西方文明史(英語)Lecture-6-The-Transformation-of-the-Cla6

Lecture6TheTransformationoftheClassicalWorld192-500Chapter6

約東漢末年、三國、魏晉南北朝早期ThecrisisofthethirdcenturyTheempirerestoredImperialChristianityApartingofthewayscontentThecrisisofthethirdcentury

InternalproblemSheersizeofterritoryEconomicsystemPoliticalinstabilityMilitaryproblemExternalattacksExternalthreatsThebarbarianmenaceMilitaryproblemEnrichthearmyandscorntherestTheriseofthemilitaryEconomicdisasterThearmycommanderscangetadministrativeposts,thensetaboutrestructuringtheempire.Capablesoldierscouldhopetorisetothehighestlevelsofpublicpower,regardlessoftheirbirth.Free-spendingThearmy’sincessantdemandsforhigherpayledemperorstolowertheamountofsilverinthecoinswithwhichthesoldierswerepaid.ExternalattacksExternalthreats

Berber柏柏爾人tribes,theSassaniddynasty

薩珊王朝,GothicconfederationTheBarbarianMenace—Germanic

barbarians1patriarchalhouseholdsclanstribes.2livedbyfarming.3Warfaredefinedsocialgroupings,andwarriorsdominatedpubliclife.1buildingwealthandreputationsbymeansofwarfare.2feudinghadenormouscosts.3usingWergeld償命金

inexchangeforpeacewarriorsocietyTheBarbarianMenaceGermanicSocietyFeudingandPeacemakingWarriorBandsTheempirerestoredDiocletian戴克里先,theGod-Emperor(284—305),aDalmatian達(dá)爾馬西亞人soldierwhohadrisenthroughtherankstobecomeemperor.Hedividedtheempireintoeasternandwesternparts,createdTheTetrarchy（rulingbyfour）,andformedaMilitarizedSociety.AlthoughhecarriedoutaseriesofFiscalReform,itwasdismalfailures./doc/6162193-6375415.htmlConstantine君士坦丁,theEmperorofGod（306—337),hewasthesonofConstantius.HerescindedthepersecutionofChristiansandconvertthecity’sreligiousbelief.What’smore,heestablishedhiscapitalinByzantium,lateritwasknownasConstantinople./od/cwho/p/who_constantine.htmTheTriumphofChristianity1Imperialsupport2ImperialcontroloverChristianitywasstrong,butnottotal.3Christianmiracles4Preaching5Physicalcoercion脅迫ReasonsEmperorgavebishopstheauthoritytoactasmagistrates.地方行政官preachingPeoplewhorefusedconversionweretorturedtodeath/dispbbs.asp?boardid=1&id=9598767http:///v?src=360pic_normal&q/201302/155178754839.htmlImperialChristianityBythelatethirdcentury,Christiancommunitiesexistedthroughouttheempire.Buttherelationshipamongthethree(Trinity)wasasourceofendlessdebate.Christologicalcontroversies—twoextremesMonarchians信奉上帝一體論者Gnostics諾斯替教徒Arians阿里烏教義信奉者Howtodealwithit?TheFatherTheSpiritTheSonOrigen俄利根ofAlexandriaThefirstChristianintellectualtoundertakeasystematicexpositionoftheTrinitywasthegreatAlexandrinetheologianOrigen(185—254).Histrinitarianteachingsinsistedontheco-externalityoftheSonwiththeFather,but,heseemedtosubordinatetheSontotheFatherandtomaketheSpiritacreationoftheSon./a1_78_30_01300000007943119761300674457_jpg.htmlAugustineofHippo(354—430)HeelaboratedanewChristianunderstandingofhumansocietyandtheindividual’srelationshiptoGod,whichdominatedWesternthoughtforthenext15centuries.Hisviewsweresetforthinseveralworks:Confessions,OntheTrinity,andCityofGOD.http:///v?ie=utf-8&src=hao_360so&q=Augustine+of+HippoTheCalloftheDesertHermitMonkrecluseleadingamonasticlifeAttemptingtoexplainChristiandoctrineAnthony(ca.250—355）/wiki/MonasticismMonasticCommunitiesMonasticismtooktwoformsCommunalorganization—communallifeEgyptBasiltheGreat圣巴錫爾(ca.329—379）BenedictofNursia努爾西亞的本篤(ca.480—547)Solitarylife—individualSolitaryorhermitTheSyriadesertSimeonStylites西門·斯泰萊特(ca.390—459)Theirmonasticismremainedapersonalreligiouscommitment.Apartingoftheways/2015/1126/3771141all.shtmlTheBarbarianoftheWestReasons1theVisigothickingdom西哥特王國insouthernGaul高盧andSpain(414)

AtreatywithConstantinopleinwhichtheVisigothswererecognizedasalegitimate,establishedpoliticalpresencewithintheempire.2theVandals’汪達(dá)爾人attackandconquest(406)3theHuns’匈奴人menace(430s)Inthelatefourthandfifthcenturies,emperorsacceptedwholebarbarianpeoplesasintegralpartsoftheRomanarmyandsettledthemwithintheempire.TheHellenizationoftheEastTheeasternhalfoftheempire,incontrasttothewest,managedtosurviveandeventoprosperinthefifthandsixthcenturies.1theeasthadalwaysbeenmoreurbanizedandcivilizedthanwest.2theeasthadneverdevelopedthetraditionofpublicpovertyandprivatewealththatwascharacteristicofthewest.3thelocalaristocraciesintheeasternprovincesneverachievedthewealthandindepende