變電站建設(shè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

變電站建設(shè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯實用文檔變電站建設(shè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)GeneralRequirementstoConstructionofSubstationSubstationsareavitalelementinapowersupplysystemofindustrialenterprises．Theyservetoreceive，convertanddistributeelectricenergy.Dependingonpowerandpurpose,thesubstationsaredividedintocentraldistributionsubstationsforavoltageof110-500kV;mainstep-downsubstationsfor110-220/6-10-35kV;deepentrancesubstationsfor110-330/6-10Kv;distributionsubstationsfor6-10Kv;shoptransformersubstationsfor6-10/0.38-0.66kV.Atthemainstep-downsubstations,theenergyreceivedfromthepowersourceistransformedfrom110-220kVusuallyto6-10kV(sometimes35kV)whichisdistributedamongsubstationsoftheenterpriseandisfedtohigh-voltageservices.Centraldistributionsubstationsreceiveenergyfrompowersystemsanddistributeit(withoutorwithpartialtransformation)viaaerialandcablelinesofdeepentrancesatavoltageof110-220kVovertheenterpriseterritory.Centraldistributionsubstationdiffersfromthemaindistributionsubstationinahigherpowerandinthatbulkofitspowerisatavoltageof110-220kV;itfeaturessimplifiedswitchingcircuitsatprimaryvoltage;itisfedfromthepowertoanindividualobjectorregion.Low-andmedium-powershopsubstationstransformenergyfrom6-10kVtoasecondaryvoltageof380/220or660/380.Step-uptransformersubstationsareusedatpowerplantsfortransformationofenergyproducedbythegeneratorstoahighervoltagewhichdecreaseslossesatalong-distancetransmission.ConvertersubstationsareintendedtoconvertACtoDC(sometimesviceversa)andtoconvertenergyofonefrequencytoanother.Convertersubstationswithsemiconductorrectifiersareconvertenergyofonefrequencytoanother.Convertersubstationswithsemiconductorrectifiersaremosteconomic.Distributionsubstationsfor6-10kVarefedprimarilyfrommaindistributionsubstations(sometimesfromcentraldistributionsubstations).Withasystemofdividingsubstationsfor110-220kV,thefunctionsofaswitch-gearareaccomplishedbyswitch-gearsfor6-10kVatdeepentrancesubstations.Dependingonlocationofsubstationstheirswitch-gearmaybeoutdoororindoor.Thefeedandoutputlinesat6-10kVsubstationsaremainlyofthecabletype.at35-220kVsubstationsoftheaerialtype.Whenerectingandwiringthesubstations,majorattentionisgiventoreliableandeconomicpowersupplyofagivenproduction.Substationsareerectedbyindustrialmethodswiththeuseoflargeblocksandassembliespreparedatthesiteshopsofelectricengineeringorganizationsandfactoriesofelectricalengineeringindustry.Substationsareusuallydesignedforoperationwithoutcontinuousattendanceofthedutypersonnelbutwiththeuseofelementaryautomaticandsignalingdevices.Whenconstructingthestructuralpartofasubstation.itisadvisabletouselight-weightindustrialstructuresandelements(panels,floors,etc.)madeofbentsections.Theseelementsarepre-madeoutsidetheerectionzoneandareonlyassembledatsite.Thisconsiderablycutsthetermsandcostofconstruction.Basiccircuitryconceptsofsubstationsarechosenwhendesigningapowersupplysystemoftheenterprise.Substationsfeatureprimaryvoltageentrances.transformersandoutputcablelinesorcurrentconductorsofsecondaryvoltage.Substationsaremountedfromequipmentandelementsdescribedbelow.Thenumberofpossiblecombinationsofequipmentandelementsisverygreat.Whenelaboratingasubstationcircuitry,itisnecessarytostriveformaximumsimplificationandminimizingthenumberofswitchingdevices.Suchsubstationsaremorereliableandeconomic.Circuitryissimplifiedbyusingautomaticreclosureorautomaticchangeovertoreservefacilitywhichallowsrapidandfaultlessredundancyofindividualelementsandusingequipment.Whendesigningtransformersubstationsofindustrialenterprisesforallvoltages,thefollowingbasicconsiderationsaretakenintoaccount:1.Preferableemploymentofasingle-bussystemwithusingtwo-bussystemsonlytoensureareliableandeconomicpowersupply;2.Wideuseofunitizedconstructionsandbuslesssubstations;3.Substantiatedemploymentofautomaticsandtelemetry;ifthesubstationdesigndoesnotenvisagetheuseofautomaticsortelemetry,thecircuitryissoarrangedastoallowforaddingsuchequipmentinfuturewithoutexcessiveinvestmentsandre-work.4.Useofsimpleandcheapdevices-isolatingswitches,short-circuitingswitches,load-breakingisolators,fuses,withdueregardfortheirswitchingcapacitymaydrasticallycuttheneedforexpensiveandcriticaloil,vacuum,solenoidandairswitches.Substationandswitch-gearcircuitriesaresomadethatusingtheequipmentofeachproductionlineisfedfromindividualtransformers,assemblies,thelinestoallowtheirdisconnectionsimultaneouslywithmechanismswithoutdisruptingoperationofadjacentproductionflows.Whenelaboratingcircuitryofasubstation,themostvitaltaskistoproperlychooseandarrangeswitchingdevices(switches,isolators,currentlimiters,arresters,high-voltagefuses).Thedecisiondependsonthepurpose,powerandsignificanceofthesubstation.Manyyearsago,scientistshadveryvagueideasaboutelectricity.Manyofthemthoughtofitasasortoffluidthatflowedthroughwiresaswaterflowsthroughpipes,buttheycouldnotunderstandwhatmadeitflow.Manyofthemfeltthatelectricitywasmadeupoftinyparticlesofsomekind,buttryingtoseparateelectricityintoindividualparticlesbaffledthem.Then,thegreatAmericanscientistMillikan,in1909,astoundedthescientificworldbyactuallyweighingasingleparticleofelectricityandcalculatingitselectriccharge.Thiswasprobablyoneofthemostdelicateweighingjobseverdonebyman,forasingleelectricparticleweighsonlyabouthalfofamillionthofapound.TomakeupapounditwouldtakemoreofthoseparticlesthantherearedropsofwaterintheAtlanticOcean.Theyarenostrangerstous,theseelectricparticles,forweknowthemaselectrons.Whenlargenumbersofelectronsbreakawayfromtheiratomsandmovethroughawire,wedescribethisactionbysayingthatelectricityisflowingthroughthewire.Yes,theelectricalfluidthatearlyscientiststalkedaboutisnothingmorethanelectricalflowingalongawire.Buthowcanindividualelectronsbemadetobreakawayfromatoms?Andhowcanthesefreeelectronsbemadetoalongawire?Theanswertothefirstquestionliesinthestructureoftheatomsthemselves.Someatomsaresoconstructedthattheyloseelectronseasily.Anatomofcopper,forexample,iscontinuallylosinganelectron,regainingit(oranotherelectron),andlosingitagain.Acopperatomnormallyhas29electrons,arrangedinfourdifferentorbitsaboutitsnucleus.Theinsideorbithas2electrons.Thenextlargerorbithas8.Thethirdorbitispackedwith18electrons.Andtheoutsideorbithasonlyoneelectron.Itisthisoutsideelectronthatthecopperatomiscontinuallylosing,foritisnotverycloselytiedtotheatom.Itwandersoff,isreplacedbyanotherfree-rovingelectron,andthenthissecondelectronalsowandersaway.Consequently,inacopperwirefreeelectronsarefloatingaroundinalldirectionsamongthecopperatoms.Thus,eventhroughthecopperwirelooksquitemotionlesstoyourordinaryeye,thereisagreatdealofactivitygoingoninsideit.Ifthewirewerecarryingelectricitytoanelectriclightortosomeotherelectricaldevice,theelectronswouldnotbemovingaroundatrandom.Instead,manyofthemwouldberushinginthesamedirection-fromoneendofthewiretotheother.Thisbringsustothesecondquestion.Howcanfreeelectronsbemadetomovealongawire?Well,menhavefoundseveralwaystodothat.Onewayischemical.Volta,svoltaicpile,orbattery,isachemicaldevicethatmakeselectricity(orelectrons)flowinwires.Anotherwayismagnetic.FaradayandHenrydiscoveredhowmagnetscouldbeusedtomakeelectricityflowinawire.MagnetsAlmosteveryonehasseenhorseshoemagnets-socalledbecausetheyareshapedlikehorseshoes.Probablyyouhaveexperimentedwithamagnet,andnoticedhowitwillpickuptacksandnails,orothersmallironobjects.Menhaveknownaboutmagnetsforthousandsofyears.Severalthousandyearsago,accordingtolegend,ashepherdnamedMagneslivedontheislandofCrete,intheMediterraneanSea.Hehadashepherdscrooktippedwithiron.Onedayhefoundanoddlyshapedblackstonethatstucktothisirontip.Later,whenmanyothersuchstoneswerefound,theywerecalledmagnets(afterMagnets).Thesewerenaturalmagnets.Inrecenttimesmenhavelearnedhowtomakemagnetsoutofiron.Moreimportantstill,theyhavediscoveredhowtousemagnetstopushelectronsthroughwires-thatis,howtomakeelectricityflow.Beforewediscussthis,therearecertaincharacteristicsofmagnetsthatweshouldknowabout.Ifapieceofglassislaidontopofahorse-shoesmagnet,andifironfilingsarethensprinkledontheglass,thefilingswillarrangethemselvesintolines.Ifthissamethingistridwithabarmagnet(ahorseshoemagnetstraightenedout),thelinescanbeseenmoreeasily.Theseexperimentsdemonstratewhatscientistscallmagneticlinesofforce.Magnets,theyexplain,workthroughlinesofforcethatext-endbetweenthetwoendsofthemagnet.Butelectronsseemtohavemagneticlinesofforcearoundthem,too.Thiscanbeprovedbystickingawirethroughapieceofcardboard,sprinklingironfilingsonthecardboard,andconnectingabatterytothewire.Thefilingswilltendtoformringsaroundthewire,asaresultofthemagnetismofthemovingelectrons(orelectricity).Sowecanseethatthereisarelationshipbetweenmovingelectronsandmagnetism,Magnetismresultsfromthemovementofelectrons.Ofcourse,electronsarenotreallyflowinginthebarmagnet,buttheyareinmotion,circlingthenucleioftheironatoms.However,inthemagnet,circlingthelinedupinsuchawaythattheirelectronsarecirclinginthesamedirection.Perhapsagoodcomparisonmightbeagreatnumberofboyswhirlingballsonstringsinaclockwisedirectionaroundtheirheads.翻譯：變電站建設(shè)的一般要求變電站(所)在電源系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)企業(yè)是一個至關(guān)重要的因素。他們接收,轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)送電能。根據(jù)能源和需求,變電站分為中央配電變電站電壓為110-500kV；主要降壓變電所電壓為110-220/6-10-35kV；深入口變電站為110-330/6-10kV；二次變電站的電壓為6-10Kv；車間變電所電壓為6-10/0.38-0.66kV。在主要的降壓變電所,電源能量轉(zhuǎn)化電壓為110-220kV，通常使用6-10Kv(有時為35kV變電所)的電壓分配給企業(yè)和被用來滿足高壓服務(wù)。中央配電變電站從電力系統(tǒng)接收能量并分發(fā)它(不包括或者包括部分變換)給企業(yè)不同區(qū)域，通過空中電纜和地下電纜線路電壓為110-220kV。中央分配變電站站不同于主配電變電它是一個更強大的電力設(shè)施,它的電壓大部分在110-220kV的電壓。它可以簡化初級電壓、中級電壓或地區(qū)的開關(guān)電路。中低級別變電站改造能量來自6-10kv的電壓,它的二次側(cè)電壓為380/220或660/380。升壓變壓器變電站用于將電廠產(chǎn)生的能量轉(zhuǎn)化使發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生的電壓升高,從而有效地減少在遠(yuǎn)距離輸電能量的損失轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的目的是為了將直流轉(zhuǎn)換成交流(有時相反)和轉(zhuǎn)換成能量時改變頻率。轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的能量轉(zhuǎn)換是用半導(dǎo)體整流器來變頻的。帶半導(dǎo)體整流器的轉(zhuǎn)化器變電站是最經(jīng)濟的。6-10kV的配電變電站主要依據(jù)主配電變電站(有時依據(jù)中央配電變電站)。110-220kV變電站系統(tǒng)區(qū)域的劃分時，根據(jù)變電站設(shè)備功能劃分時是有學(xué)問的，6-10kV的變電站設(shè)備劃分在變電站的入口。根據(jù)變電站變的位置，電站設(shè)備在可以露天或室內(nèi)。6-10kV變電站的在電纜的類型主要是供給輸出線。在35-220kV變電站空中線路樣式,在變電站架線和接線,主要注重供電生產(chǎn)的可靠和經(jīng)濟。用工業(yè)的方式建設(shè)變電站，是使用大量的數(shù)塊和在電氣工程組織和工廠電氣工程等行業(yè)的車間的位置進(jìn)行組裝。變電站通常是專為不連續(xù)操作的責(zé)任人員所設(shè)計,但用的是基本的自動設(shè)備和信號裝置。當(dāng)建立變電站結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分,應(yīng)當(dāng)采用薄型建造結(jié)構(gòu)以及由彎段組成的組件(板材、地板等)。這些元件是預(yù)先安裝區(qū)外面建造區(qū)域并且只是在這個位置組裝。這樣可以有效的削減變電所建造成本。變電站基本電路概念設(shè)計的選擇,是根據(jù)企業(yè)的供電系統(tǒng)特點得到的。變電站電壓特性主要入口，變壓器和輸出電纜線路導(dǎo)線或當(dāng)前導(dǎo)體的二次電壓.變電站安裝的設(shè)備和元件，設(shè)備和元件的若干種可能的組合是非常好的。當(dāng)闡述了變電站的電路時爭取切換裝置最大的簡化和數(shù)目的最小化。這樣的變電站更可靠、經(jīng)濟。電路簡化是采用自動接入或自動轉(zhuǎn)入儲備的方法,允許快速和無錯誤的自動接入每一個元件和使用設(shè)備。當(dāng)設(shè)計工業(yè)企業(yè)全電壓變電站時,下面的基本因素都要考慮在內(nèi)。1.優(yōu)先使用采用兩編組的單總線系統(tǒng)可以確?？煽康暮徒?jīng)濟的供應(yīng)電力。2.配套建設(shè)和變電站廣泛使用。3.變電站使用自動化并且支持遙測技術(shù);如果變電站的設(shè)計并不支持使用自動化或遙測、線路安而且不允許添加設(shè)備，確保以后沒有過度投資和返工。4.使用簡單、便宜的裝置，有絕緣裝置的斷路器、短路開關(guān)、過載保護(hù)隔離器、保險絲,預(yù)期到他們的交換容量可考慮大幅度削減昂貴的器件需要和臨界油、真空、螺線管和空氣開關(guān)電路使用。變電站和開關(guān)電路,采用這樣的設(shè)備的每個生產(chǎn)線服從個體變壓器、裝配、允許他們同時的斷開而不破壞斷開連接的生產(chǎn)流程的機制的線條。變電站的線路的意義,最重要的一點是要妥善安排與選擇轉(zhuǎn)換器件(開關(guān)、隔離者、電流限制器等、避雷器、高低壓熔斷器),這決定了變電站的目的、功能和意義。很多年以前，科學(xué)家們對電仍只有很模糊的概念。他們之中不少人認(rèn)為電是一種“流體”，這種流體就像水流經(jīng)管道一樣流過導(dǎo)線。但他們并不了解是什么東西使電流動。他們之中的許多人覺得電是有某種極小的微粒構(gòu)成的，但試圖把電分離成單個的小顆粒他們卻束手無策。此后，以為偉大的美國科學(xué)家密利坎于1909年，真正地稱出了單個的電粒子的重量并算出它的電荷而使科學(xué)界震驚不已。這可能是人類做過的最細(xì)致的計量工作之一，因為一個單個的電粒子的重量僅為一磅的百萬分之一，百萬分之一的一半左右的重量。要合成一磅重需要的電粒子數(shù)將要比大西洋的全部水的水滴數(shù)還要多。這些電粒子，他們對我們并不陌生，因為我們知道他們就是電子。當(dāng)大量電子擺脫原子跑出來并通過導(dǎo)線運動時，我們把這種現(xiàn)象說成是電通過導(dǎo)線“流動”。是的，早先的科學(xué)家所說的電的“流體”只不過是沿著導(dǎo)線流動的電子。那么，如何能使一些單個的電子擺脫原子的束縛而跑出來呢？而且，又怎樣能使這些自由電子沿導(dǎo)線運動呢？第一個問題的答案就在于原子本身的結(jié)構(gòu)上。某些原子的結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很容易失去電子。例如，一個銅原子在正常情況下有29個電子，它們排列在核子周圍的4個不同的軌道上。最里層的軌道上有2個電子。第二層較大的軌道上有8個電子。第三層軌道上擠滿18個電子。而外層軌道上只有一個電子。正是這個外層電子，銅原子不斷丟掉它，因為這個電子受原子的約束不那么緊。它忽而游離而去，并被另一游離的電子所替代，然后，這后一個電子也游離而去。結(jié)果，在銅導(dǎo)線中自由電子在銅原子之間向四面八方漂浮。所以，盡管對你們的普通的肉眼來說，銅導(dǎo)線看來是完全不動的，但在它內(nèi)部卻不斷地進(jìn)行著大量的活動。如果導(dǎo)線把電輸送到一盞電燈或者另外某個電氣設(shè)備那里，這些電子就不會雜亂無章地到處跑來跑去，而是它們中的許多電子將會向一個方向奔去-從導(dǎo)線的一端奔向另一端。這就把我們引向第二個問題，如何才能使自由電子沿導(dǎo)線運動呢？好啦，人們已經(jīng)找到幾種方法來做到這一點。一種就是化學(xué)方法。伏特電堆，或者叫電池，就是能使電流在導(dǎo)線中流動的一種化學(xué)裝置。另一種方法就是電磁法。法拉第和亨利發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎樣能把磁鐵用來使電在導(dǎo)線中流動的辦法。磁鐵幾乎每個人都見過馬蹄形磁鐵-之所以這樣叫他是因為他們的形狀做成馬蹄形的?？赡苣銈兌加么盆F做過試驗，并且看到它是怎樣吸起按釘，小釘子或者其他一些小鐵件的。人們了解磁鐵已經(jīng)幾千年了。據(jù)傳說，幾千年前有個名叫麥格尼斯的牧羊人住在地中海的克里特島上。他有一根牧羊人用的帶鐵頭的棍杖。一天，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊奇形怪狀的黑石頭黏在鐵頭上。后來，當(dāng)又發(fā)現(xiàn)許多這種石頭時，人們就叫它們?yōu)榇盆F。這些就是天然磁鐵。近年來，人們已經(jīng)掌握怎樣使用鐵來制成磁鐵。尤其重要的是，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何使用磁鐵推動電子通過導(dǎo)線-也就是怎樣使電流動。在我們討論這點之前，磁鐵有某些特性我們應(yīng)當(dāng)了解。如果把一塊玻璃放在馬蹄形磁鐵的端部，然后把一些鐵粉末撒在玻璃上，那么鐵粉自己就會排成許多線。如果用一根棒做的話，就更容易看出這些鐵粉排成的線條了。這些實驗演示了科學(xué)家們所謂的磁力線。他們解釋說。磁鐵通過磁鐵兩端之間延伸出來的磁力線起作用。但是，在電子周圍似乎也有磁力線。把一根導(dǎo)線穿過一塊硬紙板，在紙板上撒上鐵粉，并把電池與導(dǎo)線連通在一起，這點就可以得到證明。由于運動的電子的磁性的結(jié)果，鐵粉就會繞導(dǎo)線周圍形成一些圓環(huán)。因此，我們可以看到，在運動者的電子和磁性之間有一種關(guān)系。磁性就是由電子的運動引起的。當(dāng)然，電子并不是在磁棒里真的“流動”，但它們卻是在運動，在繞鐵原子核做旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。然而，在磁鐵中，原子都排列的使它們的電子都向同一方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。也許可打一個恰當(dāng)?shù)谋扔?，就像許多小孩在他們頭頂上以順時針方向甩動系在線上的小球一樣。外文文獻(xiàn)二Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,peopleintheirdailylivesisbecomingmoreandmoredemandontheelectricalandlighting,etc.Inadditiontothegeneraldemandforelectricitywiththeadditiontherearemanycloselyrelated,sowehavethestableoperationofpowersystemshavebecomeincreasinglydemanding,variablebyelectricpowersystemandasanimportantcomponentofstabilityasitplaysanequallyimportantrole.Thevastmajorityofelectricityconsumersbypowercompaniestosupplytheelectricpowersystem,acompletepowersystemfromthedistributionaroundthedifferenttypesofpowerplants,boostandstep-downsubstations,transmissionlinesandusers.Aseveryoneknows,thepowerofmodernindustrialproductionisthemajorsourceofenergyandpower.Powernotonlyeasyfromotherformsofenergyconversionfrom,butalsoeasytoconverttootherformsofenergyusedtosupply;electricitytransmissionanddistributionissimpleandeconomic,andeasytocontrol,regulationandmeasurement,andconducivetotherealizationoftheproductionprocessautomation.Theprotectionofthemaincurrentoftheprotectionofthegrid,thegriddistanceprotection,differentialprotectionofpowernetworks,powergridsofhigh-frequencyprotection,automaticreclosing,powertransformerrelayprotection,powercapacitorprotecti