Unit1ThemassmediaGrammarandusage課件-高中英語牛津譯林版（2020）選擇性

Grammarandusage(Ⅰ)PastPerfectTenseUnit1

ThemassmediaLead-inReadtheshortlifestoryofJosephPulitzeronpage6toknowmoreabouthim.FEnglishFpublisherT1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?

3.In1892,whatdidheofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded?Readagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?In1878.3.In1892,whatdidheofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded?SixyearsafterJosephPulitzer’sdeath.April10,1847→JosephPulitzerwasborn.1.__________→HemovedtoAmericaandbecameanAmericancitizen.2.__________→Hebecameapublisher.1878→3._____________________________________________1883→PulitzerboughttheNewYorkWorld.1892→HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.4.__________→Pulitzerdied.5.__________→TheColumbiaSchoolofJournalismwasestablished.1917→ThefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded.1860s1872PulitzerfoundedtheStLouisPost-Dispatch

19111912ExploringtherulesFindthesentencesusingthepastperfecttenseinpartA.?Weoftenusethepastperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthathappened(1)_________(before/after)apastactionorstate.?Theverbformofthepastperfecttenseis

“(2)___________

(have/haddone)”.beforehaddoneWorkingouttherulesworktirelesslyaccusesb.ofsth.shootupmountupadvocatethetrainingofregard...asanobleprofessionofunequaledimportanceinfluenceonthemindsandmoralsUsefulExpressions不知疲倦地工作因...而控告...暴漲；迅速成長增長，上升提倡對...的培訓(xùn)把…當成高尚的職業(yè)無與倫比的重要性對思想和道德的影響Gothroughthenotesonpage98.Workingouttherules一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點:概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。Definition過去完成時肯定句否定句一般疑問句構(gòu)成haddonehadn’t＋doneHad＋主語＋done…？例句Tomhadfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight.Tomhadn’tfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight.HadTomfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight?二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù):1.由時間狀語來判定：與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：(1)by+

過去的時間點。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelby

nineo'clocklastnight.

(2)bytheendof+

過去的時間點。如：WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.(3)before+

過去的時間點。如：Theyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbefore

lastWednesday.2.由“過去的過去”來判定：是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：(1)賓語從句中:在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：

Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.

(2)狀語從句中:在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：

WhenI

gotto

thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.3.根據(jù)上、下文來判定。昨天我在街上見到了王濤，自從他來到北京后我們還沒見過面。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehecametoBeijing.三、過去完成時的主要用法1.過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如：我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。WhenIwokeup,ithadstoppedraining.

2.過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如：他告訴我他寫了一本新書。Hetoldmethathehadwrittenanewbook.

(hadwritten

發(fā)生在told

之前)

3.過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與already,yet,still,just,before,never等時間副詞及by,before,until等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如：BeforeshecametoChina,GracehadtaughtEnglishinaschoolforaboutfiveyears.Pearlhadcollectedmorethan300Chinesestampsbythetimehewasten.

4.過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍有繼續(xù)的可能。如：Bytheendof

lastyear,hehadworkedinthefactoryfortwentyyears.(hadworked已有了20年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能)三、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為”have(has)+過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。

到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000個英語單詞。Ihavelearned1000Englishwordssofar.

到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000個英語單詞。Ihadlearned1000Englishwordstillthen.—I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyafewminutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）—Johnreturnedhomeyesterday.約翰昨天回到家的?！猈herehadhebeen?他去哪兒了？（使用過去完成時是指約翰在returnedhome之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”）四、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：

1.時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間.

他們昨天十點前就到車站了。 Theyhadarrivedatthestationbyten

yesterday.他們昨天十點到了車站。 Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.

3.當兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用and或but連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；

另外，在before,after,assoonas引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時.

他進入房間，打開燈，看晚報。Heenteredtheroom,turnedon

thelightand

readaneveningpaper.我離開辦公室前給她打了電話。I(had)calledherbeforeIlefttheoffice.過去完成時在固定句式中的運用1.hardly/scarcelywhen和Nosoonerthan...句型中，表示“一就”.Hardlyhadheknownwhathappenedwhentheaudiencebrokeinandinterruptedhim.Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhebegantoinvestigatethefalsenews.2.在”It/This/Thatwasthe+序數(shù)詞+timethatsb/sthhaddone”句式中，表示”某人第幾次做某事“。ItwasthesecondtimethathehadtravelledalongtheancientSilkRoad.3.在”Itwas+一段時間+sincesb/sthhaddone”句式中.ItwasalmosttenyearssincehehadmadeadocumentarytoretellthehistoryofthePalaceMuseumindetail.Exercises翻譯句子：1.到上個月底,你看了多少部英文電影?HowmanyEnglishfilmshadyouseenbytheendoflastmonth?2.今天上午十點鐘前,他已完成了這項工作。Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforeteno’clockthismorning.3.在我媽媽回來之前,我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。Ihadalreadyfinishedmyhomeworkbeforemymotherreturned.Practice10.他告訴我他從小就認識她。He

toldmethathehadknownhersincehewasachild.11.湯姆乘飛機回家，他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了。Tom

flewhome,buthisfatherhadalreadydied.12.我本來希望昨晚回來的，但沒搭上火車。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,but

Ididn’tcatchthetrain.

13.我們本想早回來的，但他們不讓我們走。Wehadthoughttoreturnearlybutthey

wouldn’tletusgo.14.我原以為我以前見過他。IthoughtIhadseenhim

before.15.到他到來時，那人已經(jīng)離開了。Bythetimehearrived,themanhadalreadyleft.

Circlethemistakesandcorrectthemintheblanksbelow.1)PulitzerknewthathehadlearntverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.___________________________________________________2)Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.____________________________________________________hadstarted去掉hadwasworking改成hadworkedB1BApplyingtherulesFor改成Byhaveworked改成hadworkedB1ThePulitzerPrizesare

asetofawardshonoringexcellenceinjournalismandthearts.Theprizeswereestablished

largelyduetotheeffortsofJosephPulitzer,who(1)____________hisreputationasanewspaperpublisher.Heleftmoneyinhis1904willtofundtheestablishmentoftheprizes,statingthathewantedfourawardsinjournalism,fourinlettersanddrama,oneforeducation,andfivetravelingscholarships.Sincethefirstprizes(2)______________in1917,therehavebeenmanywinnersandsomepeoplehavewonmorethanonce.PastwinnersincludesuchfamousnamesasEugeneO’Neill.WhenO’NeillreceivedthePulitzerPrizeinDramain1957,itwasthefourthtimehe(3)____________it.hadbuiltwereawardedhadwonCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallowTherehavebeenanumberofchangestothePulitzerPrizesovertime.Someoftheseresultedfromadvancesintechnology.Forexample,onlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsites(4)________________inallofthejournalismcategoriessince2006.ThePulitzerPrizeshavealsoexpandedtoincludesuchcategoriesasphotographyandmusic.Nevertheless,journalismisstillwhatthePulitzerPrizesarebestknownfor.Today,winningthePulitzerPrizesisconsideredbymanytobethehightestachievementpossibleinjournalism－justasPulitzer(5)_______________.hasbeenallowed(had)intendedCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallow1.WhohaddevotedalotbeforethePulitzerPrizeswereestablished?JosephPulitzer.2.WhatcategorieshaveThePulitzerPrizesalsoexpandedtoinclude?Photographyandmusic.Answerthefollowingquestions:Page58Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.1.hadfinished2.hadbeen3.havebeen4.(had)studiedCHomeworkChecking TalkaboutZouTaofen’slifestoryaccordingtothetimelineandshareitwitheachother.TopictalkingB3SampleAnswerZouTaofenwasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageoftwenty-six,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.HehadworkedasaneditorforfouryearsbeforehebecamethechiefeditorofLifeWeekly.In1931,hestarted