1章：緒論跨文化交際與跨文化交際學(xué)

The

Study

of

InterculturacommunicationSpring,

2003Outline

and

syllabusChapter

One:

Introduction(

March)Chapter

Two

:

(March)Chapter

Three:(April)Chapter

Four(April)Chapter

Five(May)Outline

and

syllabusChapter

Six:

Introduction(

May)Chapter

Seven

:

(June)Chapter

Eight:verbal

communication(June)Chapter

Nine:nonverbal

communication(July)

Chapter

Ten:

bringing

up

abilities

of

intercultucommunication

in

the

new

century(July)Chapter1:

IntroductionCulture

is

the

total

communication

framework:words,actions,

postures,

gestures,

tones

of

voice,

faexpressions,

the

handling

of

time,

space,

andmaterialthe

way

he

or

she

works,

plays,

makes

love,

and

defendshimself

or

herself.

All

these

things

and

more

are

complcommunication

systems

with

meanings

that

can

be

readcorrectly

only

if

one

is

familiar

with

the

behavior

in

ihistorical

,

social

and

cultural

context.Edward

T.

Hall(1976).Outline

of

chapter

one

What

is

the

study

of

intercultural

communication(conceptions

of

culture,

communication

andintercultural

communication)

History

of

intercultural

communication

and

itsoutcomes

Importance

of

the

study

of

interculturalcommunication

today

History

of

the

study

of

interculturalcommunicationHistory

of

intercultural

communication

and

its

outcomes

Ancient

people

developed

from

isolation

to

communication

first

outdesire

of

material

objects

to

make

life

easier

or

differentiate

thefrom

the

poor-luxury

trade

between

the

west

and

the

east

The

secret

of

the

techniques

of

silk

was

exposed

to

the

west

,whichassociated

treachery

disloyal

with

monks

and

concubines

Alexander

the

Great,

Roman

Legions

,

Barbarian

Huns

made

commonpeople

fear

strangers

with

killing

,

attacking

and

conquering

Around

the

seventh

century,

Arabian

nations

extended

westward

andeastward

with

sword

and

Islam,

putting

great

influences

on

Europeancivilization

The

crusades

depicted

a

picture

of

cruelty

and

intolerance

of

differaces

and

religions.Urban

second’s

speech

in

Cluny

were

full

ofhatred

and

contempt

on

differences,which

rationalized

attacking

oinfidels

for

fulfilling

needs

of

different

levels

of

western

world.Eastward

conquer

of

the

crusades

left

negative

impression

on

ArabicnationsContinuous

:

History

of

interculturalcommunication

and

its

outcomesGenghis

Khan

and

the

MongolsHarsh

and

unforgiving

environment

of

the

steppes

forced

the

hordes

tstruggle

for

survival

with

ruthless

militarilyGenghis

Khan

led

the

Mongols

east

to

raid

China

who

they

despisedand

attacked

west

Islamic

empire

in

order

to

get

what

they

wanted“what

was

different

was

not

understood;

what

was

not

understoodwas

not

liked”A

culture

was

to

define

itself

as

a

world

conqueror,

destined

to

be

sby

a

higher

powerOgadai

KhanEngage

in

intercultural

communication

beyond

his

own

backgroundSet

up

capital

and

yamThe

death

of

Ogadai

Khan

made

christian

world

survive

,

however,

thelater

thought

it

was

the

will

of

God.

Each

bolstered

by

their

owncultural

tradition

of

ethnocentrismThe

same

luck

conferred

on

Cairo

because

new

Khan

diedKublai

KhanContinuous

:

History

of

interculturalcommunication

and

its

outcomesKublai

Khan

absorbed

part

of

Han’s

culture,

set

up

new

port

stationalong

silk

road,

created

large

merchant

fleet

to

trade

with

the

worlbuild

canal

through

east

china

.Failure

of

attacking

Japan

was

looked

upon

by

Japan

as

that

Godsruled

their

destiny,

no

one

could

destroy.Ming

dynasty

turned

back

on

the

world

by

the

building

the

Great

WallGenghis

Khan

was

considered

as

the

great

unifier,

seeking

world

peaand

destroying

the

warlike

nationsDiscuss:

would

you

like

to

get

peaceand

richness

by

as

the

secondclass

citizens

,

subjected

by

other

nations?MarcoPoloHis

books

was

the

first

that

descript

differences

of

cultureHis

books

incited

western

people

imagination

of

the

the

far

eastContinuous

:

History

of

interculturalcommunication

and

its

outcomesColonialism:Ethnocentrism

was

expressed

when

the

west

invaded

Latin

America.Colonials

was

forced

to

convert

to

Christianity

by

forceTriangle

trade

last

for

a

few

century

as

a

sign

that

Africans

were

seas

inferior

to

those

white

peopleEarly

missionary

were

devoted

to

converting

the

barbarians

intoChristians

by

force,

cheat

and

persuasion

in

china

,

Japan

and

othercolonies.The

Opium

WarChinese

emperor

refused

the

plea

of

Britain

about

normal

trade

outignorance(

a

reply

from

emperor

to

George

third)British

sent

opium

to

China

by

force

in

order

to

solute

their

balancpayment

problems(

two

opium

war)Opium

and

the

Gospel

were

imposed

to

china

out

of

profits

and

highpurposesContinuous

:

History

of

interculturalcommunication

and

its

outcomesNative

Americans

and

white

settlers

from

the

west

Columbus

discovery

of

North

America

set

a

start

of

episode

in

thehistory

of

intercultural

contact

marked

by

exploitation

and

powerdifferentialsNative

Americans

failed

no

matter

by

integration

or

resistance

Drive

Indian

people

to

west

into

permanent

Indian

territory

by

lootburning

and

occupation

,

this

is

a

travel

of

tears

manifest

destiny

and

gold

rush

drove

Native

Americans

further

to

thwest

in

concentration

camp

Native

people

were

forced

to

melt

into

American

culture

in

order

toimprove

their

livesNative

People

were

seen

as

nonexistent

or

inferior

to

whites

In

view

that

American

violated

human

rights

seriously

during

the

tiof

creating

a

new

nation,

how

could

it

accuse

other

nations

of

ignorhuman

rights

today?Continuous

:

History

of

interculturalcommunication

and

its

outcomesCollective

cultural

unconsciousness

Definition:

an

embedded

memory

of

historical

events

that

areparticularly

significant

to

a

given

cultural

group

.

That

is

a

messafilter

which

selects

information

when

we

communicate

with

personsfrom

other

nations

The

above

outstanding

communication

in

history

show

negativeeffects

upon

us,

they

tell

us

the

consequences

of

ignoring

interculcommunication

and

rejecting

attempts

to

understand

others

Prejudice,

discrimination,

ethnocentrism

and

xenophob