環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)-Unit-1

SpecialtyEnglishforEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering

環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)劉青Part1IntroductiontoenvironmentalscienceandengineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering?Unit2EnvironmentalEngineeringUnit3WhatisWasteReduction/WasteMinimization?Unit4EnvironmentalAnalysisWordsandExercisescornerstoneshypothesisconsolidationmagpiecollectionlogicbridgethegapmanifestpalatablehazardstribescommunitiessubdisciplineseffusionsquantitativequalitativelogicquantitativelogicskewedExercisesPutthefollowingintoChinese.soundengineeringstatisticalprobabilityorganicmatteramplepublicwatersupplydisposalofwastewaterbiologyracesdisciplinesencompassinhabitantbuiltenvironmentExercisesPutthefollowingintoEnglish.協(xié)同胡亂收集曲解基石流出物假想可口的生物學(xué)Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScienceEnvironmentalScienceQuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:Whatisscience?Whatisthedifferencebetweensocialandnaturalscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:Science:Socialscience

NaturalscienceBiology,chemistry,physics,…Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScienceInthebroadestsense,scienceissystematizedknowledgederivedfromandtestedbyrecognitionandformulationofaproblem,collectionofdatathroughobservation,andexperimentation.在最廣泛的意義上，科學(xué)是系統(tǒng)化的知識(shí)，來源于并且實(shí)踐于對(duì)問題的認(rèn)識(shí)和構(gòu)想，以及通過觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)的收集。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringWedifferentiatebetweensocialscienceandnaturalscienceinthattheformerdealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes,communities,races,andnations,andthelatterdealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Naturalscienceincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.我們用來區(qū)分社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)的是，前者從事研究人及他們?nèi)绾巫鳛榧彝?、部落、社區(qū),種族和國(guó)家共同生活，后者從事自然和物理世界的研究。自然科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、化學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、物理學(xué)和環(huán)境科學(xué)等多種學(xué)科。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:Whatisthedifferencebetweenenvironmentalscienceandothernaturalsciencesubjects?i.e.Whatisitsbiggestcharacteristic?Whatdoesthehistoricalfocusofenvironmentalscience?Whatdoesmodernenvironmentalscienceinclude?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:CharacteristicEncompassallfieldsofnaturalscienceHistoricalfocusNaturalenvironmentModernenvironmentalscienceEffusionsfrombuiltenvironmentUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScienceWhereasthedisciplinesofbiology,chemistry,andphysics(andtheirsubdisciplinesofmicrobiology,organicchemistry,nuclearphysics,etc.)arefocusedonaparticularaspectofnaturalscience,environmentalscienceinitsbroadestsenseencompassesallthefieldsofnaturalscience.環(huán)境科學(xué)而生物學(xué)、化學(xué)和物理的學(xué)科(及其分支學(xué)科的微生物學(xué),有機(jī)化學(xué),核物理,等等)的重點(diǎn)是自然科學(xué)的一個(gè)特定方面,環(huán)境科學(xué)在其廣義上包括所有的自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。Thehistoricalfocusofstudyforenvironmentalscientistshasbeen,ofcourse,thenaturalenvironment.歷來環(huán)境科學(xué)家研究的焦點(diǎn)，理所應(yīng)當(dāng)是自然環(huán)境。因此，我們指的是大氣，土壤，水和居住環(huán)境，這些不同于建設(shè)的環(huán)境。Bythis,wemeantheatmosphere,theland,thewaterandtheirinhabitantsasdifferentiatedfromthebuiltenvironment.現(xiàn)代環(huán)境科學(xué)還建立了相應(yīng)的建筑環(huán)境應(yīng)用，或者更準(zhǔn)確的說，來應(yīng)對(duì)建筑環(huán)境的排污。Modernenvironmentalsciencehasalsofoundapplicationstothebuiltenvironmentor,perhapsmorecorrectly,totheeffusionsfromthebuiltenvironment.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Science(scientificmethod)RepresentativeorskewedRandomvariationCare,impartially,independentverificationQuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceScienceor,perhapsmorecorrectly,thescientificmethod,dealswithdata,thatis,withrecordedobservations.定量環(huán)境科學(xué)科學(xué)，或者更準(zhǔn)確的說，科學(xué)方法涉及數(shù)據(jù)處理，也就是觀察記錄的處理。當(dāng)然，這些數(shù)據(jù)是各種可能性的樣本。它們可能具有代表性，也可能有所偏差。Thedatais,ofcourse,asampleoftheuniverseofpossibilities.Theymayberepresentativeortheymaybeskewed.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEveniftheyarerepresentative，theywillcontainsomerandomvariationthatcannotbeexplainedwithcurrentknowledge.即使它們是具有代表性的，它們也含有不能用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)來解釋的某些隨機(jī)變化。在數(shù)據(jù)收集與記錄過程仔細(xì)認(rèn)真、無偏見和獨(dú)立核實(shí)是科學(xué)的基石。Careandimpartialityingatheringandrecordingdata,aswellasindependentverification(認(rèn)證),

arethecornerstonesofscience.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedata,hypothesisandtheory?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Theorylaws…DataGeneralization/hypothesisConsolidationofknowledgeSystematichuntforneededinformationOverallmakesscienceanorganizedbodyofknowledgeRegularitiesFormulateWhenthecollectionandorganizationofdatarevealcertainregularities,itmaybepossibletoformulateageneralization（概論）orhypothesis.當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)的收集和整理披露出某些規(guī)律時(shí)，那么有可能歸納出概論或假設(shè)。這只是說明，在某些情況下，某些現(xiàn)象通?？梢杂^察到。Thisismerelyastatementthatundercertaincircumstance

（境況）certainphenomena（現(xiàn)象）cangenerallybeobserved.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringManygeneralizationsarestatisticalinthattheyapplyaccuratelytolargeassemblages（聚集）butarenomorethanprobabilitieswhenappliedtosmallersetsorindividuals.許多概況的結(jié)論是統(tǒng)計(jì)性的，也就是可以準(zhǔn)確適用于大的集合體，但是當(dāng)應(yīng)用在小集合或者個(gè)體中，它就只是個(gè)概率而已。在科學(xué)方法中，假說被測(cè)試，修改，并再次測(cè)試，直到它被證明是可以接受的。Inascientificapproach,thehypothesis（假說）istested,revised,andtestedagainuntilitisprovenacceptable.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringIfwecanusecertainassumptionsortietogetherasetofgeneralizations,weformulateatheory.如果我們可以使用某些假設(shè)或配合一組概況，我們就建立了一個(gè)理論。例如，獲得了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間認(rèn)同的理論，被稱為定律。Forexample,theoriesthathavegainedacceptanceoveralongtimeareknownaslaws.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering一些例子如運(yùn)動(dòng)定律，是用來描述移動(dòng)物體行為的；氣體定律是用來描述氣體行為的。Someexamplesarethelawsofmotion,whichdescribethebehaviorofmovingbodies,andthegaslaws,whichdescribethebehaviorofgases.Thedevelopmentofatheoryisanimportantaccomplishment（成就）becauseityieldsatremendousconsolidation（合并）ofknowledge.理論的發(fā)展是一個(gè)重要的成就，因?yàn)樗a(chǎn)生了一個(gè)巨大的知識(shí)整合。此外，理論給我們提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的獲取新知識(shí)的工具。Furthermore,atheorygivesusapowerfulnewtoolintheacquisition（獲得）ofknowledgeforitshowsus.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringThus,theaccumulationofdatabecomeslessofamagpiecollectionoffactsandmoreofasystematizedhuntforneededinformation.因此，數(shù)據(jù)的積累不再是一系列事實(shí)的集合，而更多的是系統(tǒng)化的尋找所需信息。正是這些分類和歸納的存在，最重要的是理論的存在，使科學(xué)成為的一個(gè)組織知識(shí)體系。Itistheexistenceofclassificationandgeneralization（歸納）,andabovealltheorythatmakesscienceanorganizedbodyofknowledge.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedata,hypothesisandtheory?Whatisthedifferencebetweenqualitativeandquantitativelogic?Whatareenvironmentalscienceandquantitativeenvironmentalscienceabout?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:LogicQualitativelogicBroad,descriptive,noactualnumberQuantitativelogicMathematically,e.g.:xkg,ym3/hr“Whatif?”scenariosTheoryobservationsCollectionofmathematicaltheoriesdescribing/exploringenvironmentalrelationshipsLogicisapartofalltheories.Thetwotypesoflogicarequalitativeandquantitativelogic邏輯學(xué)是理論的一部分。這兩類邏輯學(xué)分為定性和定量邏輯學(xué)定性邏輯學(xué)是描述性的。例如，我們可以定性陳述，當(dāng)大量的廢水進(jìn)入某河流，量太大了，魚死了。Qualitativelogicisdescriptive.Forexamplewecanqualitativelystatethatwhentheamountofwastewaterenteringacertainriveristoohigh,thefishdie.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringWithqualitativelogicwecannotidentifywhat“toohigh”means—weneedquantitativelogictodothat.在定性邏輯學(xué)中，我們無法確定“過高”意味著什么。因此，我們需要通過定量邏輯學(xué)來做解決這個(gè)問題。當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)和歸納是定量時(shí)，我們需要數(shù)學(xué)方法來提供能顯示定量關(guān)系的理論。Whenthedataandgeneralizationsarequantitative,weneedmathematicstoprovideatheorythatshowsthequantitativerelationships.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,aquantitativestatementabouttherivermightstatethat“whenthemassoforganicmatterenteringacertainriverequalsxkilogramsperday,theamountofoxygeninthestream（河流）isy.”以河為例，定量表述的可能陳述：“當(dāng)進(jìn)入某條河流的有機(jī)物質(zhì)量為每天x千克時(shí)，那么，河流中的含氧量為y?！被蛟S更重要的是，定量邏輯學(xué)使我們能夠探索關(guān)于關(guān)系的“如果。。。怎樣。。。?”問題。Perhapsmoreimportantly,quantitativelogicenablesustoexplore“Whatif?”questionsaboutrelationships（關(guān)系）.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,“ifwereducetheamountoforganicmatterenteringthestream,howmuchwilltheamountofoxygeninthestreamincrease?”例如，“如果我們減少進(jìn)入河流的有機(jī)物的含量，河流中的含氧量會(huì)增加多少?”此外，理論，尤其是數(shù)學(xué)理論，通常使我們可以彌補(bǔ)（縮?。?shí)驗(yàn)過程觀察的結(jié)果與該領(lǐng)域理論推導(dǎo)的結(jié)果間的差距。Furthermore,theories,andinparticular,mathematicaltheories,oftenenableustobridgethegapbetweenexperimentallycontrolledobservationsandobservationsmadeinthefieldUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,ifwecontroltheamountofoxygeninafishtankinthelaboratory,wecandeterminetheminimumamountrequiredforthefishtobehealthy.例如，如果我們控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室魚缸中的含氧量，我們可以確定魚類健康存活所需的最低量。然后，我們可以使用該數(shù)字來確定在河流中可接受的有機(jī)物含量。Wecanthenusethisnumbertodeterminetheacceptablemassoforganicmatterplacedinthestream.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering鑒于環(huán)境科學(xué)是一個(gè)關(guān)于環(huán)境關(guān)系的有序知識(shí)體系，那么，定量環(huán)境科學(xué)是一個(gè)有序的數(shù)學(xué)理論集合，它可以被用來描述和探索環(huán)境關(guān)系。Giventhatenvironmentalscienceisanorganizedbodyofknowledgeaboutenvironmentalrelationships,thenquantitativeenvironmentalscienceisanorganizedcollectionofmathematicaltheoriesthatmaybeusedtodescribeandexploreenvironmentalrelationships.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofessionthatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties（特性）ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.工程學(xué)工程學(xué)是一門應(yīng)用科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)，使物質(zhì)特性和能源屬性在結(jié)構(gòu)，機(jī)器，產(chǎn)品，系統(tǒng)和過程中發(fā)揮作用的專業(yè)。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEngineeringWhatarethefieldsengineeringcanbeappliedin?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringWhatdoesenvironmentalengineeringincludeaccordingtoASCEstatement?

Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineering:Soundengineeringthoughtandpracticeinsolutionofproblemslike:EnvironmentalsanitationDisposalofwastewaterandsolidwasteAdequatedrainagePollutioncontrolEngineeringproblemsImpactsHVAC,landscape,architectural&structuralengineeringEnvironmentalscience/engineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringTheEnvironmentalEngineeringDivision（部門）oftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)haspublishedthefollowingstatementofpurposethatmaybeusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalscienceandenvironmentalengineering:環(huán)境工程美國(guó)土木工程師學(xué)會(huì)（ASCE）環(huán)境工程部門發(fā)表了以下聲明，可用于展示環(huán)境科學(xué)和環(huán)境工程之間的關(guān)系:Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest（顯示）bysoundengineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofenvironmentalsanitation,notablyintheprovisionofsafe,palatable,andamplepublicwatersupplies環(huán)境工程是在解決環(huán)境衛(wèi)生問題過程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口與充足的公共供水過程，用正確的工程思想與合理的實(shí)施顯現(xiàn)出來。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalSci