspreadacrosstheoceans.Thisnoisecausesmuchtroubletooceancreatures.However,accordingtoanewstudy,climatechangemightinfluencehowsoundtravelsthroughthewater.Human-causedclimatechangeimpactstheoceaninmanyways,suchaschangingitstemperature,saltlevels,andacidity(酸度).Whenthewaterbecomesmoreacidic,italsocan'tabsorbcertainsounds.Sothosesoundstravelfurther,addingtothenoiseinsomeareas.However,thiseffectisnotasbigasotherchanges.Changesliketemperatureandsaltlevelcanaffecthowtheocean'sdifferentlayers(層)mix.That,inturn,affectshowsoundtravels."WeweresurprisedtoseethatactuallytherewasabigchangeintheNorthAtlantic,"saysLucaPossenti,whostudiessoundintheoceanattheRoyalNetherlandsInstitute.Researchersusedcomputerstomodelhowthosefactorsinfluencenoiselevelsacrosstheworld'soceans.Theycomparedthemodelsoftheworldnowtomodelsoftheworldinabout70yearsifclimatechangecontinues.IntheNorthAtlantic,theysawanincreaseinsoundlevelsintheupper125metersoftheocean.ThiswascausedmostlybyicemeltingfromGreenland,formingacoldlayerofwaterneartheocean'ssurface.Whensoundtravelsthroughwater,itturnstowardthecoldestarea.Thismadesoundwavesgetstuckinthecoldtoplayerandspreadfurtheroutacrossthewaterinsteadoftravelingdeeper.Asaresult,thesoundbecamelouderatthisspecificdepthintheNorthAtlantic.TherisingnoiselevelsintheAtlanticOceanisconcerningasitcouldstressoutanimalsreliantonsoundforcommunication,hunting,andnavigation.Marinemammalsalreadyavoidloudharbors,butwithnoiselevelsincreasingeverywhere,wedon'tknowwhatwillhappen.1.Whatdidthenewstudyfind?A.Oildrillingcausesmuchtroubletooceancreatures.B.Humanactivitiesaremajorsourcesofnoisepollution.C.Shippinghasagreatinfluenceontheoceanenvir