2019年全國醫(yī)學博士外語統(tǒng)一考試英語真題及答案

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一、PartIIVocabularySectionADirections:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C

andDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthe

sentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

1、AccordingtotheGeneva________noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.

A、Customs

B、Congresses

C、Conventions

D、Routines答案:C2、Environmentalofficialsinsistthatsomethingbedoneto________

acidrain.

A、Curb

B、sure

C、detoxify

D、condemn答案:A3、Itisimpossibletosayhowitwilltakeplace,becauseitwillhappen________,anditwillnotbealongprocess.

A、spontaneously

B、simultaneously

C、principally

D、approximately答案:A4、Diabetesisoneofthemost________andpotentiallydangerousdiseaseintheWorld.

A、Crucial

B、virulent

C、colossal

D、prevalent答案:D5、Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelpto________theproblem.

A、Affiliate

B、alleviate

C、aggravate

D、accelerate答案:B6、Howisitpossiblethatsuch________deceptionhascometotakeplacerightunderournoses?

A、obvious

B、significant

C、necessary

D、widespread答案:A7、NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom________onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.

A、Configuration

B、constitution

C、condemnation

D、contamination答案:D8、Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohave________

effectsonbones.

A、adverse

B、prevalent

C、instant

D、purposeful答案:A9、Generally,vaccinemakers________thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantakefourtosixmonths.

A、penetrate

B、designate

C、generate

D、exaggerate答案:C10、Wearemuchquickertorespond,andwerespondfartooquicklybygiving________toouranger.

A、vent

B、impulse

C、temper

D、Offence答案:A

SectionBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords

orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningof

theoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWER

SHEET.

11、Thepatient'sconditionhas

worsened

sincelastnight.

A、improved

B、returned

C、deteriorated

D、changed答案:C12、BeijingTelevision-StationTransmittingTowerreallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit's

litup.

A、decorated

B、illustrated

C、illuminated

D、entertained答案:C13、Attemptstorestrictparkinginthecitycentrehavefurther

aggravated

theproblemoftrafficcongestion.

A、ameliorated

B、aggregated

C、deteriorated

D、duplicated答案:C14、Theapplicationsofgeneticengineeringare

abundant

andchoosingoneappropriateforthiscasecanberatherdifficult.

A、sufficient

B、plentiful

C、adequate

D、countable答案:B15、The

defect

occursinthefirsteightweeksofpregnancy,thoughnooneunderstandswhy.

A、deficit

B、deviation

C、drawback

D、discrepancy答案:A16、Hehasbeenonhormone

alternate

therapyforfouryearsandlooksfantastic.

A、successor

B、replacement

C、surrogate

D、choice答案:B17、Ithadover2,000apartmentcomplexes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadministrativecenter,anumberof

massive

religiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildings.

A、ancient

B、carefully

C、verylarge

D、carefullyprotected答案:C18、Whenpatientsspendextendedperiodsinhospital,theytendtobecome

overly

dependentandloseinterestintakingcareofthemselves.

A、extremely

B、exclusively

C、exactly

D、explicitly答案:A19、Theanxiousparentwas

vigilant

overtheinjuredchildinspiteofafullarrayofemergencyroomofdoctorsandnurses.

A、preoccupied

B、unwary

C、watchful

D、dozing答案:C20、Thedoctor

vacillated

sofrequentlyondisease-preventiontechniquesthathiscolleaguesaccusedhimofinconsistency.

A、wavered

B、instigated

C、experimented

D、relied答案:C二、PartⅢCloze(總題數(shù):1,分數(shù):10.0分)Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,thereare

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof

yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

Wespendalotoftimelookingattheeyesofothersforsocial【A1】______ithelpsusunderstanda

person'semotions,andmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondtothem.Wealsoknowthatadults

avoideyecontactwhenanxious.Butresearchershaveknownfar【A2】______

abouteyegazingpatternsinchildren.

AccordingtonewresearchbyKalinaMichalska,assistantprofessorofpsychologyatthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,wenowknowthatanxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeye

contact,andthishasconsequencesforhowtheyexperiencefear.The【A3】______

andlessfrequentlythey

lookattheeyesofothers,themorelikelytheyaretobeafraidofthem,evenwhentheremaybeno

reasontobe.Herstudy,"AnxietySymptomsandChildren'sEyeGazeDuringFearLearning",was

publishedinthejournalTheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry.

“Lookingatsomeone'seyeshelpsusunderstandwhetherapersonisfeelingsad,angry,fearful,

orsurprised.Asadults,wethenmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondandwhattodonext.But,we

knowmuchlessabouteyepatternsinchildren—so,understandingthosepatternscanhelpuslearn

moreaboutthedevelopmentofsociallearning,"Michalskasaid.

Michalskaandtheteamofresearchersshowed82children,9to13yearsold,imagesoftwo

women'sfacesonacomputerscreen.Thecomputerwasequippedwithaneyetrackingdevicethat

allowedthemtomeasure【A4______

】onthescreenchildrenwerelooking,andforhowlong.Theparticipants

wereoriginallyshowneachofthetwowomenatotaloffourtimes.Next,oneoftheimageswas【A5】______

withaloudscreamandafearfulexpression,andtheotheronewasnot.Attheend,childrensaw

bothfacesagainwithoutanysoundorscream.

Thefollowingthreeconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:1.

Allchildrenspentmoretimelookingattheeyesofafacethatwaspairedwiththeloud

screamthanthefacethatwasnotpairedwiththescream,【A6】______

theypayattentiontopotentialthreats

evenintheabsenceofoutwardcues.

2.

Childrenwhoweremoreanxiousavoidedeyecontactduringallthreephasesofthe

experiment,forbothkindsoffaces.Thishadconsequencesforhowafraidtheywereofthefaces.

3.Themorechildrenavoidedeyecontact;themoreafraidtheywere【A7】______

thefaces.Theconclusionssuggestthatchildrenspendmoretimelookingattheeyesofafaceswhen

previouslypairedwithsomethingfrighteningsuggestingtheypaymoreattentiontopotentially

threateninginformationasawaytolearnmoreaboutthesituationandplanwhattodonext.

However,anxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeyecontact,whichleadstogreater【A8】______

experience.Eventhoughavoidingeyecontactmayreduceanxiety【A9】______

,thestudyfindsthat—over

time—childrenmaybemissingout【A10】______

importantsocialinformation.Thisincludesthatapersonmay

nolongerbethreateningorscary,andyetthechildcontinuesfeelingfearfulofthatperson.

21、【A1】______

A、environment

B、cues

C、relations

D、answers答案:B22、【A2】______

A、less

B、more

C、enough

D、beyond答案:A23、【A3】______

A、longer

B、moreanxious

C、shorter

D、more答案:C24、【A4】______

A、where

B、when

C、how

D、what答案:D25、【A5】______

A、followed

B、recorded

C、paired

D、marked答案:C26、【A6】______

A、suggest

B、suggesting

C、suggests

D、beingsuggested答案:B27、【A7】______

A、to

B、of

C、at

D、about答案:B28、【A8】______

A、fear

B、surprise

C、sad

D、angry答案:A29、【A9】______

A、inthelongrun

B、foralongtime

C、intheshorttime

D、inalongtime答案:C30、【A10】______

A、with

B、without

C、of

D、on答案:D三、PartIVReadingComprehension(總題數(shù):6,分數(shù):30.0分)

Directions:Inthispart,therearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach

question,therearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswerandmark

theletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageOneTheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthe

Sensitive"attachment"periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild'spersonalityandpredisposeto

emotionalproblemsinlaterlife.

SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbe

subjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails,andmany

peopledobelievethis.Ithasbeenarguedthataninfantunderthreewhoiscaredforoutsidethe

homemaysufferbecauseoftheseparationfromhisparents.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainst

suchastrongconclusion.

Buttraditionalsocietiesaresodifferentfrommodernsocietiesthatcomparisonsbasedonjust

onefactorarehardtointerpret.Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffair

betweenchildrenandparentsformedinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditional

societies.Forexample,insometribalsocieties,suchastheNgoni,thefatherandmotherofachild

didnotreartheirinfantalone—farfromit.

Certainty,Bowlby'sanalysisraisesthepossibilitiesthatearlydaycarehaddelayedeffects.The

possibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercan

onlyexploredbytheuseofstatistics.However,statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeen

carriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldcertainlybecomplicatedandcontroversial.

Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,care-

takersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberof

carefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatcarehada

neutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.

Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodeal

with.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Atthe

ageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisis

undoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfar

fromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicateearlycareisreasonablefor

infants.

31、Accordingtothepassage,theconsequenceofparentalseparation.

A、stillneedsmorestatisticalstudies

B、hasbeenfoundnegativeismoreserious

C、isobvious

D、inmoderntimes答案:A解析:全文翻譯：英國心理分析學家約翰-波爾認為在孩子出生到3歲之前這時間段是孩子敏感的依戀期，和父母分離的話可能會傷害到孩子性格的形成，并可使他們在未來容易出現(xiàn)情感問題。有人由此得出結論，認為孩子在3歲之前不應該交給日托所，因為這樣會造成孩子和父母的分離。很多人都相信這種說法。有人認為由外人照顧的3歲以下小孩由于和父母分開會受到傷害，但同樣也存在煩的這種觀點的數(shù)法。然而傳統(tǒng)社會和現(xiàn)代社會有極大的不同，因此在這一點上進行比較是沒有多少說服力的。首先，人類學家指出現(xiàn)代社會常見的父母子女分開的情況基本不存在于傳統(tǒng)社會。例如，在像恩格尼這樣的原始部落，孩子的父母不僅撫養(yǎng)自己的孩子---遠遠不止。當然，波爾比的分析提出了童年是所受到的照顧可能會后后續(xù)的影響。只有靠數(shù)據(jù)才能分析導致更多，比如說，15或20年后的精神疾病或者犯罪傾向的可能性。然而，這類數(shù)據(jù)研究還沒有完全展開，而且即使有這樣的研究，研究成果肯定也會非常復雜和具有爭議的。其次，常識告訴我們?nèi)绻⒆拥膿狃B(yǎng)人----父母發(fā)現(xiàn)日托所對孩子造成負面影響的話，日托所是不會像浸提這樣普及的。第三，在過去的十年間，許多精細的針對日托所中有關兒童的美國研究報告都一致指出，照顧這件事對孩子的成長只有中性或少許正面的影響。不論這種分類的長期效果如何，父母有時發(fā)現(xiàn)即時影響就很難處理。3歲以下的孩子在離開父母的時候常常通過抗議手段來表達自己的不滿。到了3歲或者3.5歲時，幾乎所有的孩子都變的比較容易送去托兒所，者無疑是越來越多父母在這個時候選擇兒童看護機構的原因。這個問題實際上還遠遠沒有定論，盡管經(jīng)驗和可獲得的證據(jù)都表明對嬰兒來說，早期的看護是合理的。

細節(jié)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章，父母和孩子分離的結果”?；貧w原文：“However,statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldcertainlybecomplicatedandcontroversial."說明還需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)分析，符合A項。而其他三項在文中都沒有明確的涉及或與文中意思不符，故選A。32、TheauthorthinksthatJohnBowlby'sconcern.

A、isrelevantandjustifiable

B、istoostrongtobelieve

C、isutterlygroundless

D、hassomethingthatdeserveourattention答案:D解析:細節(jié)題。題目問的是“作者認為約翰?波爾比的觀點：回歸原文："Certainty,Bowlby'sanalysisraisesthepossibilitiesthatearlydaycarehaddelayedeffects.”這說明作者承認Bowlby的誠點指出了童年時所受照料對成年可能會有影響，也就是值得我們注意。A,B和C項都過于武斷，故選D。33、What'stheresultofAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycareinthelastdecade?

A、Thechildren'sunhappinessandprotestwasduetothedaycarethechildrenreceived.

B、Thebadeffectsofparentalseparationwerehardtodealwith.

C、Theeffectofdaycarewasnotnecessarilynegativeonchildren'sdevelopment.

D、Earlycarewasreasonableforbabiessinceit'spracticedbysoanypeoplenowadays.答案:C解析:細節(jié)題。題目問的是“在過去十年里,美國針對兒童在日托機構的研究結果是什么？”回歸原文："Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatcarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.”在過去的十年里，許多研究報告都一致指出照顧這件事（即父母和孩子分開）對孩子的成長只有中性或少許正面的影響，這符合C的說法，故選C。34、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisprobablyareasonforparentstosendtheirchildrenunderthreetodaycare?

A、Theydon'tknowaboutdaycare'snegativeeffect.

B、Theyaretoobusytocarefortheirchildren.

C、Theywanttheirchildrentobeindependentasearlyaspossible.

D、Theywanttofacilitatetheirchildrentoadapttonurseryattheageofaboutthree.答案:D解析:推斷題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章,下列哪一個有可能是父母把3歲以下的孩了送到日托機構的原因？”回歸原文：“Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime."到了3歲或3歲半的時候，幾乎所有的孩子都變得比較容易送去托兒所,這無疑是越來越多父母在這個時候選擇兒童看護機構的原因。A項說父母不了解日托機構的負面效果;B項說父母太忙了沒時間照顧小孩;C項說父母希望孩子能夠盡早獨立；D項說父母希望可以幫助小孩在3歲左右適應育兒機構。B和C文中沒有涉及;文中雖有提到日托的負面效果，但并沒有確認,相反還提到如果日托有很多負面影響，父母是不會送孩子去那里的，因此也不對；最后，父母送孩子去育兒機構一方面是因為3歲左右的小孩比較容易適應離開父母，另一方面就是他們的主觀愿望了，這需要我們進行合理推測。育兒機構是兒童離開家庭適應社會的第一步，因此父母的舉動反映了他們希望孩子適應機構的愿望，故選D。35、What'stheauthor'sattitudetopeoplewhohavedrawntheconclusionfromBowl-by'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthree?

A、HesupportsmostoftheirbeliefbecauseBowlby'sprepositioniswell-grounded.

B、Heissympatheticforthem,forhethinkstheyhavebeenmisledbyBowlby.

C、Hedoesn'ttotallyagreewiththem,sincethelong-termeffectofdaycarestillneedsfurtherstudy.

D、Hedoesn'tquiteunderstandthem,astheyarecontradictoryinthemselves.答案:C解析:態(tài)度題。題目問的是“作者對有人從Bowlby的作品中得出3歲以前的兒童不應該送去日托機構的結論是什么態(tài)度”。A項說作者支持他們大多數(shù)的看法，因為Bowlby的看法很有道理這和第四段中作者說“然而，這類數(shù)據(jù)研究還沒完全展開，而且即使有這樣的研究，研究成果肯定也會非常復雜并具有爭議性。”相悖，可以排除；B項說作者同情相信Bowlby觀點的人，因為他們被Bowlby誤導了。這個在文中沒有提到，可排除;C項說作者完全不同意這些人的觀點，因為日托的長期影響還需要進一步的研究。從第四段的分析可以看出，作者對日托的態(tài)度是正面的，也提到需要進一步的數(shù)據(jù)研究，符合文義;D項說作者不完全同意這些人的觀點，因為這些人的觀點有自相矛盾的地方。雖然在開頭作者列舉了源于Bowlby的幾類觀點，但這并不是作者不同意這些人觀點的原因，可排除。綜上所述，正確答案為C。

Directions:Inthispart,therearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach

question,therearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswerandmark

theletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageTwo

Bytheendofthiscentury,theaverageworldtemperatureisexpectedtoincreasebetweenone

andfourdegrees,withwidespreadeffectsonrainfall,sealevelsandanimalhabitats.Butinthe

Arctic,wheretheeffectsofclimatechangearemostintense,theriseintemperaturecouldbetwice

asmuch.

UnderstandinghowArcticwarmingwillaffectthepeople,animals,plantandmarinelifeand

economicactivityinCanada'sNorthareimportanttothecountry'sfuture,saysKentMoore,an

atmosphericphysicistatUniversityofTorontoMississaugawhoisparticipatinginalong-term,

internationalstudyofthemarineecosystemalongtheBeaufortSea.fromAlaskatotheMackenzie

delta.

Thestudywilladdtoourknowledgeofeverythingfromtheextentofseaiceintheregionto

howfishstockswillchangetowhichareascouldbecometargetsforoilandgasexplorationtothe

impactontheindigenouspeoplewhocallthispartofthecountryhome.

Moore,whohasworkedintheArcticformorethan20years,sayshisresearchhasalready

foundthatthinningseaiceandchangesinwindpatternsarecausinganimportantchangeinthe

marine

food

chain;

phytoplankton（浮游植物）is

blooming

two

to

three

weeks

earlier.

Many

animals

timetheirannualmigrationtotheArcticforwhenfoodisplentiful,andhavenotadaptedtothe

earlierbloom."'Animals'behaviorcanevolveoveralongtime,buttheseclimatechangesare

happeninginthespaceofadecade,ratherthanhundredsofyears,"saysMoore,"Animalscan't

changetheirbehaviorthatquickly."

AwarmerArcticisexpectedtohaveimportanteffectsonhumanactivityintheregion,asthe

NorthwestPassagebecomesnavigableduringthesummer,andresourceextractionbecomesmore

feasible.Informationgainedfromthestudywillhelpgovernment,industryandcommunitiesmake

decisionsaboutresourcemanagement,economicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection.

Mooresaysthestudy—whichinvolvesCanadian,AmericanandEuropeanresearchersand

governmentagencieswillalsouseanoveltechnologytogatheratmosphericdata:remotelypiloted

drones."Thedroneshavethecapabilityofalargeresearchaircraft,andthey'reeasiertodeploy,"he

says,showingtheresearcherstogatherinformationonamoreregularbasisthantheywouldbeable

towithpilotedaircraft.36、Bytheendofthiscentury,accordingtotheauthor,globalwarmingwill.

A、starttobringaboutextremeweathereventstohumansandanimals

B、increasetheaverageworldtemperaturebyfourdegrees

C、causemoredamagestothewholeworldthanexpected

D、affecttheArcticmorethananyotherpartsoftheearth答案:D解析:全文翻譯：到21世紀，全球平均溫度預計將上升1到4度，這將多雨林、海平面和動物棲息地產(chǎn)生很大的影響。但是在受氣候變化影響最嚴重的北極，溫度上升幅度可能會達到平均值的2倍。了解北極變暖會對加拿大北部的居民、動植物以及海洋生物和經(jīng)濟活動產(chǎn)生何種影響對加拿大的未來是非常重要的，肯特說。這位來自多倫多大學米西沙加校區(qū)的大氣物理學家正在參與一項長期的針對從阿拉斯加到mackenzie沿海海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的國際研究。這項研究將讓我們對眾多事情了解更多：該地區(qū)的海冰覆蓋范圍，魚類種群的變化，那些地區(qū)會成為石油和天氣開采的目標區(qū)域，以及對將這個地區(qū)看成家鄉(xiāng)的原住民的影響。摩爾已經(jīng)在北極地區(qū)工作了20多年，他在研究報告中指出變薄的海冰和風向正在使得海洋中的食物鏈發(fā)生巨大變化：浮游植物的開花期提前了2到3周，許多動物會在食物充分的時候選擇遷移到北極地區(qū)，因為他們還沒有適應提前的植物開花期。動物行為需要經(jīng)過很長的時間才能改變，但是氣候在十年內(nèi)而不是百年內(nèi)就完成了這些變化，摩爾說，動物沒有辦法這么快就改變自己的行為模式。由于西北通道在夏天可以通航，同時資源的開發(fā)變的更加靈活，問難的北極預計采用全新的技術來收集氣象數(shù)據(jù)：遠程遙控無人機。無人機擁有大型研究飛行器的研究能力，同時更加容易部署，他指出無人機可以讓研究者比使用人工駕駛飛機時更有規(guī)律性地采集信息。

細節(jié)題，回歸原文：第一段提到“到21世紀，全球平均溫度預計將上升1到4度,但是在受氣候變化影響最嚴重的北極，溫度上升幅度可能會達到平均值的兩倍?！边@說明北極受到的影響會更大，故選D。37、TohelpunderstandthedestructivemechanismofArcticwarming,asindicatedbythepassage,theinternationalstudy.

A、isconductedwitheverysingledisciplineofUniversityofToronto

B、pioneersinpursuingthewidespreadeffectsofclimatechange

C、involvessomanycountriesfordifferentinvestigations

D、isintendedtodealwithvariousaspectsinresearch答案:B解析:推斷題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章所示，為了更好地了解北極變暖的毀滅性機制，一項國際研究"第二段提到北極的氣候變暖會對全世界各個方面產(chǎn)生影響，第三段提到摩爾參加的國際研究會增加人們對這些變化的認識,由此可推測出B項“開創(chuàng)性地追尋氣候變化的廣泛影響”。A項沒有提到;C項陳述一個事實，但并不是了解北極變暖機制的目的;D項太過籠統(tǒng)，同時也不是研究的最終目的。綜上所述，答案為B。38、Whenheways,"Animalscan'tchangetheirbehaviorthatquickly,"whatdoesMooremeanbythatquickly?

A、ThemigrationoftheanimalstotheArctic.

B、Thewidespreadeffectsofglobalwarming.

C、TherateoftheclimatechangeintheArctic.

D、Thephytoplanktonwithinthemarineecosystem.答案:A解析:細節(jié)題，回歸原文：phytoplankton(浮游植物)isbloomingtwotothreeweeksearlier.ManyanimalstimetheirannualmigrationtotheArcticforwhenfoodisplentiful,andhavenotadaptedtotheearlierbloom.“Animalbehaviorcanevolveoveralongtime,buttheseclimatechangesarehappeninginthespaceofadecade,ratherthanhundredsofyears,”saysMoore,“Aniamlscan’tchangetheirbehaviorthatquickly.”得知動物不會因為phytoplankton的花期提前了2-3周那么快改吧他們的遷移行為。故選A.

39、Accordingtotheauthor,tocarryourproperhumanactivitiesintheArctic.

A、becomesmoredifficultthaneverbefore

B、islikelytobuildanovelEconomyintheregion

C、willsurelylowertheaverageworldtemperature

D、needstheresearch-basedsupportinginformation答案:D解析:細節(jié)題，回歸原文:Informationgainedfromthestudywillhelpgovernment,industryandcommunitiesmakedecisionsaboutresourcemanagement,economicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection(69).,即“從研究中得到的信息將幫助政府、工廠和社團在資源管理、經(jīng)濟開發(fā)和環(huán)境保護上做出決定?！庇纱丝芍诒睒O開展的正常的人類活動需要研究中得到的信息來支持，與D項相符，故選D。40、Withthedronesdeployed,asMoorepredicts,theresearcherswill.

A、involvemorecollaboratingcountriesthantheydonow

B、getmoredatatoberequiredfortheirresearch

C、usemorenoveltechnologiesinresearch

D、conducttheirresearchataregularbasis答案:B解析:細節(jié)題，回歸原文：droneshavethecapabilityofalargeresearchaircraft,andthey’reeasiertodeploy,”hesays,showingtheresearcherstogatherinformationonamoreregularbasisthantheywouldbeabletowithpilotedaircraft.，即“無人機擁有大型研究飛行器的研究能力，同時更加容易部署，”他指出無人機可以讓研究者比使用人工駕駛飛機時更有規(guī)律性地采集信息。由此可知使用無人機,可以獲取更多的信息，與B項相符，故選B。

Directions:Inthispart,therearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach

question,therearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswerandmark

theletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageSix

Scientistshaveadutytotalktothepublic.Why?Becausesocialpoliciesneedtobedecidedon

thebasisofrationalgroundsandfacts.Theseincludeimportantissuerangingfromclimatechange,

tothegoalsofthespaceprogram,totheprotectionofendangeredspecies,totheuseofembryonic

stemcellsoranimalsinbiomedicalresearch.Boththepublicandpolicymakersneedtounderstand

notonlythescientificjustificationforourworkbutalso,insomecases,whywedeemourstudiesto

bemorallyjustifiable.

Thetimeisripeforamoreopen,publicandhonestdebateabouttheroleofscientific

experimentationinanimals.Whatfollowsaresomeofmythoughtsonthistopic.Ihopethis

perspectiveencouragesotherscientiststojointhediscussionandpromptsopponentsofanimal

research

to

create

an

atmosphere

where

civil

discourse

can

take

place,

free

of

the

threats，harassment

andintimidation（恐嚇）thatareincreasinglydirectedatbiomedicalscientistsandtheirfamilies.

Criticismtotheuseofanimalsinbiomedicalresearchrestsonvariedscientificandethical

arguments.Oneextremeviewholdsthatinformationgatheredfromanimalresearchcannot,evenin

principle,beusedtoimprovehumanhealth.Itisoftenaccompaniedbycatchyslogansuchas"If

societyfundsmousemodelsofcancer,wewillfindmorecuresforcancerinmice."Itisarguedthat

thephysiologyofanimalsandhumansaretoodifferenttoallowresultsfromanimalresearchtobe

extrapolated（推斷）tohumans.

Suchablanketstatementisfalsifiedbynumerouscaseswhereexperimentationonanimalshas

demonstrablycontributedtomedicalbreakthroughs.Theexperimentsoncardiovascularand

pulmonaryfunctioninanimalsthatbeganwithHarveyandcontinuedwiththeOxfordphysiologists

establishedtheunderstandingofwhattheheartandlungsdoandhowtheydoit,onwhichthe

modernpracticeofinternalmedicinerests.Modernmedicalpracticeisinconceivableintheabsence

oftheinsightsgainedfromtheseexperiments.Anticoagulantswerefirstisolatedindogs:insulin

wasdiscoveredindogsandpurifiedinrabbits;lungsurfactantswerefirstextractedandstudiedin

dogs;rabbitswereusedinthedevelopmentofinvitrofertilization;miceinthedevelopmentof

efficientbreastcancerdrugsandsoon.

Forthesakeofcompleteness,itmustbenotedthattheotherextreme—thenotionthatall

medicaladvancesarearesultofanimalresearch—isfalseaswell.Importantmedicaladvances,

suchassanitationandthediscoveryofaspirin,wereconductedwithouttheuseofanimals.

41、Thescientistsneedtotalktothepublicforthepurposeof.

A、disseminatingthefindingsoftheirresearch

B、addressingawiderrangeofissuesofthepublicconcern

C、justifyingtheirworkbothscientificallyandmorally

D、helpingthepublicbetterunderstandtheirwork答案:C解析:全文翻譯：科學家有義務和公眾進行對話。為什么？因為社會政策的制定需要以理性基礎和事實作為依據(jù)。這包括了氣候變化、太空疲目目標、瀕危物種保護、胚胎干細胞或動物在生物醫(yī)學上的使用等在內(nèi)的重要問題。公眾和政策制定者不僅需要了解工作的科學合理性，也需要知道在某些情況下為什么我們要讓我們的研究具有道德正當性?，F(xiàn)在是展開一場更加開放、公開和誠摯的關于在動物身上進行科學實驗的作用討論的成熟時機。下面是我關于這個問題的一些看法。我希望這篇文章能鼓勵其他的科學家加入討論，也希望動物研究的反對者能夠在一個平和的、沒有日益增長的針對生物醫(yī)學專家及其家人的威脅、騷擾和恐嚇的氛圍中加以探討。對生物醫(yī)學研究中使用動物的批評主要依托各種科學和倫理文章。一個極端的觀點認為從動物實驗中收集的信息，甚至在大的理論原則上都無法用來改善人類的健康狀況。這個觀點往往帶著一句上口的口號，例如“如果社會把錢花在用老鼠做實驗的癌癥研究上，那么我們就會找到更多治療老鼠癌癥的方法?！边@個觀點認為動物和人類的生理機能差別巨大，所以動物實驗的結果不能用于人體的推斷上。這種不著邊際的論調(diào)已經(jīng)被無數(shù)案例推翻，眾多的動物實驗已經(jīng)明確地證明了自身對醫(yī)學突破做出的貢獻。動物心血管和肺功能的實驗從哈維時期開始，然后牛津的生理學家們根據(jù)這類實驗了解了心臟和肺的作用和運作方式，同時現(xiàn)代內(nèi)科也是建立在這類實驗基礎上。如果沒有動物實驗得出的成果，難以想象現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學會是什么樣子。抗凝血劑最初是從狗的身上分離出來的；胰島素是在狗身上發(fā)現(xiàn)，在兔子身上提純的；肺泡表面活性劑最初從狗的身上提取并研究；兔子曾被用于體外受精研究；老鼠在有效的乳腺癌治療藥和其他藥物的開發(fā)上居功甚偉。在文章的最后，必須要提一下另一個相對的極端觀點——認為所有醫(yī)學進步都是動物實驗的結果——也是錯誤的。重要的醫(yī)學進步，例如衛(wèi)生設備和阿司匹林的發(fā)現(xiàn)，都是在沒有動物實驗的情況下完成的。

細節(jié)題?；貧w文章：“Boththepublicandpolicymakersneedtounderstandnotonlythescientificjustificationforourworkbutalso,insomecases,whywedeemourstudiestobemorallyjustifiable.”即“公眾和政策制定者不僅需要了解工作的科學合理性，也需要知道在某些情況下為什么我們要讓我們的研究具有道德正當性?！币簿褪强茖W家需要公眾了解工作的科學性和道德性，這與C項最相符，故選C。42、Inthesecondparagraph,whattopicisraisedfordiscussion?

A、Theatmosphereforcivildiscourse.

B、Theroleofscientificanimalresearch.

C、Thepressureonbiomedicalscientist.

D、Theoppositionofscientificanimalresearch.答案:B解析:細節(jié)題。題目問的是“第二段中提出了哪個話題供討論?”第二段開頭說"Thetimeisripeforamoreopen,publicandhonestdebateabouttheroleofscientificexperimentationinanimals.”“現(xiàn)在是展開一場更加開放、公開和誠摯的關于在動物身上進行科學實驗的作用討論的成熟時機?！彼杂懻摰脑掝}是在動物身上進行科學實驗的作用，與B項相符，故選B。43、OnWhichofthefollowingdotheopponentsoftheanimalresearchbasetheirextremeview?

A、Thephysiologicdifferencesbetweenanimalsandhumans.

B、Thecatchyslogansusedtoopposeanimalresearch.

C、Theoveruseofmiceincancerexperimentation.

D、Theinadequatefundsinanimalresearch.答案:B解析:細節(jié)題。題目問的是“動物實驗反對者將他們的極端觀點建立在下列哪個基礎上?”第三段說極端觀點認為“從動物實驗中收集的信息，甚至在大的理論原則上都無法用來改善人類的健康狀況?！辈⑶艺f了這種觀點的基礎是“thephysiologyofanimalsandhumansaretoodifferenttoallowresultsfromanimalresearchtobeextrapolatedtohumans.",即“動物和人類的生理機能差別巨大，所以動物實驗的結果不能用于人體的推斷上?！边@與B相符，故選B。44、Tofalsifytheblanketstatement,theauthorcitesallthefollowingEXCEPT.

A、isolationofanticoagulantsindogs

B、thepurificationofinsulininrabbits

C、theextractionandstudiesoflungsurfactantsdogs

D、theuseofmiceinthedevelopmentofinVitrofertilization答案:D解析:細節(jié)題。題目問的是“為了證明這個不著邊際的觀點是錯誤的，作者引用了下列哪些例子，除了”。第四段作者提到了A項“狗身上分離岀抗凝血劑”，B項“兔子身上提純胰島素”和C項“狗身上提取和研究肺泡表面活性劑”，只有D項“體外受精研究中使用了老鼠”與原文“兔子曾被用于體外受精研究”相悖，故選D。45、Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutthescientificexperimentationinanimals?

A、ItshouldbeusedwithcautionBecauseofitspossiblefalseresults.

B、Itplaysanirreplaceablepartinbiomedicalscience.

C、Itcanbereplacedbyotherexperimentalmodels.

D、Itplaysalessimportantrolethanitusedto.答案:B解析:推斷題。題目問的是“在動物科學實驗上，作者想要傳達什么信息?”從作者反駁說動物實驗對人類醫(yī)學沒有任何意義的觀點可知，作者認為動物實驗對醫(yī)學發(fā)展是有推動作用的,并且用大量例子進行佐證。第四段說“Modernmedicalpracticeisinconceivableintheabsenceoftheinsightsgainedfromtheseexper-iments”如果