計算機專業(yè)英語課件E1-Unit 11

ContentsPart1ReadingandTranslatingSectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksSectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherPart2SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportPart3ListeningandSpeakingDialogue:UsingObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignMethodListeningComprehension:ExtremeProgrammingDictation:UnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksWordsvirtually[?v??t?u?li]adv.事實上，實質(zhì)上utility[ju??til?ti]n.公用事業(yè)，公共事業(yè)設(shè)備cost-effective有成本效益的，劃算的notion[?n?u?n]n.概念，觀念，看法hitherto[?hie??tu?]adv.迄今，至今proposition[?pr?p?'zi??n]n.主張，提議，建議major['meid??]adj.較大的，較重要的Wordstumble[?t?mbl]v.（價格或數(shù)量）暴跌，驟降，使倒下convergence[k?n?v??d??ns]n.一體化，集中，收斂markedly[?mɑ?kidli]adv.顯著地，明顯地notation[n?u?tei?n]n.符號underlie[underlie]v.構(gòu)成……的基礎(chǔ)，位于……之下1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorks1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksWordsessence[?esns]n.本質(zhì)，實質(zhì)rightly[?raitli]adv.確實地Phrasesresultfrom 由……引起integratedcircuits集成電路placeon寄托，把…放在…上overbudget超過預(yù)算1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.Thefocusofsoftwareengineeringistherapiddevelopmentofcomplexsoftwaresystems.2.Thenotionofsoftwareengineeringwasfirstproposedinapaperinl968.3.Thissoftwarecrisisresulteddirectlyfromthedevelopmentofcomputerhardware.4.Newnotationsandtoolscontributetohigherefficiencyandlessworkloadinproducinglargeandcomplexsoftwaresystems.5.Asanengineeringdiscipline,softwareengineeringhasmaturedadequatelytoday.1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsisnotthecharacteristicofsoftware?A.AbstractandintangibleB.NotconstrainedbymaterialsC.NotgovernedbyphysicallawsorbymanufacturingprocessesD.Easytounderstandandsimpletoproduceastherearenophysicallimitations2.Whatproblem(s)existedwidelyininformalsoftwaredevelopmentintheearlyyears?A.OverscheduleB.CostmuchmorethanbudgetC.DifficulttomaintainD.Alloftheabove1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorks3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrongaboutthetechniquesinsoftwareengineering?A.TechniquesareneededtocontrolthecomplexityofthelargesoftwaresystemsB.TechniquesaretheessenceofsoftwareengineeringC.TechniquesarenowwidelyusedinsoftwareengineeringD.Newtechnologiesbringnewchallengestosoftwareengineerscontinually1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksⅢ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a. black-boxtestingb. extremeprogramming(XP)c. white-boxtestingd. classdiagrame. Ganttchart______1.Awidelyusedagilemethodofsoftwaredevelopmentthatincludespracticessuchasscenario-basedrequirements,test-firstdevelopment,andpairprogramming______2.AUMLdiagramtypesthatshowstheobjectclassinasystemandtheirrelationships______3.Anapproachtotestingwherethetestershavenoaccesstosourcecodeofasystemoritscomponents______4.Analternativenameforabarchart______5.Anapproachtoprogramtestingwherethetestsarebasedonknowledgeofthestructureoftheprogramanditscomponents1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseSoftwareEvolutionInsoftwareengineering,softwareevolutionisreferredtoastheprocessofdeveloping,maintainingandupdatingsoftwareforvariousreasons.Softwarechangesareinevitablebecausetherearemanyfactorsthatchangeduringthelifecycleofapieceofsoftware.Someofthesefactorsinclude:1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorksIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseRequirementchangesEnvironmentchangesErrorsorsecuritybreachesNewequipmentaddedorremovedImprovementstothesystemFormanycompanies,oneoftheirlargestinvestmentsintheirbusinessisforsoftwareandsoftwaredevelopment.Softwareisconsideredaverycriticalassetandmanagementwantstoensuretheyemployateamofsoftwareengineerswhoaredevotedtoensuringthatthesoftwaresystemstaysup-to-datewitheverevolvingchanges.1.1SectionA:HowSoftwareEngineeringWorks1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherWordstabular[?t?bj?l?(r)]adj.列成表格的fixture[?fikst??(r)]n.固定裝置die[dai]v.停止運轉(zhuǎn)pair[pe?(r)]v.使成對，配對back-and-forth反復(fù)地，來回地heaviest['hevist]adj.(在數(shù)量、程度等方面)超出一般的1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherWordsarise[??raz]v.發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)rehash[?ri?h??]v.事后反復(fù)回想（或討論）cache[k??]v.隱藏，緩存alike[??laik]adv.同樣地1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherPhrasescallover把…叫過來writeup詳細寫出defaultto默認為takeforms采取形式thepointis問題在于edgecase邊界用例，極端例子regressiontest回歸測試undertheradar避開別人關(guān)注的行為，低調(diào)處理1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherPhrasestryout試驗，嘗試textbox正文框workthrough解決，完成，干完getsqueezedto陷入，擠到putoff推遲bestofall首先，最好的是，最重要的是1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherAbbreviationsAPIApplicationProgrammingInterface應(yīng)用程序接口UIUserInterface用戶界面Notes[1]

簽入(checkin)是將本地上的代碼更新到服務(wù)器上；簽出(checkout)是將服務(wù)器上的代碼更新到本地，開始編輯狀態(tài)。即out后本地代碼文件就變成可編輯的了，可以修改了，in后本地代碼文件就變成只讀的了，不可編輯，這時別人就可以out，進行修改了。1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogether1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.TammyisaProgrammerandPattyisaTester.2.PattytriesaCanadianpostalcode,andthetestdieswithanexception.3.CarlisaCoder.4.PattyandTammymaydecidethattheycancoverallofTammy'sacceptancetestswithunit-leveltests.5.Ascodingandtestingproceed,therearenotmanyopportunitiestotransferskills.1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.WhichofthefollowingiswrongaboutTammy?A.TammywritesasimpletestcaseinatabularformatthatissupportedbytheirFit-basedtesttool.B.TammyisaTester.C.TammyisaProgrammer.D.Alloftheabove2.WhichofthefollowingisrightaboutPatty?A.PattyisaTester.B.PattyisaProgrammer.C.PattywritesthecodetosendtheinputstotheshippingcostAPIandtogetthecalculatedcost.D.Noneoftheabove1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogether3.Whichofthefollowingiswrongaboutprogrammersandtesters?(A)Programmerslearnnewwaysoftesting.(B)Testerslearnmoreaboutcodedesignandhowtherighttestscanimproveit.(C)ThestoryabouthowTammyandPattyworktogethershowshowcloselyprogrammersandtesterscollaborate.(D)NoneoftheaboveⅢ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a.incrementaldevelopmentb.sequencediagramc.usecased.softwarearchitecturee.statediagram___1.Amodelofthefundamentalstructureandorganizationofasoftwaresystem___2.Aspecificationofonetypeofinteractionwithasystem___3.AUMLdiagramtypethatshowsthestatesofasystemandtheeventsthattriggersatransitionfromonestatetoanother___4.Adiagramthatshowsthesequenceofinteractionsrequiredtocompletesomeoperation___5.Anapproachtosoftwaredevelopmentwherethesoftwareisdeliveredanddeployedinincrements1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogether1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.RegressionTestingWheneverdeveloperschangeormodifytheirsoftware,evenasmalltweakcanhaveunexpectedconsequences.Regressiontestingistestingexistingsoftwareapplicationstomakesurethatachangeoradditionhasn‘tbrokenanyexistingfunctionality.Itspurposeistocatchbugsthatmayhavebeenaccidentallyintroducedintoanewbuildorreleasecandidate,andtoensurethatpreviouslyeradicatedbugscontinuetostaydead.1.2SectionB:TestersandProgrammersWorkingTogetherIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Byre-runningtestingscenariosthatwereoriginallyscriptedwhenknownproblemswerefirstfixed,youcanmakesurethatanynewchangestoanapplicationhaven’tresultedinaregression,orcausedcomponentsthatformerlyworkedtofail.Suchtestscanbeperformedmanuallyonsmallprojects,butinmostcasesrepeatingasuiteoftestseachtimeanupdateismadeistootime-consumingandcomplicatedtoconsider,soanautomatedtestingtoolistypicallyrequired.2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters1.進度報告的作用和內(nèi)容進度報告在工程學(xué)中應(yīng)用很廣。一旦已經(jīng)有了一個成功的提案并且已經(jīng)獲得相應(yīng)的資源來開發(fā)某個項目，那么就需要向客戶及時匯報項目的進展情況。這些進展情況通常用進度報告來匯報。進度報告可以是一頁的備忘錄或是多頁的信件、簡短報告、正式報告及演示。這樣的報告要針對分配項目的人。報告的目標是對已完成的項目部分及未來的工作計劃進行公正的評價，并使項目經(jīng)理或項目資助人能據(jù)此決定該項目的未來。然而，無論項目的規(guī)?；蚴侵匾匀绾?，都會碰到一些阻礙：額外的需求、錯誤傳達的信息、難題、延期或意料之外的支出。進度報告必須說明這些阻礙，應(yīng)該討論在項目中正在遇到的困難以及所需的進一步的幫助。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters1.進度報告的作用和內(nèi)容進度報告中應(yīng)包含的內(nèi)容取決于具體的情況，但是大多數(shù)報告都有以下類似內(nèi)容：（1）項目的背景。（2）自從上次報告以來所取得的成果。（3）新出現(xiàn)的問題。（4）未來要做的工作。（5）評估自己是否將按照預(yù)訂的進度和預(yù)算完成項目。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式進度報告的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)取決于項目的原始提議：利用原有的里程碑或時間安排。了解這點之后，一個更加全面的成分列表可以提供一個更加清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)，具體如下：（1）簡介通常情況下，應(yīng)當(dāng)說明這份報告的目的以及目標受眾，應(yīng)當(dāng)清楚地定義報告所覆蓋的時間范圍，然后解釋該項目、項目目標以及自上次報告以來的項目進展狀態(tài)。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式（2）項目描述在簡短的報告中，這部分內(nèi)容可以包含到簡介中。但是如果將其列為一個獨立標題，那么熟悉該項目的讀者就可以跳過這部分內(nèi)容；而對項目不甚了解的讀者，需要從中了解一些概要性的細節(jié)問題，如項目的目的和范圍、起止時間以及參與的各方等。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式（3）已完成的工作這一部分應(yīng)遵循該項目提案進度中所提出任務(wù)的進展，這是報告的主體。這部分可以采用項目-任務(wù)法、時間法或是綜合法來進行陳述。? 項目-任務(wù)法：這種方法關(guān)注的是任務(wù)。已定義的里程碑可以將報告在邏輯上組織成這種結(jié)構(gòu)。如果同時進行多個半獨立的任務(wù)，同樣可以使用這種方法。? 時間法：這種方法關(guān)注的是時間。如果時間表（或最后期限）比里程碑更重要，則使用這種方法。同樣，此方法也適用于簡單的線性結(jié)構(gòu)的項目。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式? 綜合法：上述兩種方法也可以結(jié)合起來使用。例如，在先前的工作中，可將已經(jīng)完成的部分分成單個任務(wù)。即在這些任務(wù)中，關(guān)注哪些部分已經(jīng)完成，哪些部分還在進行中，哪些部分尚未進行。具體的項目將決定選用哪種方法。如果項目中遇到的困難或是所需的變更與時間有關(guān)，那么使用時間法會更有利；類似地，如果遇到的問題或是變更與特定的任務(wù)相關(guān)，那么就使用項目-任務(wù)法。此外，該部分還可以附上財務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)概要，可以使用表格或是附錄的形式，或作為一個獨立的章節(jié)。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式?（4）遇到的問題進度報告沒有必要僅為了給客戶看。正如開始所提到的，問題是在報告中希望提到的。不必將這些問題隱藏起來；應(yīng)該解釋清楚碰到了什么問題以及這些問題對項目的關(guān)鍵部分（如時間安排、價格或是質(zhì)量）有何影響。通常情況下，工程師或?qū)＜視拇藞蟾嬷械玫綆椭驗槲覀兣c客戶共享或提醒了客戶項目中出現(xiàn)的問題。所以，如果這個問題是過去出現(xiàn)過的，那么可以說明過去是如何克服的。這個是一個很小的問題；實際上，卻讓我們看起來很出色。如果這個問題尚未解決（就在眼前或是將會出現(xiàn)）并且有能力解決，那么應(yīng)解釋將希望如何克服它。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式（5）需求的變更在這一部分，要記錄項目中的變更：增加的里程碑、新的需求或是進度的變更（好的或壞的）。即使這些變化不會影響到項目的最終目標，仍需要告訴項目的贊助人這些問題是如何解決的。注意：如果這些變更是項目中遇到的問題直接引起的，第4和第5部分可以合并。這樣需要對結(jié)構(gòu)進行一些調(diào)整，即第一個問題及它所需要的變更，然后是第二個問題及其需要的變更，以此類推。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式（6）工作進度在這一部分，要討論為了完成項目目標所制訂的計劃。在多數(shù)情況下，進度報告的這一部分寫成與提案中“行動規(guī)劃”部分相同的方式。區(qū)別在于，現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該比那時對進度和成本有了更好的認識。這部分，像“已完成的工作”部分一樣，根據(jù)項目實際情況，可以使用上述提到的三種方法（項目-任務(wù)法、時間法或綜合法）中的一個。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters2.進度報告的組織形式（7）項目總體評估由于進度報告并不是針對一個已完成的項目，因此結(jié)論部分僅需要對該項目目前的進展情況進行專業(yè)評價。不現(xiàn)實的樂觀或是過度悲觀都是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。不要隨便承諾項目將提早完成，因為一個挫折可能會耗費大量時間。同樣地，如果落后于進度，也不要過度擔(dān)心，因為在以后的進程中還可以爭取到時間。對工程師來說，更重要的是說明一切可能影響最終產(chǎn)品的期望質(zhì)量的各種因素。請牢記，進度報告的目的是，使項目經(jīng)理或贊助人能夠據(jù)此做出決策。2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例TO:StevenZhangDepartmentsofComputerScience,BeihangUniversityFROM:MarkHuSUBJECT:ProgressonSchemeDebuggingReportDATE:August3,2020ThismemodescribestheprogressIhavemadetodateonmyindependent-studyprojecttowriteareportondebugginginScheme.Inthismemo,IreviewthenatureoftheprojectanddescribeworkIhavecompleted,workIamcurrentlyengagedin,andworkIplantocompletebytheendoftheproject.AsIdescribedinmymemoofJuly4,thisprojectwillresultinatechnicalreportwhosepurposeistoprovidereaderswithpracticalinformationondevelopinganddebuggingprogramsinScheme,supplementarytothematerialinyourtextbook,AnIntroductiontoSchemeanditsImplementation.2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例ProjectDescriptionThereportisaimedatstudentsincomputerscience(undergraduateandgraduate)whohavepreviousprogrammingexperience,butarenewtoScheme.Theinformationinthisreportisneededbecausereaderswhohavedevelopedprogramsusingcompilersforotherlanguagesmaybeunfamiliarwiththeapproachesavailablewithaninteractiveinterpreteranddebugger.2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例ProjectScopeInmyearliermemo,Iproposedtocoverthefollowinghigh-leveltopics:?Loadingthedebuggingmoduleintotheinterpreter?Establishingbreaklevels?Applyingback-trace?Managingdependencies?SavingandloadingacustomizedheapimageoftheSchemesystem?Debugginglocaldefinitions?Debuggingnative-codeprocedurecalls2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例?Debuggingwhenusingfunctionalprogrammingstyle?Programdesignandimplementationstrategies?Usingstubbedprocedures?DifferencesbetweenRSchemeandotherSchemesystemsInmycurrentoutline,thesearedividedintothreemajorparts,withanaddendumfortopic11.Thethreepartsare:(A)basicdebuggingprocedures—topics1-3,(B)advanceddebuggingprocedures—topics4-7,and(C)generalprogramdevelopmentstrategies—topics8-10.2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例WorkCompletedIhavecompletedfirstdraftsofthesectionsinpartAonloadingthedebuggingmodule,breaklevels,andapply-back-trace.Iintendtomakenoteofadditionalmaterialforthesesectionswhileworkingonthelatersections,iffurtherbackgroundinformationisneeded.PresentWorkIamcurrentlyworkingonthesectionsinpartB.Sincethesesectionsarehighlyinterrelated,Iamworkingonthemroughlyinparallel.IamalsocurrentlyresearchinginformationonotherSchemesystemsforsection11;IhavelocatedinformationonGambitandDrScheme.Iexpectthecurrentworktobecompletedbytheendofthisweek,August9th.2.SimulatedWriting:ProgressReportProfessionalLetters3.范例FutureWorkNext,IwilldraftthesectionsinpartCandtheaddendumonotherSchemesystems.Finally,Iwillfullyrevisetheentiredraft,integratingfurthermaterialwheredeficiencieshavebecomeevidentduringworkonothersections.ThefinalreportwillbereadyforyourreviewonAugust20th.ConclusionThusfar,theprojectisproceedingwell.Ihavenotrunintoanymajorproblems,nordoIanticipateanyintheremainingwork.3.1Dialogue:UsingObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignMethodWordsacquaintance[??kwent?ns]n.（對某事物的）了解model[?m?dl]v.建模artifact[?ɑ?tif?kt]n.人工制品embody[im?b?di]v.具體表現(xiàn)，體現(xiàn)deliverable[di?liv?r?bl]n.應(yīng)交付的產(chǎn)品mock-up模型，原型acknowledged[?k?n?lid?id]adj.公認的，被普遍認可的3.1Dialogue:UsingObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignMethodPhraseswithregardto關(guān)于，對于byrightof由于，因為sothat如此說來，這樣的話，那樣的話inoneshot立刻，馬上3.1Dialogue:UsingObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignMethodAbbreviationsUMLUnifiedModelingLanguage統(tǒng)一建模語言3.2ListeningComprehension:ExtremeProgrammingListentothearticleandanswerthefollowing3questionsbasedonit.Afteryouhearaquestion,therewillbeabreakof15seconds.Duringthebreak,youwilldecidewhichoneisthebestansweramongthefourchoicesm