高考英語復(fù)習(xí)-600分策略-專題1-閱讀理解-考點3-主旨大意題市賽課公開課一等獎省名師獲獎P

第一編專題一閱讀了解考點3主旨大意題1/451真題體驗2技法例析3即時鞏固4素能強(qiáng)化2/45真題體驗3/454/45TheideathatIwas“notathletic”stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s，Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself，notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills！Thenightbeforemymarathon，IdreamtthatIcouldn’tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous，butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline，myshoelaces(鞋帶)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted！5/45Atmile3，Ipassedasign：“GOFORIT，RUNNERS！”Bymile17，Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain，Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21，Iwasstarving！AsIapproachedmile23，Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a．m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.6/45Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished！AndIgotamedal.Infact，Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself，moveforward，freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗標(biāo)簽)，Icannowcallmyselfa“marathonwinner”.文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者不畏艱難，挑戰(zhàn)自我，堅持跑完馬拉松，實現(xiàn)了一次從自我砥礪到自我認(rèn)知人生“長跑”勵志故事。素材選擇意在向考生傳遞主動價值觀：只要勇于挑戰(zhàn)，拼搏進(jìn)取，人人皆為勝者。7/45?

Amonthbeforethemarathon，theauthor______.A．waswelltrained B．feltscaredC．madeuphismindtorun D．losthope解析：細(xì)節(jié)了解題。由第一段第二句“Yet，Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.”并結(jié)合上句最終leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain可知，即使作者在馬拉松前一個月腳踝受傷需休息兩個周，但他決心在僅剩兩周訓(xùn)練時間里繼續(xù)前行，去參加馬拉松長跑。此處關(guān)鍵信息determined與選項C中madeuphismind相吻合。C

8/45?

WhydidtheauthormentiontheP．E.classinhis7thyear？______A．Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B．Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C．Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D．Toshareapreciousmemory.解析：推理判斷題。依據(jù)第二段最終兩句“Ididn’tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas’notathletic’.”可知，作者列舉小時候第一次上體育課例子，說明自己跑圈不行，打壘球也不行，所以老師告訴作者他不擅長體育運(yùn)動。這顯然表明了作者在運(yùn)動方面沒有天賦，與選項C意思匹配。C

9/45?

Howwastheauthor’sfirstmarathon？______A．Hemadeit. B．Hequithalfway.C．Hegotthefirstprize. D．Hewalkedtotheend.解析：細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished！”可知，作者跑完了這次馬拉松。這與選項A中madeit(做成)意思吻合。A

10/45?

Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus？______A．Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B．Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D．Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.解析：主旨大意題。依據(jù)作者對自己跑馬拉松情況敘述可知，對于一位腳踝有傷、不含有運(yùn)動天賦人來說去跑馬拉松面臨挑戰(zhàn)可想而知，但作者不畏艱難，憑著強(qiáng)大意志力，最終成功抵達(dá)終點，顯然就是選項B提到“一位含有強(qiáng)大意志力獲勝者”。故選B項。B

11/45B(·江蘇，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享受)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Roze’schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark－coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.12/45Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad：thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast－foodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.13/45Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables，crowding，highprices—don’tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor，say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout’bad’tables，”

giventhatthey’reprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant’sreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.14/45文章大意：本文是一篇說明文。它主要經(jīng)過引入當(dāng)代餐館鼻祖馬蒂蘭·羅茲制訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及學(xué)者對于餐館研究來介紹當(dāng)代餐館在經(jīng)營中影響食客消費(fèi)幾個要素：視覺要素(餐具、燈光)、聽覺要素(音樂)、嗅覺要素(氣味)、其它要素(桌位、擁擠程度和價格)。素材意在經(jīng)過當(dāng)代餐館經(jīng)營理念，讓考生了解西方當(dāng)代餐館經(jīng)營之道。15/45?

Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere______.A．notawareofeatingmorethanusualB．notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC．notconsciousofthefoodqualityD．notfondofthefoodprovided解析：詞義猜測題。依據(jù)第三段中“...thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller...”可知，那些被給以大份飯菜食客比其它人吃得多，但他們沒以為更飽，這說明在黑暗就餐環(huán)境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此處nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故選A項。A

16/45?

Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit？______A．Playingclassicalmusic. B．Introducinglemonscent.C．Makingthelightbrighter. D．Usingplatesoflargersize.解析：細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第四段中“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，當(dāng)演奏古典音樂而不是流行音樂時候，食客們會花更多錢。spentmore就是對題干中makemoreprofit語意轉(zhuǎn)化。故選A項。A

17/45?

Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout？______A．Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B．Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C．Waystoimproverestaurants’reputation.D．Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.解析：主旨大意題。依據(jù)最終一段首句中thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables，crowding，highprices—don’tnecessarily可知，你可能認(rèn)為會打消你消費(fèi)念頭東西——位置“不好”桌位、擁擠和價格高——未必如此(指在一些人看來，這些不利原因未必不會帶來利潤增加)。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為這些對于餐館常見觀點是一個誤解，故選D項。D

18/45主旨大意題是閱讀了解中考生失分最多題目，因為該類試題不但考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意能力，也對考生歸納、概括能力提出了較高要求，文章中沒有顯著解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章主旨。這類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。名師點津19/45做題時需要注意：1．明晰兩類常見設(shè)問方式：(1)標(biāo)題類常見標(biāo)題型題干：①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage？(2)大意類常見主題型題干：①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What’sthetopicofthearticle？③What’sthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage？20/452．判斷三種正確選項特征：(1)涵蓋性強(qiáng)：覆蓋全文或全段中心思想。(2)確定范圍恰當(dāng)：既不太大，也不太小。(3)準(zhǔn)確性強(qiáng)：不會改變文章語言表意程度及色彩。3．識別四類干擾選項特點：(1)以偏概全：答案只闡述了局部信息或主旨一部分。(2)主題過大：歸納概括過于寬泛，超出了文章要討論范圍。(3)斷章取義：以次要事實、細(xì)節(jié)替換全文主要觀點。(4)無中生有：與文章內(nèi)容毫不相關(guān)或與文章內(nèi)容相悖。21/45技法例析22/451．文章主旨大意題→尋找主題句，歸納概括關(guān)鍵詞：☆分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷文章體裁☆識別段落主題句，歸納總結(jié)☆注意轉(zhuǎn)折、疑問、重復(fù)等關(guān)鍵信息文章主旨是經(jīng)過段落來表示，而段落大意主要由主題句來表示，所以，段落主題句就是文章主旨組成部分。所以，識別各段落主題句并由此歸納出文章主旨是解題關(guān)鍵。23/45不一樣體裁文章，其主題句出現(xiàn)位置不一樣。議論文往往在第一段提出觀點，中間是論據(jù)部分，最終一段得出結(jié)論，所以主題句往往在首段或者末段；說明文主題句往往在首段；新聞報道主題句往往在首段首句；記敘文普通沒有顯著主題句，需要依據(jù)文中敘述內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意，假如結(jié)尾部分是說理性句子，那這個句子很有可能就是主題句。尋找主題句時，要注意以下小技巧：①轉(zhuǎn)折詞語后面部分，有可能是主題句；②段首出現(xiàn)疑問時，回答部分可能是主題句；③作者有意識重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點，往往是主旨；重復(fù)出現(xiàn)詞語，往往是表達(dá)主旨關(guān)鍵詞；④表示總結(jié)或者結(jié)論句子常包含therefore，inshort，conclude，thus等。24/45

(·全國Ⅰ，C)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter－gatherers，small，tightlyknit(聯(lián)絡(luò))groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.典例25/45Soonafterwards，manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers，andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.26/45Atpresent，theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages，oftenspokenbymanypeople，whilehot，wetzoneshavelots，oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages；theAmericasabout1,000；Africa2,400；andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200，ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000，whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.27/45Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡)，withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick，atrandom，BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers)，ChiapanecoinMexico(150)，LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one，withaquestion－mark)：noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.◆Whatisthemainideaofthetext？A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.28/45[解題思緒]第一步確定題干中關(guān)鍵信息__________________________________第二步速讀文章找出文章主題句______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第三步對比選項得出答案______themainideaofthetext

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.

C

29/45[干擾項分析]A項顛倒是非，文章介紹是語言降低而不是新語言創(chuàng)造。B，D兩項無中生有，文中沒有提到人們生活方式會反應(yīng)到語言上，也沒有提到地理決定語言發(fā)展。30/452．凝練標(biāo)題概括題→準(zhǔn)確概括全文，要簡練醒目關(guān)鍵詞：☆概括全文☆有針對性☆簡練醒目標(biāo)題特點是短小精悍，簡練醒目，概括性強(qiáng)。普通來說，標(biāo)題確定模式是：以話題為中心，按照一定語法規(guī)則把控制性概念濃縮為能夠概括主題句句意或者中心思想短語，或者一句簡短話。要遵照“概括性、針對性和醒目性”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來提煉標(biāo)題。比如某一文章中心句為“Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.”此句話題為“Coffee”，控制性概念為“isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld”，所以標(biāo)題為“CoffeeAroundtheWorld”。31/45凝練文章標(biāo)題時，要注意以下小技巧：①從正面考慮，琢磨哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；②從反面考慮，撇開原文，考慮選項，構(gòu)想以它們?yōu)闃?biāo)題寫出文章會是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除；③研讀選項中心詞、修飾詞改變，與原文內(nèi)容比對。32/45

(·全國卷Ⅲ，D片段)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell－beingamongolderpeople，leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔絕)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe，theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin－vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.典例33/45Forexample，mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly，wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(處理方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”34/45◆Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A．AnewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC．DrivingServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad35/45[解題思緒]第一步確定題干中關(guān)鍵信息____________________________________第二步速讀文章找出文章中信息句，并標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第三步對比選項得出答案______thebesttitleforthetext

...givingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell－beingamongolderpeople和Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(處理方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.

D

36/453．歸納段落大意關(guān)鍵詞：☆尋找段落主題句☆比對選項☆參考全文大意段落大意是指一篇文章中某個段落主要意思，是對該段內(nèi)容提煉和概括。歸納段落大意時，一定要在把握全段以及全文中心思想基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，圍繞文章中心思想。找出本段主題句。主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首、段中或者段尾。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡練語句表示。歸納段落大意時，要注意以下小技巧：①分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)；假如段落是總→分結(jié)構(gòu)，那么主題句普通在段首；假如是分→總結(jié)構(gòu)，那么主題句普通在段尾；假如是分→總→分結(jié)構(gòu)，那么主題句普通在段中；假如是對比各個事物，那么相同點或者不一樣點就是該段主旨。②對于沒有主題句段落，要依據(jù)各種暗示，充分利用想象力和判斷力，選擇與作者說話語氣相符選項。37/45

(·浙江，C片段)Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn，butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike？Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore，explain，andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution(進(jìn)化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds，andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(認(rèn)知)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit，“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”典例138/45◆Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph？A．Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.B．Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscientists.C．Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D．One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.39/45[解題思緒]第一步確定題干中關(guān)鍵信息____________________________________________第二步速讀本段文字，找出段落主題句，并標(biāo)出能概括段落大意關(guān)鍵詞____________________________________________________________________