中山大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院《833英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2017年中山大學(xué)833英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)考研真題及詳解

2018年中山大學(xué)833英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)考研真題及詳解

2017年中山大學(xué)833英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)

考研真題及詳解

PartⅠLinguistics(75points)

1.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarking

wherenecessary.(20points)

Example:see/si?/;below/b?'l??/

(1)thank

【答案】/θ??k/

(2)curious

【答案】/'kj??ri?s/

(3)butcher

【答案】/'b?t??(r)/

(4)washed

【答案】/w??t/

(5)competence

【答案】/'k?mp?t?ns/

(6)singer

【答案】/'s???(r)/

(7)column

【答案】/'k?l?m/

(8)chimney

【答案】/'t??mni/

(9)expertise

【答案】/?eksp?:'ti:z/

(10)confused

【答案】/k?n'fju:zd/

2.Fillinthefollowingblanks.(10points)

(1)Whenlanguagessharemajorfeaturesthattranscendfamiliesitmay

beusefultoarrangethembysuchfeaturesratherthanbyfamily.Thisisthe

studyof_____.

【答案】language

【解析】Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

(2)Aprincipaldistinctionbetweenmorphologyandsyntaxisthatthe

formerisconcernedwiththeinternalcompositionofaword,whereasthe

latterisconcernedwith_____ofwords.

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationof

words.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-

formationprocesses.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningtheways

differentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthe

studyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.

(3)__________istheaccentofStandardEnglishintheUnited

Kingdom,witharelationshiptoregionalaccentssimilartotherelationshipin

otherEuropeanlanguagesbetweentheirstandardvarietiesandtheirregional

forms.

【答案】Receivedpronunciation

【解析】ReceivedpronunciationisanaccentofStandardEnglishinthe

UnitedKingdom,andisdefinedas“thestandardaccentofEnglishasspoken

inthesouthofEngland”.

(4)Cognatesarewordsthathavea_____etymologicalorigin.

【答案】common

【解析】Awordiscognatewithanotherifbothderivefromthesame

wordinanancestrallanguage.

(5)A_____conditionisaconditionthatmustapplybeforeanutterance

canconstituteaspeechact.

【答案】felicity

【解析】Thoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestill

conditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateorfelicitous.Theseconditions

arecalledfelicityconditions.

(6)Embeddingisthe_____ofoneclausewithinanother.

【答案】inclusion

【解析】Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincluded

inthesentence(mainclause)insyntacticsubordination.

(7)Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystem

of_____principallytransmittedbyvocalsounds.

【答案】symbols

【解析】Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor

humancommunication.

(8)Themeansemployedbyalanguagetoindicatetherelationship

betweentheelementsofasentenceinclude__________,acasesystem,

prepositionsandparticles.

【答案】relativeclause

【解析】Theelementsofasentencecanbelinkedgrammaticallyby

meansofrelativeclause,acasesystem,prepositionsandparticles.

(9)_____referstothewaythatawordhasaformappropriatetothe

numberorgenderofthenounorpronounitrelatesto.

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreementorconcordisdefinedastherequirementthatthe

formsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecific

syntacticrelationshipwithoneanother.,shallalsobecharacterizedbythe

sameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory(orcategories).

(10)Whenweconsiderhowlanguagehaschangedovertimeweare

lookingatitfroma_____pointofview.

【答案】diachronic

【解析】Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itis

calleddiachroniclinguistics.Itfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethan

twostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.

3.Definethefollowingterms.(25points)

(1)assimilation

【答案】Soundsbelongingtoonewordoronesyllablecancause

changesinsoundsbelongingtoneighboringwordsorsyllables.Thisiscalled

assimilation.Forexample,inEnglishthenegativeprefixoccursasim-before

wordssuchaspossible:impossible.As“possible”startswithabilabial

sound,theprefixim-endsinabilabialsound.Beforewordsliketolerant,

however,theprefixisin-:intolerant.As“tolerant”startswithanalveolar

sound,theprefixin-endsinanalveolarsound.Asthefollowingsoundsbring

aboutthechange,thisprocessiscalledregressiveassimilation.Ontheother

hand,thedifferencebetweenthe[s]intheEnglishwordcatsandthe[z]in

theEnglishword“dogs”isanexampleofprogressiveassimilationbecause

theprecedingsoundsbringaboutthechange.

(2)performativeutterance

【答案】Austindistinguishestwotypesofsentences:performativesand

constatives.Somesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobe

trueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofan

action.Sotheyarecalledperformatives.Althoughperformativescannotbe

trueorfalse,therearestillconditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateor

felicitous.Andtheseconditionsarecalledfelicityconditions.

(3)mood

【答案】Moodisoneoftherealizationmeansofinterpersonalfunction.

Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhathe

assignstotheaddressee.Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood,he

assumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintherole

ofoneexpectedtoobeyorders.Moodismadeupoftwoparts:the“subject”

andthe“finite”element.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,anounphrase,ora

clause.Finiteelementsaretensemorphemes,auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbs

thatexpresstenseormodality,andtheyarepartoftheverbphrase.

(4)creole

【答案】Whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradelanguageand

becomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesacreole.

Creoleshavelargenumbersofnativespeakersandarenotrestrictedatallin

theiruses.Forexample,aFrench-basedcreoleisspokenbythemajorityof

thepopulationinHaiti,andEnglish-basedcreolesareusedinJamaicaand

SierraLeone.Onceacreoleisinexistence,itmaycontinuealmostwithout

change,asappearstobethecaseforHaiticreole;becomeextinct;evolve

furtherintoanormallanguage;graduallymergewithitsbaselanguage(e.g.

theStandardEnglish)throughdecreolization,aprocessbywhichacreole

becomesmorelikethestandardlanguagefromwhichmostofitsvocabulary

comes.Forexample,anEnglish-basedcreolemaybecomemorelike

StandardEnglish.

(5)plosive

【答案】Plosivesarespeechsoundsproducedsomeformofcomplete

stoppingoftheairstream(verybriefly)andthenlettingitgoabruptly.The

Englishplosivesare[p],[b],[t],[d],[k]and[g].

4.Explainthefollowingstatementswithexamplesifnecessary.(20

points)

(1)Contextplaysaveryimportantpartintheunderstandingofthe

meaningofwords.

【答案】Thecontextdeterminesthemeaning.Supposethatweare

standingbyariver,andIsay“Iwasnearthatbankyesterday”.Youcertainly

understandthebankasa“riverbank”,nota“financialinstitution”.Likewise,

ifweareontheWallStreet,andIsay“Iwasnearthatbankyesterday”,you

don’tthinkthatIamreferringtotheedgeofariver.Theviewthatmeaningis

foundinthecontextwithinwhichaparticularexpressionisutteredsuggests

thatwecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,theobservablecontext.Two

typesofcontextarerecognized:alinguisticcontextandasituationalcontext.

Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatio-temporalsituation.Each

utteranceislimitedbyvariousfactorsofthesituationalcontext.The

linguisticcontextaloneistheweakerformofcontextualviews.Itis

principallyconcernedwiththeprobabilityofwordsorexpressionsco-

occurringorcollocatingwitheachother.Thisisobviouslyanaspectof

meaning.

(2)Lifehasgiveneachofusadifferentsetofexperiences,adifferent

setofattitudes,andthesecolourourperceptionoftheworldaroundus,affect

theimpressionleftbyanutterance.

【答案】One’sspeechcontainsalotofinformationaboutoneself-one’s

placeofbirth,education,workexperience,personalinterest,yourmood,the

stateofmind,amongotherthings.Languageandsocialfactorsareclosely

related.Whenwestudylanguageinrelationtosociety,itiscalled

sociolinguistics.Generallyspeaking,insociolinguistics,weareinterestedin

howlanguagefactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.Itisthe

fieldthatstudiestherelationsbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweenthe

usesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichthelanguageuserslive.It

isalsoafieldofstudythatassumesthathumansocietyismadeupofmany

relatedpatternsandbehaviors,someofwhicharelinguistics.Inasense,

languageofferspeopledifferentwaysofunderstandingtheworld.

PartⅡHistoryofBritishandAmericanLiterature:(75points)

Instructions:Forquestions1-13(2pointseach),choosethecorrect

answerandwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.Forquestions

14-17,writeyouranswerontheanswersheet.

1.Allofthefollowingwerepublishedduringthe1920sEXCEPT

A.F.ScottFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby

B.VirginiaWoolf’sMrs.Dalloway

C.T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLand

D.HenryJames’sTheGoldenBowl

【答案】D

【解析】《金碗》（TheGoldenBowl）是亨利·詹姆斯的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)代

表作之一，出版于1904年。

2.“ItallegorizestheChristianstruggletoachievesalvationasajourney

fromtheCityofDestruction，throughsuchobstaclesanddistractionsasthe

SloughofDespondandVanityFair,totheCelestialCity.”

Thesentenceabovedescribes

A.Gulliver’sTravels

B.PiersPlowman

C.TheFallofHyperion

D.ThePilgrim’sProgress

【答案】D

【解析】《天路歷程》為英國(guó)約翰·班揚(yáng)創(chuàng)作的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)，講述了一

個(gè)堅(jiān)韌的基督徒為尋求永生而踏上荊棘遍布的漫漫長(zhǎng)旅。

Questions3-5arebasedonthefollowingnoveltitles:

A.ThePrinceandthePauper

B.AsILayDying

C.AnAmericanTragedy

D.ThePortraitofaLady

3.WhichisbyHenryJames?

4.WhichisbyWilliamFaulkner?

5.WhichisbyTheodoreDreiser?

【答案與解析】

3.D《一位貴婦的畫(huà)像》又稱(chēng)《一位女士的畫(huà)像》（ThePortraitof

aLady）是美國(guó)作家亨利·詹姆斯（HenryJames）的早期代表作，也是

他的杰作之一。

4.B《我彌留之際》（AsILayDying）是美國(guó)作家威廉·?？思{

WilliamFaulkner創(chuàng)作的作品。

5.C《美國(guó)悲劇》（AnAmericanTragedy）是美國(guó)作家西奧多·德

萊塞TheodoreDreiser的代表作。

6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadescriptionofNeo-Classicism?

A.Itisaliterarymovementthatdrawsinspirationfromthe“classical”

artandcultureofAncientGreeceorAncientRome.

B.Itcoincidedwiththe18th-centuryAgeofEnlightenment,and

continuedintotheearly19thcentury.

C.ItsmajorproponentsinEnglishliteratureincludeHenryFieldingand

Dr.Johnson.

D.Itemphasizedreasonoveremotion.

【答案】C

【解析】亨利·菲爾?。℉enryFielding）是18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最杰出的小說(shuō)

家，是英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人。

Thefollowingaretheopeninglinesoffournovels.Questions7-10are

basedonthem:

A.Myfather’snamebeingPirripandmyChristianname,Philip,my

infanttonguecouldmakeofbothnamesnothingmoreexplicitthanPip.SoI

calledmyselfPipandcametobecalledPip.

B.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossession

ofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.

C.Therewasnopossibilityoftakingawalkthatday.Wehadbeen

wandering,indeed,intheleaflessshrubberyanhourinthemorning;butsince

dinner(Mrs.Reed,whentherewasnocompany,dinedearly)thecoldwinter

windhadbroughtwithitcloudssosombre,andarainsopenetrating,that

furtherout-doorexercisewasnowoutofthequestion.

D.HewasanoldmanwhofishedaloneinaskiffintheGulfStreamand

hehadgoneeighty-fourdaysnowwithouttakingafish.

7.WhichisbyErnestHemingway?

8.WhichisbyCharlotteBronte?

9.WhichisbyJaneAusten?

10.WhichisbyCharlesDickens?

【答案與解析】

7.D此句話(huà)選自歐內(nèi)斯特·米勒爾·海明威的《老人與?！贰?/p>

8.C該段選自英國(guó)女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》，是一部具有

自傳色彩的作品。作品講述一位從小變成孤兒的英國(guó)女子在各種磨難中

不斷追求自由與尊嚴(yán)，堅(jiān)持自我，最終獲得幸福的故事。

9.B此句話(huà)為簡(jiǎn)·奧斯汀的《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》扉頁(yè)上的話(huà)。生動(dòng)地反

映了18世紀(jì)末到19世紀(jì)初處于保守和閉塞狀態(tài)下的英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)生活和世態(tài)

人情。

10.A該段選自查爾斯·狄更斯的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《遠(yuǎn)大前程》，為該小說(shuō)

的開(kāi)頭。主角孤兒皮普（Pip）以自傳式手法，敘述從7歲開(kāi)始的三個(gè)人

生階段。

Questions11-14arebasedonthefollowing:

11.Thispoemwaswritteninwhichofthefollowingera?

A.Modern

B.Victorian

C.Romantic

D.Elizabethan

12.Thispoemiswrittenintheformof

A.epic

B.ballad

C.sonnet

D.elegy

13.Theliterarydeviceusedin“(n)orshallDeathbragthouwander’stin

hisshade”is

A.metaphor

B.irony

C.personification

D.paradox

14.Whatisthecentralideathatthepoetwantstoexpress?(5points)

【答案與解析】

11.D該詩(shī)為莎士比亞的十四行詩(shī)中的一首，他的十四行詩(shī)創(chuàng)作于

1590到1598年間，為伊麗莎白一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期。

12.C該詩(shī)為十四行詩(shī)（sonnet）。

13.D該句意為“死神無(wú)從夸口，說(shuō)你在他的陰影里徘徊”。其深層

意思為盡管根據(jù)自然規(guī)律“你”有朝一日會(huì)被死神的陰影所籠罩，

但“你”將在我的詩(shī)句中獲得永生，死神僅僅能能讓“你”肉體毀滅，這沒(méi)

什么值得夸耀的。該句將兩個(gè)意義對(duì)立的概念置于一處，看起來(lái)“非”實(shí)

際上“是”，是矛盾修辭法（paradox）。

14.Thepoetexpresseshislovetothebeautyofhisloverandhebelieves

thebeautifulthingswilllastforever.Italsoimpliesthatheisconfidentinhis

work’simmortalinfluence.

Question15isbasedonthefollowing:

15.TheselinesaretakenfromJohnDonne’spoem“TheGood

Morrow”.Explainthemetaphysicalconceitusedinthepoem.Whichliterary

schooldoesthispoemrepresent?Explainthecharacteristicsoftheschool.

(12points)

【參考答案】

Theauthorcalledtheloversastwohemispheres,whichisa

metaphysicalconceit.Itseemsthatthelovershavenorelationswith

hemispheres.Butitaddsthreenotionsactually.First,theloversaren’t

completebythemselves,theyneedeachother.Second,oncetheloversare

together,theyformnotonlyacompletebody,butawholeworld.Third,the

beingtheyformwhentheyaretogetherisperfect.Sotheworldtheyform

willhavenoimperfections,nosharpnorthordecliningwest.“Sharp”may

standforquarrelsbetweenthelovers,and“declining”forthegradualdecay

oflovebecauseoftime.

Thispoemrepresentsthemetaphysicalpoetry.

MetaphysicalpoetryisderogatoryterminventedbyJohnDrydenand

lateradoptedbySamuelJohnsondescribingaschoolofhighlyintellectual

poetrymarkedbyboldandingeniousconceits,incongruousimagery,

complexityofthought,frequentuseofparadox,andoftenbydeliberate

harshnessorrigidityofexpression.Themainthemesofthemetaphysical

poetsarelove,death,andreligion.Accordingtothem,allthingsinthe

universe,nomatterhowdissimilartheyaretoeachother,arecloselyunified

inGod.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.

Question16isbasedonthefollowing:

Allsciencehasoneaim,namely,tofindatheoryofnature.Wehave

theoriesofracesandoffunctions,butscarcelyyetaremoteapproachtoan

ideaofcreation.Wearenowsofarfromtheroadtotruth,thatreligious

teachersdisputeandhateeachother,andspeculativemenareesteemed

unsoundandfrivolous.Buttoasoundjudgment,themostabstracttruthisthe

mostpractical.Wheneveratruetheoryappears,itwillbeitsownevidence.

Itstestis,thatitwillexplainallphenomena.Nowmanyarethoughtnotonly

unexplainedbutinexplicable;aslanguage,sleep,madness,dreams,beasts,

sex.

Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandthe

Soul.Strictlyspeaking,therefore,allthatisseparatefromus,allwhich

PhilosophydistinguishesastheNOTME,thatis,bothnatureandart,all

othermenandmyownbody,mustberankedunderthisname,NATURE.In

enumeratingthevaluesofnatureandcastinguptheirsum,Ishallusethe

wordinbothsenses;—initscommonandinitsphilosophicalimport.In

inquiriesasgeneralasourpresentone,theinaccuracyisnotmaterial;no

confusionofthoughtwilloccur.Nature,inthecommonsense,refersto

essencesunchangedbyman;space,theair,theriver,theleaf.Artisapplied

tothemixtureofhiswillwiththesamethings,asinahouse,acanal,astatue,

apicture.Buthisoperationstakentogetheraresoinsignificant,alittle

chipping,baking,patching,andwashing,thatinanimpressionasgrandas

thatoftheworldonthehumanmind,theydonotvarytheresult.

16.TheabovepassageistakenfromEmerson’s“Nature”.Howdoesthe

passageexpressEmerson’stranscendentalistphilosophy?(12points)

【參考答案】

Intheessay,Emersonstatesthatmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyas

somethingtobeused,thataman’srelationshipwithnaturetranscendsthe

ideaofusefulness.Manshouldunderstandthetruthoftheuniversebyover

soul,byit,Godiseverywhere.

Heregardednatureasthegreatsourceofinspiration.Heregardednature

asthepurestandthemostholymoralinfluenceonmanandadvocateda

directintuitionofaspiritualandomnipresentGodinnature.Naturewas,to

him,emblematicofGod.Naturewasthesymbolofspirit.

Question17isbasedonthefollowing:

17.Theselines,takenfromYeats’spoem“TheSecondComing”are

oftenusedasthedescriptionofthehistoricalsituationofthebeginningofthe

20thcentury.Whatkindofsentimentisexpressedintheselines?Please

answerthequestionwithreferencetotheModernistLiteraryMovement.(20

points)

【參考答案】

TheModernistPeriodinEnglishLiteratureoccupiedtheyearsfrom

shortlyafterthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythroughroughly1965.In

broadterms,theperiodwasmarkedbysuddenandunexpectedbreakswith

traditionalwaysofviewingandinteractingwiththeworld.Anotable

characteristicofmodernismisself-consciousnessandironyconcerning

literaryandsocialtraditions.

TheSecondComingwasintendedbyYeatstodescribethecurrent

historicalmoment(thepoemappearedin1921)intermsofthesegyres.Yeats

believedthattheworldwasonthethresholdofanapocalypticrevelation,as

historyreachedtheendoftheoutergyreandbeganmovingalongtheinner

gyre.

TheSecondComingisamagnificentstatementaboutthecontraryforces

atworkinhistory,andabouttheconflictbetweenthemodernworldandthe

ancientworld.Inotherwords,theworld’strajectoryalongthegyreof

science,democracy,andheterogeneityisnowcomingapart,likethe

franticallywideningflight-pathofthefalconthathaslostcontactwiththe

falconer;thenextagewilltakeitscharacternotfromthegyreofscience,

democracy,andspeed,butfromthecontraryinnergyre—which,presumably,

opposesmysticism,primalpower,andslownesstothescienceand

democracyoftheoutergyre.

2018年中山大學(xué)833英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)

考研真題及詳解

PartⅠLinguistics(75points)

1.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarking

wherenecessary.(20points)

Example:see/si?/;below/b?'l??/

(1)bicycle

【答案】/'ba?s?kl/

(2)deteriorate

【答案】/d?'t??r??re?t/

(3)February

【答案】/'febr??r?/

(4)horizon

【答案】/h?'ra?z(?)n/

(5)menu

【答案】/'menju?/

(6)parliament

【答案】/'pɑ?l?m(?)nt/

(7)tomb

【答案】/tu?m/

(8)career

【答案】/k?'r??/

(9)monk

【答案】/m??k/

(10)bloody

【答案】/'bl?d?/

2.Fillinthefollowingblanks.(10points)

(1)Chomskyproposesthatthecourseoflanguageacquisitionis

determinedbya(n)_____languagefaculty.

【答案】innate

【解析】喬姆斯基認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的過(guò)程是由人的內(nèi)在語(yǔ)言機(jī)制決定

的。

(2)Whenawordappearsinavarietyofformsdependingonits

grammaticalroleinthesentencewesaythatitundergoes_____.

【答案】inflection

【解析】曲折變化是指通過(guò)添加屈折詞綴，如數(shù)，人稱(chēng)，限定性，

體和格等來(lái)表示某詞語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的變化。

(3)_____languagesexemplifiedbyVietnamese,Chineseandanumber

ofotherFarEasternlanguages,aswellasanumberofWestAfrican

languageshavefew,ifany,boundmorphemes.

【答案】Isolating

【解析】孤立語(yǔ)又稱(chēng)分析語(yǔ)或詞根語(yǔ)，其特點(diǎn)是不通過(guò)詞的內(nèi)部形

態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)法作用，而是通過(guò)虛詞和詞序來(lái)表達(dá)。漢語(yǔ)、越南語(yǔ)等

都是孤立語(yǔ)。

(4)Whenairisforcedoutofthelungs,itcausesthe__________to

vibrate.

【答案】vocalfolds

【解析】語(yǔ)音產(chǎn)生是以氣流為能量來(lái)源的。在大多數(shù)情況下，氣流

源自肺部，氣流從肺中壓出，引起聲帶的振動(dòng)。

(5)Subjectstypicallycarry_____case,whereascomplementstypically

carry_____case.

【答案】nominative;objective

【解析】主格可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，而賓格可以充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

(6)A_____typicallycontainsaconsonantorsetofconsonants

followedbyavowelfollowedbyanotherconsonantorsetofconsonants.

【答案】syllable

【解析】音節(jié)是超音段研究中的一個(gè)重要單位。音節(jié)必須有一個(gè)“節(jié)

核”或者“韻峰”，通常由元音來(lái)承擔(dān)，但有時(shí)也可以由具有成音節(jié)特征

的輔音來(lái)起節(jié)核的作用，通常在節(jié)核的前后還可以有輔音叢的出現(xiàn)。

(7)Thetypeofstresswhichdistinguisheswordssuchas/'transp?t/from

/tran'p?t/isknownas_____stress.

【答案】word

【解析】單詞重音是指一個(gè)單詞內(nèi)部重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)的語(yǔ)調(diào)

模式。

(8)_____wordsareoftenavoidedbecausetheyareunacceptablein

manysocialsituations.

【答案】Taboo

【解析】禁忌語(yǔ)是指在某些情況下避免使用令人難堪的詞。禁忌語(yǔ)

或者是完全避免使用，或者是用委婉語(yǔ)代替。

(9)A_____referstoeachpositioninatreediagraminTGwherelines

meet.Ineachofthesepositionsisasymbolforagrammaticalcategory.

【答案】constituent

【解析】成分，作為一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，指的是用于句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析的一個(gè)語(yǔ)

言單位，它是一個(gè)比其更大的語(yǔ)言單位的一部分。幾個(gè)成分共同構(gòu)成一

個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體。

3.Definethefollowingterms.(25points)

(1)connotation

【答案】Inthephilosophers’usage,connotation,oppositetodenotation,

meansthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Forexample,the

connotationofhumanis“biped”,“featherless”,“rational”,etc.Some

connotationsmaybesharedbyagroupofpeopleofthesameculturalor

socialbackground,sex,orage;othersmayberestrictedtooneorseveral

individualsanddependontheirpersonalexperience.

(2)narrowtranscription

【答案】Narrowtranscription,alsocalledphonetictranscription,isone

thatshowsphoneticdetails(forexample,aspiration,length,etc.),byusinga

widevarietyofsymbolsand,inmanycases,diacritics,toshowthefiner

differencesbetweensounds.

(3)redundancy

【答案】Redundancyreferstothedegreetowhichamessagecontains

moreinformationthanisneededforittobeunderstood.Languageshave

built-inredundancy,whichmeansthatutterancescontainmoreinformation

thanisnecessaryforcomprehension.

(4)polysemy

【答案】Polysemymeansasinglewordhavingseveralormany

meanings.AccordingtoCrystal:Polysemyisatermusedinsemantic

analysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.

Polysemicwordsaresignsofanadvancedculture.Polysemyisalsoan

essentialfeatureofalanguage’seconomyandefficiency.

(5)slang

【答案】Slangreferstocasual,veryinformalspeech,usingexpressive

butinformalwordsandexpressions.Forsomepeople,slangisequivalentto

colloquialspeechbutforothers,itmeans“undesirablespeech”.Usually,

“colloquialspeech”referstoaspeechvarietyusedininformalsituationswith

colleagues,friendsorrelatives,and“slang”isusedforaveryinformal

speechwhichoftenservesasan“in-group”languageforaparticularsetof

peoplesuchasteenagers,armyrecruits,popsingers,etc.Mostslangisrather

unstableasitswordsandexpressionscanchangerapidly.

4.Explainthefollowingstatementswithexamplesifnecessary.(20

points)

(1)Sociologistsanalyzerecordingsoflanguageuseinanumberof

differentways.

【答案】Sociologistsareconcernedwithacoupleofaspectsofhuman

society.Sincelanguageispartofsociety,sociologistsarekeenonanalyzing

languagewithrespecttosociologyinaquitenumberofways.Ontheone

hand,theyexamineissuesrelatedtothesubjectfromamorelinguistic

perspective,andhencecalledSociolinguisticsofLanguage.Theresearchesin

thisfieldareconductedatamicrolevelofdiscussion,includinggender

differences,linguisticsexism,discourseanalysis,pidgin,creoleandsoforth.

Ontheotherhand,theyexamineissuesrelatedtothesubjectfromamore

societalperspective,andhencecalledSociolinguisticsofSociety.The

researchesinthisfieldarecarriedoutatamacrolevelofdiscussion,

includinglanguagechoiceinbilingualormultilingualnations,language

planning,languagemaintenance,languageshiftandsoon.

(2)Entailmentdescribesonetypeofsenserelationsbetweensentences.

【答案】Entailmentisalogicalrelationshipbetweentwosentencesin

whichthetruthofthesecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,

whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.For

example,when“Isawaboy”istrue,“Isawachild”isnecessarilytrue;andif

“Isawachild”isnottrue,“Isawaboy”willnotbetrueeither.Entailmentis

concernedwiththemeaningofthesentenceitself.Itdoesnotdependonthe

contextinwhichasentenceisused.

PartⅡHistoryofBritishandAmericanLiterature(75points)

Instructions:Forquestions1-13,choosethecorrectanswerandwritethe

correspondingletterontheanswersheet.Forquestions14-19,writeyour

answerontheanswersheet.

1.AllofthefollowingplayswerewrittenbyWilliamShakespeare

EXCEPT(2%)

A.MerchantofVenice

B.AMidsummerNight’sDream

C.AsYouLikeIt

D.Dr.Faustus

E.TheTempest

【答案】D

【解析】《浮士德博士的悲劇》（Dr.Faustus）是莎士比亞同時(shí)期劇

作家克里斯托弗·馬洛的代表作。

2._____isacollectionof24storieswritteninMiddleEnglishby

GeoffreyChaucerbetween1387and1400.(2%)

A.Decameron

B.Pilgrim’sProgress

C.CanterburyTales

D.PiersPlowman

E.Gulliver’sTravels

【答案】C

【解析】《坎特伯雷故事集》是英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父喬叟的代表作之一，

是一部詩(shī)體故事集。大部分以韻詩(shī)形式寫(xiě)成。全書(shū)收有一篇總引和二十

三篇故事，其中散文兩篇,其余都是詩(shī)體。

Identifythepublicationyearofthefollowingworks,andwritedownthe

correspondingletteronthelinetocompletethesentence.(5%)

A.RobinsonCrusoe

B.ParadiseLost

C.TheVicarofWakefield

D.ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage

E.Waverley

3._____ispublishedin1719.

4._____ispublishedin1766.

5._____ispublishedbetween1812and1818.

6._____ispublishedin1814.

7._____ispublishedin1667.

【答案與解析】

3.A《魯濱遜漂流記》（RobinsonCrusoe）是英國(guó)作家丹尼爾·笛

福的一部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)。該書(shū)首次出版于1719年4月25日。

4.C《威克菲爾德的牧師》（TheVicarofWakefield）是由英國(guó)作

家哥爾德斯密斯于1766年創(chuàng)作的小說(shuō)。

5.D《恰爾德·哈洛爾德游記》（ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage）是英

國(guó)著名詩(shī)人拜倫的代表作之一。首次出版于1812年，相隔六七年之后，

拜倫完成了第三章（1816）和第四章（1818）。

6.E《威弗萊》（Waverley）是沃爾特·司各特于1814年出版的第

一部小說(shuō)。

7.B《失樂(lè)園》（ParadiseLost）是英國(guó)政治家、學(xué)者約翰·彌爾頓

于1667年創(chuàng)作的史詩(shī)。

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadescriptionofRomanticism?(2%)

A.Itemphasizedemotionandindividualismaswellasglorificationof

allthepastandnature.

B.Itcoincidedwiththe18th-centuryAgeofEnlightenment,and

continuedintotheearly19thcentury.

C.ItwaspartlyareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution,thearistocratic

socialandpoliticalnormsofEnlightenment,andthescientificrationalization

ofnature.

D.It