太陽能科技英文 課件 Photovoltaic Solar Energy

Photovoltaic

Solar

EnergyFuturesPresented

to

theMinnesota

Futurists16May

2009DickSaunders

and

David

KeenanBut

first

a

word

from

oursponsorThe

Futurist

Toolof

the

dayTrend

Analysis

and

ExtrapolationTrend

Analysis

&

ExtrapolationA

Method

Everyone

Uses

Trend

analysis

involves

the

use

of

any

of

a

variety

of

techniques

baseon

historical

data.

Trend

analysis

involves

several

processes.

One

process

is

spotting

anemerging

trend,

that

is,

identifyingachange

in

the

world

around

us.

Now

you

need

to

do

some

analysis

to

see

what

the

nature

of

the

trend

isand

what

its

implications

might

be.You

could

first

look

at

historical

data/~goertzel/futuristmethods.htmTrend

Analysis

&

ExtrapolationTrend

Analysis

&

Extrapolation

Trend

analysis

requires

that

you

do

more

than

simply

extrapolate

thetrend

forward.

You

have

to

ask,

what

is

causing

this

trend,

and

will

those

causescontinue

indefinitely?Are

there

upper

limits

to

the

trend?What

other

forces

may

affect

the

trend?

At

this

point

trend

analysis

relies

more

on

subjective

judgment

ratherthan

objective

extrapolation

of

historical

data.

Assuming

that

the

future

will

be

like

the

past

or

that

past

changes

wilcontinue

in

the

same

direction

and

rate

is

a

perfectly

sensible

way

tobegin

trying

to

understand

the

future.

It

can

not,however,

be

the

end

of

our

endeavors,

or

we

would

end

upwith

absurd

results./~goertzel/futuristmethods.htmTrends

to

Analyzein

This

TalkSolar

CellsMarketsizeMarket

shareSalesUnitsPower

producedCost

per

power

deliveredAgendaThe

SunSolar

CellsBackgroundHow

they

workTypesMarketsCostsCountriesCompaniesQuestionsNow

on

with

the

showEnergy

from

the

SunAbout

half

the

incoming

solar

energy

reaches

the

Earth"s

surface.

The

Earth

receives

174

petawatts

(PW)(1015

watts)

of

incoming

solarradiation

at

the

upper

atmosphere.Approximately30%

is

reflected

bacto

space

while

the

rest

is

absorbed

by

clouds,

oceans

and

land

masses.

Earth"s

land

surface,

oceans

and

atmosphere

absorb

solar

radiation,

athis

raises

their

temperature.

Sunlight

absorbed

by

the

oceans

and

lanmasses

keepsthe

surface

at

an

average

temperature

of

14

°C.

By

photosynthesis

green

plants

convert

solar

energy

into

chemicalenergy,

which

produces

food,

wood

and

thebiomass

from

which

fossilfuels

are

derived./wiki/Solar_energyBreakdown

of

incoming

solar

energy/wiki/File:Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.svgEnergy

from

the

SunYearly

Solar

fluxes

&

Human

Energy

Consumption

The

total

solar

energy

absorbed

by

Earth"s

atmosphere,

oceans

and

landmasses

is

approximately

3,850,000

exajoules(EJ)

(1018

joules)

per

yea(70%

of

incoming

sunlight)(1

Joule

=

energy

required

to

heat

one

gram

of

dry,coolair

by

1

C)Primary

energy

use

(2005)

487

EJ

(0.0126%)Electricity

(2005)

56.7

EJ

(0.0015%)

Therefore

a

good

target2002,

more

energyin

one

hour

than

the

world

usedin

the

year.Photosynthesis

captures

approximately

3,000

EJ

per

year

in

biomass.

The

amount

of

solar

energy

reaching

thesurface

of

the

planet

is

so

vasthat

in

one

year

it

is

about

twice

as

much

as

will

ever

be

obtained

fromof

the

Earth"s

non-renewable

resources

of

coal,

oil,

natural

gas,

andmineduraniumcombined.As

intermittent

resources,

solar

and

wind

raise

issues./wiki/Solar_energySolar

Cells

Background

1839

-

French

physicist

A.

E.

Becquerel

first

recognized

thephotovoltaic

effect.Photo+voltaic

=

convert

light

to

electricity

1883

-

first

solar

cell

built,

by

Charles

Fritts,

coated

semiconductoselenium

with

an

extremely

thin

layer

of

gold

to

form

the

junctions.

1954

-

Bell

Laboratories,

experimenting

with

semiconductors,accidentally

found

that

silicon

doped

with

certain

impurities

was

versensitive

to

light.

Daryl

Chapin,

Calvin

Fuller

and

Gerald

Pearson,invented

the

first

practical

device

for

converting

sunlight

into

usefelectricalpower.Resulted

in

the

production

of

the

first

practical

scells

with

a

sunlight

energyconversion

efficiency

of

around

6%.1958

-

First

spacecraft

to

use

solar

panels

was

US

satellite

Vanguard/wiki/Solar_cellPV

Solar

for

ElectricityPhotovoltaicsFor

the

2

billion

people

without

access

to

electricity,

it

would

becheaper

to

install

solar

panels

than

to

extend

the

electrical

gri(The

Fund

for

Renewable

Energy

Everywhere)

Providing

power

for

villages

in

developing

countries

is

a

fast-growinmarketfor

photovoltaics.

The

United

Nations

estimates

that

more

than2

million

villages

worldwide

are

without

electric

power

for

water

suprefrigeration,

lighting,

and

other

basic

needs,

and

the

cost

of

extenthe

utility

grids

is

prohibitive,

$23,000

to

$46,000

per

kilometer

inA

one

kilowatt

PV

system*

each

month:prevents

150

lbs.

of

coal

from

being

minedprevents

300

lbs.

of

CO2

from

entering

the

atmospherekeeps

105

gallons

of

water

from

being

consumedkeeps

NO

and

SO2

from

being

released

into

the

environment*

in

Colorado,

or

an

equivalent

system

that

produces

150

kWh

per

month/resources/energyfacts.htmlHow

Solar

Cells

Work/wiki/File:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg

Photons

in

sunlight

hit

thesolar

panel

and

are

absorbedbysemiconducting

materials,suchas

silicon.

Electrons

(negatively

charged)are

knocked

loose

from

theiratoms,

allowing

them

to

flowthrough

the

material

toproduce

electricity.

An

array

of

solar

cellsconverts

solar

energy

into

ausable

amount

ofdirect

current

(DC)

electricity.Solar

Cells

BackgroundThree

generations

of

solar

cells

Solar

Cells

are

classified

into

three

generations

which

indicates

theorder

of

which

each

became

important.

At

present

there

is

concurrent

research

into

all

three

generationswhile

the

first

generation

technologies

are

most

highly

represented

icommercial

production,

accounting

for

89.6%

of

2007

production./wiki/Solar_cellSolar

Cells

BackgroundFirst

Generation

–

Single

Junction

Silicon

Cells89.6%

of

2007

Production45.2%

Single

Crystal

Si42.2%

Multi-crystal

SI

Large-area,

high

quality

andsingle

junction

devices.

High

energy

and

labor

inputs

whichlimit

significant

progress

in

reducingproduction

costs.

Single

junction

silicon

devices

areapproaching

theoretical

limit

efficienof

33%.

Achieve

cost

parity

with

fossilenergy

generation

after

a

payback

perioof

5–7

years.

(3.5

yr

in

Europe)Single

crystal

silicon

-

16-19%

efficiMulti-crystal

silicon

-

14-15%

efficiecyfueldencyncy/wiki/Solar_cell

and

Solar

Generation

V

Report

Sept

08Silicon

Cell

Average

EfficiencSolarCells

BackgroundSecond

Generation

–

Thin

Film

CellsCdTe

4.7%

&

CIGS

0.5%

of

2007

ProductionNew

materials

and

processes

to

improve

efficiency

and

reduce

cost.As

manufacturing

techniques

evolve,

production

costs

will

be

dominated

byconstituent

material

requirements,

whether

this

be

a

silicon

substrate,

or

gcover.

Thin

film

cells

use

about

1%

of

the

expensive

semiconductors

comparedto

First

Generation

cells.The

most

successful

second

generation

materials

have

been

cadmiumtelluride

(CdTe),

copper

indium

gallium

selenide(CIGS),

amorphous

siliandmicromorphous

silicon.Trend

toward

second

gen.,

but

commercialization

has

proven

difficult.

2007

-

First

Solar

produced

200

MW

of

CdTe

solar

cells,

5th

largest

producer

in

2007and

the

first

to

reach

top

10

from

of

second

generationtechnologiesalone.2007

-

Wurth

Solar

commercialized

its

CIGS

technology

producing

15

MW.

2007

-

Nanosolar

commercialized

its

CIGS

technology

in

2007

with

a

production

.

capacity

of

430

MW

for

2008

in

the

USA

and

Germany.2008

-

Honda

began

tocommercializetheir

CIGS

basesolar

panel.CdTe

–

8

–

11%

efficiency

(18%

demonstrated)CIGS

–

7-11%

efficiency

(20%

demonstrated)Payback

time

<

1yearin

Europe/wiki/Solar_cell

and

Solar

Generation

V

Report

Sept

08Solar

Cells

BackgroundThird

Generation

–

Multi-junction

Cells

Third

generation

technologies

aim

to

enhance

poor

electrical

performaof

second

generation

(thin-film

technologies)

while

maintainingveryproduction

costs.

Current

research

is

targeting

conversion

efficiencies

of

30-60%

whretaining

low

cost

materials

and

manufacturing

techniques.

They

canexceed

the

theoretical

solar

conversion

efficiency

limit

fora

singlethreshold

material,

31%

under

1

sun

illumination

and

40.8%

under

themaximal

artificial

concentration

of

sunlight

(46,200

suns).

Approaches

to

achieving

these

high

efficiencies

including

the

use

ofmultijunction

photovoltaic

cells,

concentration

of

the

incident

specthe

use

of

thermal

generation

by

UV

light

to

enhance

voltage

or

carriercollection,

or

the

use

of

the

infraredspectrumfor

night-time

operati

Typically

use

fresnel

lens

(3M)

or

other

concentrators,

but

cannot

usediffuse

sunlight

and

require

sun

tracking

hardwareMulti-junction

cells

–

30%

efficiency

(40-43%

demonstrated)/wiki/Solar_cell

and

Solar

Generation

VReportSept

08Global

Cumulative

PV

Power/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2013.pdfGlobal

Annual

PV

Market/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2013.pdfSolar

Cell

Market

Estimate--

First

Generation

----

Second

Generation

---

Third

GeSEMI

PV

Group

March

2009

from

source

Yole

DevelopmentGlobal

Annual

PV

Market

Outlook/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2013.pdfSolar

PV

Market

OutlookSEMI

PV

Group

March

2009

from

source

EPIA

Solar

Generation

V

Sept

08

by

2030

8.9%

of

Global

Energy,

1,864

GW

Production

Capacity,

2,646

TWh

ElectricitCost

Projections

EPIA

Solar

Generation

V

Report

Sept

08$1.07$0.81$0.54$0.27$0.13

---$/kWh“Grid

parity’

where

PV

cost$1.35are

equal

to

residentialelectricity

costs

isexpected

to

be

achievedfirst

in

southern

Europeancountries

and

then

tomove

northCumulative

installed

solar

electripower

by

20071st

Germany2nd

Japan3.8

GW1.9

GW3rdUS814

MW632

MW4th

SpainWorld"s

largest

photovoltaic

(PV)power

plants

(12

MW

or

larger)Name

of

PV

power

plant

CountryDC

GW·h

NotesPeak

/yearPower(MW)60Olmedilla

Photovoltaic

ParkSpain85Completed

September

2008Puertollano

Photovoltaic

ParkSpain502008Moura

photovoltaic

power

stationWaldpolenz

Solar

ParkPortugalGermany46409340Completed

December

2008550,000

First

Solar

thin-film

CdTemodules.

Completed

Dec

2008Completed

October

2008Arnedo

Solar

PlantSpain34Merida/Don

Alvaro

Solar

ParkSpain30Completed

September

200817

more2

moreKoethenSpainKoreaGermanyAvg

20Avg

2014.7513200,000

First

Solar

thin-film

CdTemodules.

Completed

Dec

200870,000

solar

panelsNellis

Solar

Power

PlantUSA14.0230Planta

Solar

de

Salamanca

Spain6

more

Spain,

1

US,

1

Germany13.8Avg

12n.a.70,000

Kyocera

panels/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationsLarge

systems

in

planning

or

underconstructionName

of

Plant

CountryDC

GW·Peak

hPower

/year(MW)NotesRancho

Cielo

Solar

FarmUSA600Thin

film

silicon

from

Signet

Solar**Topaz

Solar

FarmUSA5501,100Thin

film

silicon

from

OptiSolar

**High

PlainsRanchUSA250550Monocrystaline

silicon

from

SunPower

withtracking

**Mildura

Solar

concentratorpower

stationAustralia154270Heliostat

concentrator

using

GaAs

cells

fromSpectrolab**KCRD

Solar

FarmUSA80Scheduled

to

be

completed

in

2012

**DeSoto

County,

FloridaUSA25To

be

constructed

by

SunPower

for

FPLEnergy,

completion

date

2009.*Davidson

County

solar

farmUSA21.536

individual

structures**Cádiz

solar

power

plantSpain20.136*Kennedy

Space

Center,FloridaUSA10To

be

constructed

by

SunPower

for

FPLEnergy,

completion

date

2010.***

Under

construction;

**

Proposed/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationsSpain

Blessed

with

almost

year-round

sunshine,

Spain"s

socialistgovernment

is

trying

to

capitalize

on

this

natural

resource.

In

an

effort

to

encourage

private

individuals

and

companies

to

instasolar

power,

Spain

introduced

subsidies

of

€0.42

per

kilowatt

perhour

($0.57/KWhr)

(‘feed-in’

tariff

and

off-grid

subsidies)

But

the

Spanish

government

is

considering

reducing

this

subsidy

inSeptember,

a

move

which

is

likely

to

face

opposition

from

within

thesolar

energy

industry.2007:

26,800

employeesinSpanish

solar

companieshttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy

9

July

2008

Solar

Generation

V

Report

Sep

2008Olmedilla

Solar

Park60

MWp

photovoltaic

park

installed

by

Nobesol

with

modules

from

Silikin/clientes_proyectos/instalaciones/ficha?contentId=572Germany10,000companies,

including

installers

work

in

solar

PV80

companies

are

cell

and

module

makers42,000

employeesSales

were

$5.7

B

including

$2.5

B

in

exportsThe

‘feed-in’

tariff

2008

German

utilities

pay

$0.47

to

$0.68/kWh

depending

on

typeand

size

of

system

for

new

solar

systemsUtilities

pass

cost

to

consumers

–

Germany

average

is$1.65/month

Solar

Generation

VReport

Sep

2008Waldpolenz

SolarPark

The

Waldpolenz

Solar

Park

is

built

on

a

surface

area

equivalent

to

200soccerfields,

the

solar

park

will

be

capable

of

feeding

40

megawattsinthepower

grid

when

fully

operational

in

2009.

In

the

start-up

phase,

the

130-million-euro

($201million)

plant

it

wilcapacity

of

24

megawatts,

according

to

the

Juwi

group,

which

operates

tinstallation.

The

facility,

located

east

of

Leipzig,

uses

state-of-the-art,

thin-filtechnology.

Some

550,000

thin-film

modules

will

be

used,

of

which350,000

have

already

been

installed.

The

direct

current

produced

in

thePV

solar

modules

will

be

converted

into

alternating

current

and

fedcompletely

intothepower

grid.

After

just

a

year

the

solar

power

station

will

have

produced

the

energyneeded

to

build

it,

according

to

the

Juwi

group.http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3430319,00.htmlWaldpolenz

Solar

Parkhttp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3430319,00.htmlWaldpolenz

Solar

Park/main/Bild/sp_pv_07/Brandis-Waldpolenz-Fotomont.jpgUnited

States2007

-

PV

production

grew

in

all

areas

of

US

market

US

leads

development

of

thin-film

technology

accounting

for

nearlyhalf

the

global

production2007

–

about

50,000

employeesCA

dominates

with

60%

of

installed

capacity

Various

state

Renewable

Portfolio

Standards

(RPS)

and

FederalInvestment

Tax

Credits

(ITC)are

incentives.

Solar

America

Initiative

making

progress

on

goal

to

bring

PV

coststo

grid

parity

by

2015

Solar

Generation

VReport

Sep

2008Renewable

Energy

Consumptionin

the

US

Energy

Supply,

2007/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/highlight1.htmlChart

DataFigure

1.1

The

Role

of

Renewable

Energy

Consumption

in

the

Nation"sEnergy

Supply,

2007

(Quadrillion

Btu)Consumption101.545ShareTotal

USCoal22.77622%Natural

Gas23.63723%Petroleum39.77339%Nuclear

Electric

Power8.4158%Renewable

Energy:6.8137%Of

which:Hydroelectric2.44636%Geothermal

Energy0.3495%Biomass3.59653%Solar

Energy0.0811%Wind

Energy0.3415%/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/figure1_1.xlsUS

Solar

Industry

DataSolar

energy

represents

less

than

1%

of

the

U.S.

energy

mix.

However,

as

a

resultgrowingawareness

about

reliable,

off-the-shelf

technology,

concerns

about

risienergy

security

andsupplies,

andnew

stateand

federal

incentives,

deployment

oenergy

has

exploded

since

2005.Size

of

U.S.

Market2008

-

U.S.

had

about

8,800

megawatts

(MW)

of

installed

solar

capacity.1,100

MW

of

photovoltaics

(PV),418

MW

of

utility-scale

concentrating

solar

power,485

MWTh

(megawatts

thermal

equivalent)

of

solar

water

heating

systems7,000

MWTh

of

solar

pool

heating

systems.

Ranking

of

U.S.

Market:

Cumulativeinstalled

solar

electric

power

by

2007.1st

Germany

3.8

GW,

2nd

Japan

1.9

GW,

3rd

US

814

MW,

4th

Spain

632

MW

Growth

of

U.S.

Market

2008

-

more

than

18,000

individual

PV

systems

wereinstalled.

Totaled

342

MW:

292

MW

was

grid-connected.Growth

of

U.S.

Manufacturing

2008

domestic

PV

cell

manufacturing

capacitygrew

65

percent

to

685

MW

and

production

grew

53

percent

to

414

MW.

(Resultspreliminary)

(Source:

Greentech

Media

Research

and

the

Prometheus

Institute)/cs/about_solar_energy/industry_data

and

Solar

Generation

V

Report

Sep

2008Nellis

AFB

Solar

panels/wiki/File:Nellis_AFB_Solar_panels.jpgGM

installs

world"s

biggestrooftop

solar

panels

The

largest

rooftop

solar

power

station

in

the

world

is

being

built

in

SpWith

a

capacity

of

12

MW

of

power,

the

station

is

made

up

of

85,000lightweight

panels

covering

an

area

of

two

million

SqFt.

Manufacturedinrolls,

rather

like

carpet,

the

photovoltaic

panels

areinstalled

on

the

roofof

a

General

Motors

car

factory

in

Zaragoza,

Spain.

General

Motors,

which

plans

to

install

solar

panels

at

another

11

plantsacrossEurope,

unveiled

the

€50M

($68M)

project

yesterday.

The

powerstation

should

be

producing

energy

by

September.

The

panels

will

produce

an

expected

annual

output

of

15.1

million

kilowahours

(kWh)

-

enough

to

meet

the

needs

of

4,600

households

with

anaverage

consumption

of

3,300kWh,

or

power

a

third

of

theGM

factory.

Thesolarenergy

produced

should

cut

CO2

emissions

by

6,700

tons

a

year.

Energy

Conversion

Devices

who

makes

the

panels,

said

it

would

be

thelargest

rooftop

solar

array

in

the

world.http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy

9

July

2008GM

installs

world"s

biggestrooftop

solar

panelshttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy

9

July

2008Japan

2002

-

Basic

Act

on

Energy

Policy

to

secure

stableenergysupply,environmental

suitability

and

use

of

market

mechanismsBy

2006,

installed

1.2

GW

for

350,000

homes2008

–

New

research

initiative

to

improve

yields

from

10-15%

to

40% and

reduce

cost

from

$0.48/kWh

to

$0.073/kWh

Solar

Generation

VReport

Sep

2008China2007National

Renewable

Energy

targets–

10%

by

2010

(300

MW)–

15%

by

2020

(1.8

GW)Supplies

1,130

tons

of

polysilicon

from

6

companiesSupplies

21,400

tons

of

silicon

ingot

from

70

companiesNumber

1

PV

panel

producer

–

1.1

GW 50

PV

panel

companies

including

Suntech,

Yingli,

HebeiJingao,

Jiansu

Linyang,

and

Nangjing

CEEG82,800

employees

(6

times

that

of

2005)

Solar

Generation

VReport

Sep

2008Top

10

PV

Cell

ProducersUntil

recently

BP

Solar

wasdominant

supplier.New

Top

10

produce53%

ofworldtotalQ-Cells,

SolarWorld

-

GermanySharp,

Kyocera,

Sharp,

Sanyo

–JapanSuntech,

Yingli,

JA

Solar

–ChinaMotech

-

TaiwanBPSolarBP

Solar

to

supply

PV

power

systems

for

Wal-Mart

in

CA

22

April

2009

Under

a

power

purchase

agreement

(PPA),

BP

will

finance,

install

and

maintainthesystems

and

Wal-Mart

will

have

immediate

access

to

clean

electricity

withup

front

capital

cost

to

the

retailer.

Will

initially

build

10

to

20

rooftop

systems

at

Wal-Mart

locations

in

Califowould

work

with

the

retailer

to

evaluate

the

potential

for

additional

projectExpects

to

complete

the

first

set,

10

MW

of

installed

solar

power,

within

aboumonths.2008

BP

completed

4.1

MW

solar

systems

for

7

Wal-Marts

&

Sam’s

Clubs

inCA.Since

1998,

BP

guarantees

its

modules

for

25

years.

BP

Solar,

part

of

BP

Alternative

Energy,

is

a

global

company

with

about

2000employees.

With

over

35

years

of

experience

and

installations

in

most

countriBP

Solar

is

one

of

the

world"s

leading

solar

companies.

BP

is

one

of

the

world’s

largest

energy

companies,

in

more

than

100

countriesandover

96,000

employees./sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9025044&contentId=7046577BP

axes

620

jobs

from

solar

business

01

April,

2009

-

BP

to

axe620

jobs

from

its

solar

power

business–

more

than

a

quarter

of

that

workforce

–

in

a

move

it

said

waspart

of

the

long-term

strategy

to

"reduce

the

cost

of

solar

power

tothat

of

conventional

electricity.“

Two

cell

manufacture

and

module

assembly

plants

near

Madrid,

willbe

shutwiththe

loss

of

480

posts

while

module

assembly

will

alsobe

phased

out

at

its

Frederick

facility

in

Maryland,

US,

withafurth140

redundancies.

BP

blamed

the

cutbacks

on

the

credit

crunch

and

lower-costcompetition

saying

its

global

manufacturing

capacity

would

stillincrease

during

this

year

and

next

via

a

series

of

strategic

alliancewith

othercompanies.http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/apr/01/bp-solarQ

Cells

SE

1999

founded,2001

began

with

the

production

of

silicon

solar

cellswith

19

employees.By

2009,

2,600

employees

(2007,

1700

employees)Now

the

largest

solar

cell

manufacturer

in

the

world.

(since

2007)

Continue

to

expand

production

in

Bitterfeld-Wolfen,

Germany

andstart

construction

of

new

Malaysian

production

facility.

Alongside

the

monocrystalline

and

polycrystalline

(90%

of

businesscore

business,

we

use

a

wide

range

of

technologies

to

develop

andproduce

thin-film

modules.

(thin-film

-

25%

share

of

smaller

market)2008

Sales

$1.69

B 2007

Sales

$1.16

B

profitableQCE:

Frankfurt

exchangehttp://www.q-/en

and

/finance?q=FRA%3AQCESharp

SolarSubsidiary

of

Sharp

Electronics,Osaka,Japan

Produces

silicon

solar

cells

and

thin

film,

leveraging

silicon

knowlefrom

LCD

manufacturing

2008,

capacity

will

reach

1.6

million

square

meters

of

thin-film

moduas

we

simultaneously

build

the

world"s

largest

thin

film

manufacturincomplex,

capable

of

10

million

square

meters

per

year.

And

thisgigawatt-scale

factory

is

only

the

first

to

come.

Katsuga

City,

Nara

aSakai

City,

Osaka,

JapanThin

film

efficiency

9%,

expecting

10%

from

GW

factory

line.

Sharppowers

more

homes

and

businesses

than

any

other

solar

mfg

inthe

world.

First

mfgr

to

reach

2

GW

cumulative

production

since

massproduction

start

in

1963Memphis,

TN

–

100

MW

manufacturing

facility/solar/solar_thin_film/1,,3-6,00.html

and

/files/sol_dow_ThinFilmSunTech

PowerBEIJING,

Jan

12,

2009

(Xinhua

via

COMTEX)

China’s

solar

produ