從《瓦爾登湖》看梭羅的自然觀

ChapterOneIntroductionSincethe18thcentury,withthedevelopmentoftheindustrialrevolution,globalcrises,suchasglobalwarming,ozonelayerdestruction,sharpdeclineofbiologicalspecies,andshortageofnaturalresources,humanbeingsarefacingthechoiceofsurvivalanddevelopment,andhumanbeingshavetoseekabalancebetweenthenatureprotectionandbetterandfasterdevelopment.Inthisprocess,Thoreauandhisforward-lookingecologicalethicalthoughtofWaldenhasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionandpraise.AlthoughWaldenisaworkofnaturalliterature,itplayedanimportantroleinthereflectionofthebalancebetweentheearlyindustrialdevelopmentandthenaturalenvironment.Thispaperintendstostartfromthebackgroundoftheeraof“Walden”,combinedwiththeauthor’suniqueemotionalexperienceandecologicalpracticeexperience,thesystematicinterpretationof“Walden”,reflectonitsideologicalconnotation,reflectontheecologicalcrisisfacinghumanbeings,andexplorethepracticepathofestablishingharmoniouscoexistencebetweenmanandnaturalecology.Inordertofurtherpromotethepopularizationofenvironmentalenlightenmentideas,atentativeexplorationwasmade.ThispaperaimstostudyThoreau’sviewofnatureinWalden.Waldenisnotonlyaclassicworkofnaturalliterature,butalsoplaysanimportantroleinthereflectionofthebalancebetweenearlyindustrialdevelopmentandnaturalenvironment.ThoreaupursuedlonelinessinWaldenPond,infact,hewasalsoinpursuitofprofound.Hewantedtothinkandexplorelifeinalonelystateofmind,andlonelinessgavebirthtohisprofoundthoughts.TheconceptofNature,NatureandtherelationshipbetweenManandNature,theconceptofNaturearenotonlyrelatedtotheiruniquelifeexperience,andtheinfluenceandenlightenmentofthenature.Hopefully,thispapercaninspirepeople’sawarenessofprotectingnature.ChapterTwoTheIntroductionofWaldenandtheViewofNature2.1TheIntroductionofWaldenWaldenisafamouscollectionofessayswrittenbyAmericanwriterHenryDavidThoreau.Thebookwaspublishedin1854,consistingof18essays.Itbeginsinspring,experiencessummer,autumnandwinter,andendsinspring.Thisisacycleoflife,theendisthebeginning,andlifebeginstorecover.ThoreaudescribeshislifefortwoyearsandtwomonthsinaregenerativeforestonWaldenandmanyofhisthoughts.WaldenislocatedinConcordCity,easternMassachusetts,notfarfromThoreau’shome.Thoreaucalledthisexperienceanattemptatsimpleseclusion.Intheprocessofthecycle,Thoreaurecordedtheinnerdesire,conflict,disappointmentandself-adjustment,aswellasthecomplexprocessofthedesireaftertheadjustment,untilitwasfinallyrealized.2.2IntroductiontotheViewofNatureTheviewofnaturereferstothegeneralviewofnature,andisacomponentpartoftheworldview.Materialismholdsthatnatureisanobjectivematerialworldthatexistsindependentlywithoutrelyingonhumanconsciousness.SpiritualismholdsthatnatureisaproductofthespiritorofGod.Dialecticalmaterialismholdsthatnatureisthematerialworldineternalmovement,changeanddevelopment;allphenomenainnatureareunityofopposites,andtheytransformeachotherundercertainconditions;thedevelopmentofnatureisthepremiseandfoundationofhumansociety;thefoundationofhumanunderstandingofnatureisthechangeofnaturecausedbyman.ChapterThreeTheEmbodimentoftheViewofNatureinWaldenThoreau’sviewofnaturecanbesummedupinthreesentences:Thoreaubelievesthatallthingsinnaturearealive;Thoreauadvocatedthatmanshouldreturntonature;andThoreaubelievedthatmanisonlyapartofnature.3.1TheEmbodimentoftheViewofNatureinNatureInThoreau’sview,thebeautyofnatureisbasedinlife,fromtheperfusionofthespiritoflife:naturehaslife,allthingsinnaturehavelife,andlifeisbeautiful.Becauseanykindoflifeexistenceembodiesakindofcosmicspirit,whenwesaythatnatureisbeautiful,becausenatureembodieslife.3.1.1AllIsmThemoretraditionalhumanitarianismmakeshumannaturereplacetheoriginalnaturalorderinthecontextofenvironmentalcrisis,andblockstheethicalroadofhumanbeingstonature.Thenewhumanitarianismadvocatesthatforthesakeofhumandevelopment,natureshouldbeendowedwithspirituality,sothatpeoplecantrulyexperience“animism”whentheyenternature,lovenatureandliveinharmonywithnature.Thesoulandspiritofeveryspeciesinnatureareitsbestpart,butmosttheoriesregardspeciesasinanimatematerialphenomena.Thoreau’sbeliefthatGodexistsinnatureextendsthebeautyofhumansocietytoalllivingthings,whichishasahumanizednaturalphilosophy.Sowheredoesthebeautyofnaturecomefrom?Thoreaubelievesthatthebeautyofnaturecomesfromlifeandiscloselyrelatedtothespiritoflife.Allthingsexist.By"spirit",heisnotagodofabstractmeaning,butamoreconcrete“l(fā)ife”.Allspecieshavelife,andthecosmicspiritoflifeisspirituality.NatureinThoreau’sheartisendowedwithspirituality.Hewasbornwithaninfiniteaffinitywithnature.HechosetowaitforspringonthebankofWaldentofeelthepowerofrebirthofallthings,sothatthespiritcanberevivedinthecommunicationwithnature.LuLing(2003)intheadvocatenature:Thoreau<Walden>aestheticvalue,fromtheideologicalcontent,aestheticvalue,styleofWaldenevaluation,thinktheWaldencharmisitsfascinatingaestheticvalue,itisbecauseofitsadvocatingintuitionandfeelings,advocatinglifeandnature,advocatingfreedomandindependence,containsthephilosophyoflifeanduniqueliterarystyleREF_Ref30234\r\h[10].3.1.2CherishandRespectEverythingintheWorldInThoreau’slife,hisfeelingsfornaturecanbedescribedintwowords:cherishandrespect.Hecherishedeverythinginnature,andhethoughtitcouldbringendlessenjoyment.Innature,everythingisThoreau’sfriend,everytreeandgrass,everymountainandwatercanwalkintohisheart,thereasonwhyhecanenterhisheart,thisisinseparablefromhis“cherishallthings,respectlife”creed.InWalden,hewriteshumorouslythathebecameneighborswiththebirdsintheforest,butthiswasnothangthebirdsinacage,onthecontrary,hekepthimselfinthe“cage”(Thoreau’shut)andputthe“cage”nearthebirdhome.ThisissimilartotheancientChineseliterati“companionfishandshrimpandfriendselk”.Innature,heseeksachildlikepastoralpleasure,anunrestrainedlife,asimpleandinnerrichwayoflife.Thoreaucomparednaturetothemotherofman,writing“Sometimesamanfeelsnatureinhimself,nothisfather,buthismotherisrestlessinhisheart,andhelivesimmortalwithhereternity.”Thoreaubelievedthatitwasthemotherofnaturethatconceivedhumanbeingsandgrewupfreelyintheembraceofthemotherofnature.Themotherofnaturegiveshumanstherighttolive,butitalsogivesothercreaturestherighttolive.Peopleandothercreaturesareakindoflifeexistence,thereisnodistinctionbetweenhighandlow.Therefore,humanbeingsonlyrespecttheliferightsofothercreatures,onlywithaheartthatcherishnature,canwegetthefeedbackofnature.3.2TheEmbodimentoftheNaturalViewinHumanBeingsThoreauisnature’suntiredtravelerandvisitor.Hisfeelingsfornaturearesimpleanddeep,andthenaturechangesinhiseyesareblurred,magnificentandmagnificent,fullofmysteryanddreams.Inhispen,manandnature,manandallthingshavereachedahighdegreeofharmony.Manisapartofnature,natureendowshumanbeingswithdreamsandhopes,andhumanbeingscanonlyflyfreelyinnature.Therefore,headvocatedareturntonatureandstayawayfromtheshacklesofsecularlife.3.2.1ReflectionsontheModernIndustrialCivilization“Thoreau’sWaldenisfullofinfiniteself-reflectionandlifewisdom.Inadditiontomeetingthecivilizedsocietyofmaterialneeds,hasundoubtedlycausedfataldamagetotheenvironment.”REF_Ref29431\r\h[11]Therapideconomicdevelopmentbroughtaboutbymodernindustrialcivilizationhasindeedbroughtconvenienceandwealthtomankind.Thoreaurecognizedthis,buthewasmoreawarethatasindustrydeveloped,manbecamemoredistantfromnature.Hebelievedthatindustrialcivilizationbroughttoomanyluxuries,andmostofthem,andtheso-calledcomfortoflife,werenotonlyunnecessary,butalsogreatlyhinderedhumanprogress.Inhisworks,Thoreaupersistentlycriticizedthehumanconquestandtransformationofnature.Inhisdiary,heasked,“Doyouhavetotransplanttheriversideprimroseonthehillside?”Hedidnotagreewiththeenjoymentofmateriallife,hebelievedthatthepursuitofluxuryisnotawisemantodo.“Intermsofluxuryandcomfort,thewisestliveevensimplerandsimplerthanthepoor.”HebelievedthattheancientphilosophersofChina,India,PersiaandGreecewereallwisefigures,wholivedpooreroutside,butricherinsidethananyone.Therefore,hebelievedthatonlybystandingonthepositionofpovertyandhappinesscanwetreathumanlifefairlyandobserveitwisely.However,industrialcivilizationmakeshumanbeingsbusywithexternallifebutignoretheirownheart.3.2.2SimplifiedLifestyleThemagnificentandstrangebeautyofnaturegaveThoreauendlessfunandenlightenment.Hewalksintheembraceofthemountainsandrivers,fishinginthestreamoftime,sothatthemindandnaturedirectlydialogue,andenjoythedivinefriendship.Headvocateda“simple,simple”simplelife,andadvocatedthatpeoplespendsometimetotastetheirideastoappreciatethetruemeaningoflife.HecametothebankofWalden,withonlyanaxe,withwhichhebuilthishutontheedgeofWalden,andbegantheexperimentofsimplelife.InThoreau’seyes,humansneedonlybasicnecessitiestosatisfytheirdailylife.Theso-callednecessitiesoflife,inwords,referstoeverythingobtainedthroughtheirownhardefforts.Oritisimportantatthebeginning,oritisnecessaryforalongtime,soithasanimportantsignificanceforlife,evenifsomeonetriestoavoidit,whetherforbarbarismorpoverty,orjustforaphilosophicalreason.Thatistosay,inThoreau’sopinion,thenecessitiesoflifearetheprerequisiteforhumansurvival.Withoutthisprerequisite,humanbeingscannotreallyfacetheproblemsoflife.ItisnothardtoseethatThoreaubelievedthata“simpler,simpler”lifestylecouldbeimplementedaftersatisfyingthebasicnecessities.Humanbeingsonlyneedtowalkintotheembraceofnature,fromnaturetoobtainsimplefood,housing,clothesandfuel,wecanobtainrealfreedomandliberation.Thoreauissoadvocate,isalsopractice,“Walden”,“Maineforest”,“aweekontheriver”andotherworksareexamplesofhispractice,heusedhisactionstopracticethis“simple,simple”wayoflife,obviously,thiswayoflifehasbecomeanindispensablepartofThoreaunature.3.2.3TheSpiritofReturningtoNatureThoreau’semphasisonthereturntonatureisnottoadvocatepeopletoabandonthesecularworldandabandontheworldlife,buttosavethehumanmindbyreturningtonature.Whatheemphasizesisaspiritualreturntonature.Fundamentallyspeaking,thisisanattempttofindawayforhumannaturetoreturntonature,hopingtofindtheoriginalrelationshipbetweenmanandnature,andrestorethenaturalfactorsoriginallycontainedinhumannature.Hebelievedthatnomatterwherehumanbeingsgo,thenatureoftheancestorsoftheprimitivetimesisstillburiedinthebody,butwiththedevelopmentofsocietyandtheprogressofcivilization,humanbeingsarefartherandfartherawayfromtheiroriginalnature.Aftersayinggoodbyetotheopenair,thenatureoftheprimitiveancestorswashidden.Themodernlifeofhumanbeingshasthenatureofhomemore,itsdegreeisbeyondimagination.Fromtheprimitivefiretothemodernfields,bysuchalargedistance.Thisdistanceisalsothedistanceofthespiritbetweenmanandnature.Althoughhumanbeingsaremoreandmorefarawayfromtheiroriginalnature,butThoreaustilldoesnotgiveupthepursuit,hestillhopestofindtheoriginalrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.3.3TheEmbodimentoftheViewofNatureintheRelationshipbetweenManandNatureManisnotthemasterofnature,butmanisinseparablefromnature.Man’sdependenceonnaturealsoleadstotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Thoreaubelievedthatmanisonlyapartofnature.3.3.1HarmoniousCoexistencebetweenManandNatureInspiredbyConfucianism,Thoreauformedhisownthoughtofmaintainingseclusioninnature,cultivatingoneselfandenjoyinghappinessinnature.InThoreau’scharacter,theworshipofnatureandfeeling,worshipoflifeandnature,worshipoffreedomandindependencecontainshisphilosophyoflife.TheclosecontactwithnatureproducedThoreau’snaturalviewof“harmoniouscoexistencebetweenmanandnature”.Thoreau’slifeisintegratedintonature.Inhisworks,peoplenotonlywanderinthelandscapeandobservenature,butalsohavebeenintegratedwithnatureandbecomeanorganicpartofnature.Thoreauthinkharmoniouscoexistencewithnatureispartoftheirlifevalue,“Igototheforest,becauseIhopetoliveathoughtfullife,justtofacethebasicfactsoflife,seeifIcanlearnlifetoteachme,anddon'twaituntilIwasgoingtodie,tofindyourselfdidn'tlive.Iwouldnotlivealifethatisnot,becauseitisinfinitelyprecious;nordoIhavetodoso.Iwanttolivedeeply,absorbtheessenceofeverythinginlife...”InThoreau’sopinion,onlybyenteringnature,canweliveameaningfullife,todiscoverthetruemeaningoflife,togethappiness,torealizethemeaningoflife.GaoXiaohuiin<Walden>harmoniousbeautymentioned“inthecontextofglobalization,inthefaceofmaterialismerosion,Chinesecultureconstructioninaseriousself-reflectionstage,needtoabsorbdifferentnutrients,sointheprocessofreconstructingtheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature,weshouldtrytoeliminatesomedesiresofhumannature,evensomesavagecharacter,closetonature,makefriendswithnature.”REF_Ref29819\r\h[8]3.3.2AllinOneThoreaubelievedthatthewholeofnatureisanorganicwhole,inwhicheverythingisinterrelated.Natureisacompletesociety.Allthingscoexist,forests,plants,insects,fish,andhumansareonlypartofthewhole.Humanbeingsneedforestvegetationinsectsandfish,forestvegetationinsectsandfishneedhumanbeings.Thenaturalsunshineisfair,underitslight,everythinghasorder.Whetheritisorganicorinorganic,whetheritiscelestialorunderground,ithasitsownuniquepositioninthenatural“heaven”.InThoreau'swork,thereadercandeeplyunderstandthathisdescriptionofallthingsisveryregular,whethertrees,fish,orbirds...theyallhavetheirownreasonstoexistandsetoffagainsteachother.InThoreau’seyes,anythingisuseful,evenrottenleaves,branchesorroots,willeventuallyplaytheirrole,andthisroleisindispensabletonature,withoutthiseffect,naturewillloseitsownbalance.Innature,humanbeingsdonothavemoresuperiorthanotherspecies,humanbeingsandallthings,arejustamemberofnature.Humanbeingshavenorighttochangeorhavetheabilitytochangethelawsofnature.Humanbeingsareonlythechildrenofnature.Onlywhenhumanbeingsandotherthings,cantheylistentothesoundsofnatureofnatureandnotcausedestruction.ChapterFourTheReasonsfortheGenerationofNatureViewinWalden4.1PersonalReasonsHenryDavidThoreauisanextraordinarygenius,andtherearemanyreasonsforhisviewofnature,butfromhiswholelifeexperienceandwritingexperience,theauthorbelievesthathisuniquechildhoodlifeexperienceanddistinctpersonalityaretheimportantreasonsfortheformationofhisviewofnature.4.1.1UniqueLifeExperiencesThoreauwasbornonJuly12,1817inthebeautifulConcordcityofMassachusetts,thethirdoffoursiblings.Myfatherwasasmallbusinessman,runningontherunalltheyearround.Accordingly,Thoreau’smothertookontheresponsibilityofeducatingThoreau.Thoreau’smotherwasaveryloverofnature.Shecultivatedhissimplenatureandlovefornaturewhenhewasveryyoung.Sheoftentookhimoutinthesunnyweatherouting,picnic,listeningtothebeautifulsoundsofnature.Concordisasmalltownwithcharmingscenery,wheretherearerivers,lakesandmountains,theclimateispleasantthroughouttheyear,andthesceneryisbeautiful.Thoreau’schildhoodwasinsuchanenvironmentandbrothersandsisterscarefree.In1822,ThoreaufirstvisitedWalden,underhismother.Hermother'sinstructionhasputadeepnaturalimprintonThoreau’syoungmind.Inhislettertoafriend,hewroteemotionally:“AsmyeyesspinonabreathtakingpieceofEgyptianpottery,Idreamofbrowsingfromsummertowinter,climbingupthemountainside,seeingeverything.Iwanttoobservenaturenaturallywithsuchasimpleconsistencyastheblue-eyedgrassfacesthesky.”Thoreauwroteattheageoften,Seasons,inwhichhedescribesingreatdetailthelandscapeandclimatechangeofConcord.ItisnothardtoseethatThoreau’sloveandconcernfornaturebeganfromhischildhood.Inhisyoungheart,alake,afish,apieceofloess,amarmotandsoonarethegiftsofnature.ItcanbesaidthatitispreciselybecauseofthisuniquechildhoodexperiencethatcultivatedThoreau’slovefornature,andalsolaidtheemotionalfoundationfortheformationofThoreau’sviewofnatureinthefuture.4.1.2TheContemplatorofNatureThoreauwasathoughtfulandobserver.Thereisaveryvividandinterestingexampleofthis,asaresidentofConcordrecalled,whenhepassedbyapondonemorning,hesawThoreaustandingbythepond.Whenhereturnedatnoon,Thoreau,likemorning,wasstillstaringatthepond.Afterdinner,hewenttothepondagain,outofcuriosity,andfoundThoreaustillwatchingthere.HecouldnothelpbutaskThoreaucuriouslywhathewaswatchingthere,andThoreauansweredwithouthesitationthathewasobservingthelivinghabitsofthebullfrogs.WhataobservantThoreaulovestoobservebullfrogsforaday!ExampleslikethisaboundinThoreau’slife.Thoreaulovedthehabitofobservingnature,whichenabledhimtohaveadeeperunderstandingofthenatureofnature,andalsomadehimdeeplyintoxicatedintheworldofnature.Thoreauneverstoodstillandhadaverystrongoppositionagainstdogma.DuringhisstudyatHarvardUniversity,theuniversityregulationsstipulatedthatstudentsshouldwearblackclothes,butheworegreenclothes.Perhapsthisgreenrepresentstheyearninginhisheart.Heopposedlivingaunchanginglife,whichhethoughtwouldleadhumanitytodespair.Thoreauattachedgreatimportancetohisownpracticeandneverbelievedinthedogmaofbooks.Hebelievedthatnaturecanteachpeopleeverything,andpeopleonlyneedtoliveafull,comfortable,andpeace.ItwaspreciselybecauseofThoreau’srebelliouspioneeringspiritandinfinitelovefornaturethathisunderstandingandunderstandingofnaturecouldreachanewheight,whichwasunsurpassedatthattime.4.2SocialReasons4.2.1UniqueRegionalVisionThoreau’slifewascloselytiedtotwoplaces,onebeingConcordandtheotherbeingWalden.ThesetwouniqueplacesprovideagoodgeographicalviewoftheformationofThoreau’sviewofnature.ScottHess,“WaldenasThoreau’sLandscapeofGenius”(pp.224–250)exploresculturalandpoliticaldisputesovertheConcordandWaldenlandscapes;andinvocationsofThoreauasanecologicalheroandinspirationforresponsestoclimatechange.REF_Ref29548\r\h[3]ConcordisanancientandsmallcityinnortheasternMassachusetts,UnitedStates.Itislocatedabout31kmnorthwestofBoston,forBostonHouseSatelliteCity.Foundedin1635,itwastheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolutionaryWarandoccupiedauniquepositioninthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.HeindulgedintheworldofConcord,andfeltalltheflowersandgrass,themountainsandrivers,andtouchedthesunandtheearth.Everythingseemstohim,thesizeoftheexternalenvironment,thescopeofpeople’slife,donotmatter.ThoreaunotonlylovedhishometownofConcord,butalmostallofhisimportantworkswererelatedtoConcord.HelivedhislifeinandaroundConcord,anddidwildernesspracticeformostofhislife.Hebuiltahouseandworked;hemadeaboattrip;heclimbedthelake...hecoveredConcord.Waldenwasoriginallyunknown,butitwasfamousbecauseThoreaulivedherefortwoyears,twomonthsandtwodays(July4,1845toSeptember6,1847).Geographically,WaldenislocatedoutsidethetownofConcord,andThoreaubelievesthatthelandscapeofWaldenisahumblekind,althoughbeautiful,butnotmagnificent.Peoplewhodon’tplayoftenandwhodon’tliveonitsshoremaynotbeattractedtoit.Itisjustsuchalakethathethinksdeservesanoutstandingdescription.FromThoreau’sdescription,Waldenisindeedahumblesmalllake,butitissuchasmalllakethatbecomesaveryimportantpartofThoreau’slife.JohnJohnThoreaumadeadetailedsurveyofWalden.Hesaidthatallthefishinthislakeareindeedcleaner,morebeautifulandstrongerthanthefishinordinaryriversandmostotherlakes,becausethewaterismorepure,andtheyareeasilydistinguishedfromthefishofotherplaces.InThoreau’seyes,Waldenisthe“waterdropofGod”,heisjustthewind,sandandstonewaterofWalden.ItissuchasmalllakethatoccupiessuchanimportantpositioninThoreau’sheart.ItinspiredThoreau’sprofoundunderstandingofnaturewithitsuniquecharm,andhadaninestimableinfluenceontheformationofThoreau’sviewofnature.4.2.2TheIdeologicalTrendofTranscendentalismTranscendentalism(Transcendentalism)wasaliterarytrendofthoughtpopularintheUnitedStatesfrom1830to1850.Thecoreviewofthistrendofthoughtistoadvocatethatpeoplecantranscendfeelingandreasonanddirectlyunderstandthetruth,andbelievethateverythinginthehumanworldisamicrocosmoftheuniverse.Thetranscendentalistemphasizetheessentialunityofallthings,whichisrestrictedby“spirit”,andthehumansoulisconsistentwith“spirit”.Thissacredaffirmationofmanmakesthetranscendentalistsdespisetheexternalauthorityandtradition,andrelyontheirowndirectexperience.”Believeinyourself,”Emerson,becamethemottooftranscendentalists.Thistranscendentalistviewemphasizespeople’ssubjectiveinitiative,helpstobreaktheshacklesofCalvinism,suchas“humanevil”and“l(fā)ifeconclusion”,laystheideologicalfoundationfortheromanticliteraturewithenthusiasmandindividuality,andalsomarkstherealindependenceofAmericanliterature.Thoreaulivedintheeraoftranscendentalism.In1837,ThoreaumetEmersonwhilestudyingatHarvardUniversity,andeventuallystudiedwithhim.Fromthenon,EmersonbroughthimintotheConcordcircleoftranscendentalism.In1837hejoinedtheinformalEnglishtranscendentalclub,gatheringirregularlyintheEmersonStudy.In1841,ThoreaumovedintoEmerson’shouse,becameEmerson’sassistantandhousekeeper,andofficiallybecameapartoftranscendentalism.EmersonreallylikedhisstudentThoreau.HeoncepraisedThoreauas“theprophetoftheforest(forestseer)”and“thebardofthenaturalyears(minstrelofthenaturalyear)”,andforwitnessingmanyofthesecretsofnature.Emersonjudgedhisstudentsverywell.HanJiementionedthat“thenatureunderstoodbyEmersonandThoreau’sthoughtsontheviewofnatureonlystaysatthesimpleutilizationlevel,whileThoreaubelievesthatnatureisconcreteandhasitsvalueofexistence,whichisthevalueinitself.Throughcomparison,wecanhaveamoremicroscopiccognitionofThoreau’secologicalnatureview,whichalsobecomesthefavorablebasisforthefinalmaturityofhisecologicalnatureviewthought.”REF_Ref30786\r\h[9]Inhisviewofnature,Thoreauacceptedthetranscendentalismanddeepenedit.Hefocusedonthedialoguewithnatureandemphasizedthatthisdialoguemustbebasedondirectexperience.Hebelievedthatonlybybeingclosetonaturecanwetrulygototheroadofhumanreturn.ChapterFiveTheInfluenceandEnlightenmentoftheNatureViewinWalden5.1EcologicalImpactofThoreau’sNatureViewThewordecologywasnotpopularinThoreau’stime,butinthe20thcentury,thewordecologybecameincreasinglypopular,andwiththepopularityoftheword,Thoreauhadaveryhighpositionintheecologicalcommunity.Worst,afamousAmericanecologicalcritic,said:“Asanexploreroftheprimevalforest,Thoreauhasobviouslyinheritedthepastoraltraditionintermsofecologicalthought.Infact,itisThoreauwhodevelopspastoralethicsintomodernecologicalphilosophy.”REF_Ref29121\r\h[1]Thoreaubelievesthatthewholenatureislivingandalive,andeverythinglivinghastherighttodemandhumanmoralemotion.Theonlyhumanrightthatreallyneedstorespectandbetreatedassacredmustonlyberealizedbybecomingpartofanaturalcommunitywithmodestyandequality.Humanbeingsshouldrecognizetheinfinity,freedomandself-disciplineofnature.InThoreau'sview,thelong-formedrelationshipsinnaturecontainprofoundsecretsandhavesystematicadaptabilitytomaintainitsownexistenceandstability.Ifdestructivefactorsstrike,itcanrespondandovercome,whichisacommonphenomenonininorganicandorganicmatter.Thoreaubelievedthatasmuchmanconquerednature,hekepthimselfawayfromnature.Thiskindofconquestanddistanceawayisobviouslyreasonableandunreasonable,whichisconducivetotheharmoniousdevelopmentofmanandnature,andisreasonable,andotherwise,itisunreasonable.Innature,therationalsurvivalofeachspeciesisthatindividualsdonotoccupyresourcesbeyondtheirownsurvivalneeds.Onlyinthiswaycantheharmoniouscoexistencebetweenmanandnaturebeachieved.Humans,asaspeciesthatevolvedfromnaturebutinturn,arenowdevelopingintheoppositedirection.Thisdevelopmenthasaninevitablebasis(notnecessarilyreasonable),butitdeviatesfromthefundamentalinterestsofhumanbeingsthemselves.Ifitcontinues,thebasisofhumanexistencewillbedestroyedand