《蠅王》中烏托邦滅亡的原因分析

PAGEAnAnalysisoftheCausesoftheFallofUtopiainLordoftheFliesCONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\h\zABSTRACT I摘要 III.INTRODUCTION 1II.LITERATUREREVIEW 32.1DomesticStudiesofLordoftheFlies 32.2OverseasStudiesofLordoftheFlies 3III.EMBODIMENTOFUTOPIAINLORDOFTHEFLIES 53.1EmbodimentofUtopiainCharacters 53.2EmbodimentofUtopiainImagery 6IV.CAUSESOFTHEFALLOFUTOPIAINLORDOFTHEFLIES 74.1FearoftheUnknownandDeath 74.2DisillusionmentofHumanNature 74.2.1Ralph’sDownfall 74.2.2Jack’sBarbarity 84.2.3Roger’sInhumanity 84.3PursuitofPower 94.3.1TheConchasaSymbolofPower 94.3.2PowerStrugglebetweenRalphandJack 104.3.3WorshipofPublicPowerandPersonalPower 10V.CONCLUSION 11NOTES 12REFERENCES 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14PAGEIIABSTRACTWilliamGolding,oneofthemostaccomplishedcontemporaryEnglishnoveliststoriseinthe1950s,wasthewinnerofthe1983NobelPrizeforLiterature.GoldingexperiencedtheSecondWorldWarandwitnessedthedarknessofWesternsocietyinthe20thcentury.Allsortsofexperiencesgothimintothinkingabouthumanproblems,andlater,withhumannatureasthestartingpoint,hecreatedaseriesofmasterpieces.LordoftheFlies,Golding’sfirstandmostfamousnovel,conveysthethemeofrevealingtheevilofhumannature.Meanwhile,itimpliesthefallofutopiainasense.Thisthesisisdividedintofiveparts.ThefirstpartmakesabriefintroductiontoWilliamGoldingandhisnovelLordoftheFlies,andmakesabriefexpositionofUtopia.Thesecondpartsummarizestheresearchstatusofthisnovelathomeandabroad.ThethirdpartdiscussestheembodimentofUtopiainthenovelfromtwoaspectsofthemaincharactersandtheimages.PartfourfocusesontheanalysisofthereasonsforthefallofUtopiainLordoftheFlies.Partfiveistheconcludingpart.ItsummarizestheimportantroleofpowerinthefallofUtopia,andpointsouttheimportanceofthestudyofthisthesis.KeyWords:fallofUtopia;power;LordoftheFlies摘要威廉·戈?duì)柖∈?0世紀(jì)50年代崛起的最有成就的當(dāng)代英國(guó)小說(shuō)家之一，是1983年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。戈?duì)柖∮H身經(jīng)歷了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，目睹了二十世紀(jì)西方社會(huì)的黑暗。種種的經(jīng)歷讓他陷入了對(duì)人類問(wèn)題的思考，后來(lái)，他以人性為切入點(diǎn)，創(chuàng)作了一系列佳作。在戈?duì)柖〉淖髌分?，他的第一部也是最出名的小說(shuō)——《蠅王》，以揭示人性惡為主題，同時(shí)也暗示著烏托邦的陷落。本論文分為五部分。第一部分對(duì)威廉戈?duì)柖∫约八男≌f(shuō)《蠅王》進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單介紹，并且對(duì)烏托邦進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單闡述。第二部分對(duì)《蠅王》的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。第三部分從主要人物和小說(shuō)意象兩方面論述了烏托邦在小說(shuō)中的體現(xiàn)。第四部分重點(diǎn)分析了烏托邦陷落的原因。第五部分是全文的結(jié)論部分，總結(jié)了權(quán)力在烏托邦陷落中起的重要作用，指出了本論文研究的重要性。關(guān)鍵詞：烏托邦的陷落；權(quán)力；《蠅王》PAGEPAGE14I.INTRODUCTIONWilliamGolding,Britishnovelist,poetandNobelPrizewinnerinliteraturein1983，enjoyshighreputationforhisabundant-meaningnovelsthatareintegratedwithclassicalliterature,mythology,Christiancultureandsymbolicsignificance.Henormallyconveysthethemeofdarknessandevilinhisworks,andalsoexpressesadismaloptimisminhisnovels.Hismaidennovel,LordoftheFlies(1954),whichemphasizesthethemehehaslongbeenprobing—thenaturalstrugglebetweenhumanbarbarismandcivilization,isworldwiderecognized.ThestoryissetinanuclearwarduringtheThirdWorldWarinthefuture.AgroupofboyswereflyinganairplanesouthfromBritainwhentheplanewasshotdown,leavingthechildrenandthecabinfallingonanuninhabitedislandwheretheystartedanewlife.Thechildrenfellintotwofactions,ledbyRalphandJackrespectively.Thetwofactionslaunchedstrugglesinaracetodominatetheminisocietyandestablishauthority.Intheend,theislandwitnessedaheartbreakingscene,“Buttheislandwasscorcheduplikedeadwood.”Seeingthis,Ralphcouldn’tstophistearsstreamingdownlikerain,fortheextinctionofchildishnessandthedarknessofhumannature.Goldingcomposedthisnovelduetohispessimisticconsciousness.Whatistheoriginofhispessimisticconsciousness?Thefirstoriginisthewesterntraditionalculture,whichisdominatedbytragediesandprovidesthesoilforhistragicconsciousness.TheconceptandphilosophyinancientGreekcultureandChristianideology,astwosignificantsourcesofWesternculture,haveconstitutedanimportantpartofwesterners’consciousness.AncientGreekTragedyand“OriginalSin”inChristianity,inwhichhistragicconsciousnessisdeeplyrooted,haveafar-reachingimpactonGolding.ThesecondoriginistheSecondWorldWar,whichGoldingparticipatedin.In1940,hejoinedtheRoyalNavyasalieutenantandservedasthecommanderofthewarship.Thebrutalbattlesheexperiencedshockedhimgreatly,notonlychanginghisperceptionofhumannature,butalsoexpandinghisvisionoftragedy.Thethirdoriginisthecrisisofhumansurvival,whichspurredthesproutingoftragicconsciousnessaftertheSecondWorldWar.Tragedyconsciousness,asaphilosophyorariskytypeofconsciousness,isboundupwiththemajorcrisisofhumansurvival.Goldingbelievesthatthecrisiscomesfromtwomajoraspects.Oneispeople’sblindoptimismabouthumannature.Theotheristhatthecontemporaryworldisthreatenedbythepotentialoutbreakoflarge-scalewars.It’sGolding’spessimisticconsciousnessthathaspromptedhisthinkingaboutthefuture—whatkindofsocietypeopleneed.Spontaneously,theUtopiandesertislandwasborn.“Utopia”isetymologicallydefinedbyThomasMoore.TheEnglishword“Utopia”consistsoftwoGreekwords,withtheformermeaning“non-existence”inGreekandthelatter“l(fā)ocation”.AsMoorehimselfsaid,“Itisjustadreamthatisimpossibletorealize.”Inshort,Utopiaisafantasy.InBlackwell’sDictionaryofPolitics,Utopiaisetymologicallyexplainedas“abeautifulandimaginaryplace”.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,themeaningofUtopiahasbeenexpanded.Itisusuallyusedtodepictanyvisionaryidealsociety,sometimesasociety’sattempttotransformcertaintheoriesintopractice,orsomegoodproposals,wishes,plans,etc.(impossibleoralmostimpossibletorealize).Today,itcanrefertoanyplacethatisnotaccessible.Thisthesiswill,basedonpreviousstudies,interpretthecontext,plotsettings,thereflectionofUtopiaandthecausationsofitsdeclineinLordoftheFlies,toexploretheimportantroleofpowerinthedeclineofUtopia.Thisleadstotheconclusionthatthecausesofthedemiseoftheuninhabitedislandcivilizationaretoocomplextobeattributedtoevilhumannature.II.LITERATUREREVIEWDomesticandoverseasscholarshavemaderesearchintoLordoftheFliesfromvariousperspectives,mainlyincludingwar,humanityandthenovelitself.Fewwriters,however,haveconcentratedonthedeclineofUtopiaasatheme.Thesescholarsattributethedeclinechieflytotheevilnessofhumannature,butignoretheroleofpowerinit.Thisiswhatthispaperisintendedfor.2.1DomesticStudiesofLordoftheFliesDomesticscholarsfocustheirresearchintothisnovelmainlyintermsofwarandhumannature.AccordingtoXiaoXu,forexample,ifcivilizationcan’trepressevil,thelatterwillbereleasedintheformofwar,andhumanbeingswhoexperiencedthemassacreinWorldWarII,hadtransformedtheEarthasahomelandintowhatitwasthen.HowhumanbeingsshouldreflectonthemselvesiswhatLordoftheFliessuggests.Ontheotherhand,Chinesescholarsgiveprioritytotheirresearchonhumannature.YangYunhongandShenJinsongmakeananalysisofthemaincharactersinthenovel,unveilingthepenetratingsocialrootofhumanevil.Golding’sfocusofattention,however,isnotonthegoodorevilhumannature,butontheprecariousmoderncivilization.Guidedbythethemeofpessimism,Goldingislookingforawayoutoftheabyssofmiseryandtoretrievethelonglostsoul.LordoftheFlies,amythdisplayingvicioushumannatureagainstthecontextofwar,presentsatotallydifferentstandpointfromBallantyne’snovelTheCoralIsland.LiYuhuathuspointsoutthat“Thismythimpliesthattheworldofchildrenistheepitomeofthatofadults.Thereisnopoweronearththatcanrescuemankindfrommutualslaughtersjustasnobodycouldrescuethesechildren.”WeiYingchaoanalyzesthesymbolicskillsandimplicationstoexplorehumannature.Thefactthattheprotagonistsofthenovel,agroupofpreschoolboys,displayingthedeplorablebeastlinessandbloodthirstinesswithouttherestrictionoflawandcivilization,throughwickedandcruelacts,showedthatalltheflawsofhumansocietywereattributedtotheevilnatureofhumanbeings.WangYanxingandGongXuananalyzetherichpsychologicalimplicationsinLordoftheFliesfromtheperspectiveofpsychoanalysisofFreudandLacan.Childrenplayinggamesseeminglylostcontrolonthedisorderlytrajectory,butactually,theyhadneverextricatedthemselvesfromtherestrictionsoftheunconsciousstructure.Theirrulesaregovernedbythesymbolsinadultsociety,thustheir“games”aredestinedbytheirdesiretogrowupandtheirimitationofadultsisasatisfactionoftheirimagination.2.2OverseasStudiesofLordoftheFliesSomeoverseasscholarsconcentratetheiranalysisonthenovelitself,suchasTheNovelofWilliamGoldingbyS.J.BoydandUnderstandingofLordoftheFliesbyKristinOlsen.Symbolsinliterature,theythink,indicateorimplymorethanliterally.Numeroussymbolsareusedinthisnovel,someofwhichareobvious,whileothersareblurry.Othershavemaderesearchintohumannatureinthisnovel.LeightonHadson,forinstance,pointsoutthestrugglebetweenthegoodandtheevilinLordoftheFlies,withthelatteracceptedbymostcritics.WilliamGoldingdisclosedthishideousnatureinLordoftheFliesandalwayscombatedevil.Despitetemporarypassivityofjustice,iteventuallyvanquishedevil.AccordingtoE.L.Epstein,GoldingexpressesthethemeofLordoftheFliesasfollows,“LordoftheFliesisintendedtoattributetheweaknessesofhumansocietytothoseofhumannature.Thenovelimpliesthatsocietyshouldnotbebasedonalogicalorrespectablepoliticalsystem,butonindividualmorality.”Thewholenovelisinstinctwithsymbolsofhumannature.Inthefinalredemptionemergedthedignifiedandcompetentadultimagesthathaverealisticsymbolicmeaninglikethelifeofthechildrenonthisisland.=3\*ROMANIII.EMBODIMENTOFUTOPIAINLORDOFTHEFLIESUninhabitedislandshavebeentriggersofimaginationforliteraryUtopiainallages,whichisjustprovedbysomeofthecharactersinLordoftheFliesandsomeimagesonthedesertedisland.3.1EmbodimentofUtopiainCharacters“Piggy,oneoftheprotagonistsinthenovel,bornintoapoorfamily,isasymbolofkindness,intelligenceandknowledge.Smart,weakandkindPiggyhassuperiorconsciousness.Heworeapairofthickglasses,whichwastheonlytoolontheislandtolightafireforhelp.Piggy,althoughafire-bringer,sufferedmaximumbitternesslikePrometheusforbeingmocked.”Heseemedtoknowsomethingabouteverything,liketeachingRalphhowtoblowtheconchtogatherpeopleandmaketheconchasymbolofcivilizationontheisland,suggestingcompilingarostertoorganizethegroupandrepeatedlyspeakingfortheyoungerchildren.Healwaysadheredtoscienceanddemocracyandappliedthescienceandrationalityfromcivilizedhumansocietytothesurvivalonthedesertedisland.Onlybyreconstructingthelegalcivilizationofadultsonthisislandcouldtheweakbesafeguardedandsurvive.Inthenovel,PiggylitfireswithhisglassesinthebeginningandgottheglassesstolenbyJackintheend,whichindicatesthegradualcollapseofPiggyandRalph’swishtoestablisharationalruleontheisland.Piggydiedwithaconchinhisarmseventually,stillbelievinginthepowerofdemocracyuntilhislastmoment.Simon,anothercharacterinthenovel,wasbashfulandnotgoodatspeaking,buthadasenseofjusticeandcapabilityofinsight.Hewasthefirsttopropose“presumably,weourselvesarethebeasts”tothegroupthatwasarguingendlesslyabouttheexistenceofthe“beast”.“GoldingcalledSimona“saint”—a“fireofhope”whichGoldingenvisionedformankindwhenmourningfortheflabbinessofhumancivilizationandreasonandforthemightinessofevilinhumannature.”Nonetheless,thathopewasultimatelyshatteredbySimon’sdeath.Inasense,Simonhadsimilartragicfatetothatofmanyforerunners.Eventually,Simonmadeitclearthattheso-called“beast”wasjustthecadaverofthepilot,butbeforehecouldtellthetruth,hewas“beatentodeath”forhisfirstmissionasamasterofthetruth.ThiswasnotasimplemodernversionofJesusChrist’scrucifixionforrescuingmankindfromevilanddegeneration.Simon,differentfromPiggy,characterizedbyarationalintellectualinscience,wassymbolicofhumanintuition,notoftheinstrumentalrationality.Inthetruesense,hewasaright-mindedinsightfulheroandhumanprophetwhohadthecouragetoexploreanddiscoverthetruth.InaparagraphdepictinghissubconsciousdialoguewiththeLordoftheflies,theauthordissectsthedarknessofhumannaturewhichbetokensthetragedyofthisforerunner.3.2EmbodimentofUtopiainImageryThenovelstartswithalotofwordsdescribingthebeautyandtranquilityoftheisland.Forexample,“Theshorewasfledgedwithpalmtree.Thesestoodorleanedorreclinedagainstthelightandtheirgreenfeatherswereahundredfeetupintheair.Thegroundbeneaththemwasabankcoveredwithcoarsegrass,torneverywherebytheupheavalsoffallentrees,scatteredwithdecayingcoco-nutsandpalmsaplings…”Attheverybeginning,therewasnoharmtoeachotherbutabundantfruitandwaterontheisland.Anotionalplaceneverinhabited,aplaceisolatedfromtheoutside,anislandwithamplefoodandwaterhadfinallycometruehere.Isn’ttheislandwithsuchrelativelysafeenvironmentanidealUtopia?GoldingendowedthedescriptionoffireinLordoftheFlieswithspecialsignificance.Fire,whosecreationandusesymbolizehumancivilization,wasusedtomakesmokeatfirst,atoolforchildrentosurviveonthedesertedisland.Almosteverychildofferedassistanceinmakingafire.Asdescribedinthenovel,“Eventheyoungestkidstrivedtoretrieveweedsandbrokenbranches”.Thechildren,whohadpresentedperfectcollaborationinthelumberpreparationandtheconstructionofthegrassshed,forgedaheadinsurvivaltowardsaharmoniousidealUtopiansociety.Thewhitesmokeascendingfromtheislandseeminglypaintedadreamlikehueontheisland’stentativecivilization.=4\*ROMANIV.CAUSESOFTHEFALLOFUTOPIAINLORDOFTHEFLIESAfterthechildrenfromthecivilizedworldarrivedatthisbeautifulandrichuninhabitedisland,theydidnotreturntothe“goldenage”ofmankind,butlaunchedabattlebetweenso-called“civilization”and“nature”.Accordingtotheorderofnature,humanbeingsmustpayalotintheirgrowthfromchildhoodtomaturity.Whatcountsmostisthestruggleforpowerandinterests.ThechildreninGolding’sworksstrivedmoreforpower—howtoorganizethemselvesthroughthestruggleofstrengthandwisdom.4.1FearoftheUnknownandDeathAsismentionedin“TheGoldenAge”byOvid,peopleliveinharmonyinnaturewhichendowshumanwithgoodfortuneanddrivesawayevil.Thenovelhassimilaroutsettosuchdescription,butwiththedevelopmentoftheplot,disharmonyoccurredbetweenmanandnatureaswellasamongchildrenduetothefearforunknownbeastsandtothedeathcausedbythefear.Theremotewaitingforrescuedrovethechildrentofancywildanimalsfromthejungle,thesea,andfromtheair,allofwhichwereimaginary.Thechildren“wereplaguedbyunknownpanicinthedark,andcouldonlyhuddletogetherforcomfort”.Todispelfear,Jackpaintedhisface,leadingtheteamtofightthewildanimals,whileSimonrandeepintothemountainstoseektruthaboutthewildanimals.Notbeingabletodeterminetheexistenceofbeasts,Ralphwasfrustratedasaleader,questioningtheUtopiaonthisisland.Simon,whoeventuallyknewthefact,wasbesetandbeatentodeathbyhorror-struckchildrenandevenRalph.Ralphwasnolongerconfident,butwasscarednotonlyatmonsters,butalsoathumanbeings.TheunknownbeastsanddeathontheislandafterconflictsamongchildrenandbetweenmanandnatureeventuallysmashedtheharmoniouscoexistenceonthisUtopianisland.4.2DisillusionmentofHumanNatureGoldingimpliestheoriginalsinofmankindwiththedepravedchildren,andblamesthesocialdisadvantagesandthefallofUtopiaontheflawsofhumannature,presentingprofoundimplications.4.2.1Ralph’sDownfallRalph,thefirst-occurringprotagonistinthenovelandthesymbolofhumancivilization,wasbornintoamiddle-classfamily,andwaselectedleaderforhisoutstandingappearance.Asaleader,hewasstrong,courageous,responsibleandsmart.Hewouldsetuptents,carrywaterandmakefireswithotherchildren.Besides,hewasverymuchdemocratic,takingtheconchinhishandasthebannerofdemocracy.Ralphcouldmaintaindominationandinfluenceoverotherchildrenatthestart,butasthechildrengraduallyyieldedtothebarbarousnaturewiththeprogressoftheplot,RalphwashuntedbyJackandhisgangintheendafterhisstatusslumped.HehadconsideredjoininginJack’scamptosurvive,buttheideawastransient.Despiteasymbolofhumancivilization,Ralphalsoshowedtheshadowanddarknessofhumannaturewhenhefailedtoresistthetemptationofboarmeatinhunger,andspontaneouslyparticipatedinkillingSimon.Hestruggledbetween“civilization”and“beastliness”inhisheartofhearts,butwasreducedtogradualdegenerationafterlosingcontrolofthesituation.4.2.2Jack’sBarbarityJack’sstrengthandbravenessaresymbolsofirrationality,courageandautocracy.Atfirsthewastheheadofthechoir.However,thechoir’sbloodybattlesagainstandvictoriesoverthebeastsunderhisleadershipacceleratedtheexpansionoftheiranimalinstinctwhichdidnotbelongtochildrenoftheirage.Peaceontheislandwasgraduallythrownintoconfusionwhenthehumancivilizationaccumulatedoverthousandsofyearsbegantofadeawayafterseveralhunts.Jack,anopponenttocivilizationandadvocateofviolence,constantlyviolatedtherulesandregulationsformulatedbyRalphandopposedtodemocracyrepresentedbyRalph.Asisdescribedinthenovel,“Jacksignaledtherestofthehunttobequietandwentforwardbyhimself.Hewashappyandworethedampdarknessoftheforestlikehisoldclothes.Hecreptdownaslopetorocksandscatteredtreesbythesea...”Itisknowntoallthatinaprimitiveforest,onlyanimalscanbeasmerryasafishinwater.Later,thedemiseofSimonandPiggywasnothingbuttheoutcomeofhisfrenzy.4.2.3Roger’sInhumanityRoger,Jack’smainconfidant,hadtheextremelybrutalnaturerequiredtobeademagogue,lackey,andexecutionerattheverystart.Althoughhewastootimidtoeventhrowstonesatyoungerchildrenwhenhefirstarrived,histruenatureemergedastherestrictionsaroundhimworeoffovertime.Asbeastlinessandbloodthirstinessprevailedinhisnature,hekilledPiggybystabbinghimwithaspearashedidtotheborebeforemovingtherockwithastickandknockinghimdownthecliff.Afterfallingfromaheightoffortyfeet,Piggycrashedintotheredsquarereefinthesea,leavinghisbrainsflowingoutoftheburstskulltingedwithredblood.WhenJackandhishunterseventuallyconfirmedthatRalphwastheonlyremainingtraitor,Rogergotreadybysharpeningthetwoendsofthestickfiercely,determinedtoendthelifeofRalphashedidwiththeboar.RalphwasrunafterthroughouttheislandandhadnowheretohidehimselfbeforebeingfortunatelysavedbytheRoyalNavylandingteamthathadarrivedintime.Attheendofthenovel,thechildrenstoodbeforethenavalofficer.“Dumbly,Ralphshookhishead.Heturnedahalf-paceonthesand.Asemicircleoflittleboys,theirbodiesstreakedwithcoloredclay,sharpsticksintheirhands,werestandingonthebeachmakingnonoiseatall.”Thisiscertainlyalashingsarcasmonchildren’snaivety,andadeepexposureofthepotentialbarbarityandbloodthirstinessinhumannature.4.3PursuitofPowerOnthesmallisland,thechildrenweredeplorablyreducedtomutuallycrushingandmurderingduetotheendlessexpansionoftheirdesireforpower,whichdrovethewholecivilizedUtopiansocietytodemise.4.3.1TheConchasaSymbolofPowerTheconch,whichappearedatthebeginningofthenovelandwasdestroyedintheend,isanimportantsymbolofpowerinLordoftheFlies.Everytimetheconchoccurred,itwasallaboutpower.Thefirstchapterofthenovelisentitled“TheSoundoftheConch".Ralphwasthefirstpersontodiscovertheconchinthewater,andguidedbyhiscompanionPiggy,heblewaboomingsound.Itwasthesoundoftheconchthatenabledthechildrenseparatedbythecrashtogathertogether.Theconchwasoriginallyjustanordinaryobjectinthenature,butwasendowedwiththepowerthatitdidnothavenaturally.What’smore,thepowermadeNaturetremble.Allthiswasattributedtothefactthatmanhadmasteredthepowerbeyondthecapabilitiesofotheranimals,anditwasthispowerthatspurredtheformingofthemostprimitiveconceptofpower.Inthenovel,theconchworkedmainlytomaintainorderandconveneameeting,likeamaceoracrownendowedwiththeinviolablepoweroftheHolySpirit.Anyonewhoneededtospeakatthemeetingmustfirstpickuptheconch,andonlytheonewhoheldtheconchwasqualifiedtospeak.Suchdiscoursepower,thoughroughandoriginal,hadquiteatouchofdemocracy,thedemocracyandequalityinchildren’seyes,presumably—Childrenwereprohibitedtospeakatthesametime,andanyonewhowantedtospeakmust“raisehis/herhand”asinschool.Theconchdoesnothaveanymaterializedpower.Itonlystandsforanabstractpowerbeyondgrouprecognition.Althoughdemocracyandcivilizationweregoodwishes,actually,theconch’spowerhadnotbeentakenseriouslyalltheway,anditsappendages,likedemocracy,orderandsoon,werealsoimpossibletofindafootholdonit.Theconch,therefore,wasmoreasymbolofemptypower—anunsuccessfulattemptofcivilizationontheisland,thanasymbolofdemocraticpower.4.3.2PowerStrugglebetweenRalphandJackTheconchwasintendedtoensurethateverychildontheislandhadtherighttospeak.However,itdidnotfulfillthisresponsibility,butmoreoften,itfunctionedinpreventingandrestrictingothersfromspeaking.Therightofspeechattachedtotheconch,evencausedthechildrentocompetefortheconchasaprop,aswhateveryonevaluedwasnottheruleoffairspeech,buttherighttospeak.Ralph’spowerasaleaderwasentrustedbyallhismembers,andsafeguardedbythebelieftoberescuedandthepowerofconvention.Notbeingstoutenoughtofightback,Jackwasangry,butdidnotknowthereason.Jack,althoughcapableofprovidingmeatfortheteams,wasstillenslavedtoRalph’sconventionalauthority.Sometimeshethoughtofthehunting,strategy,ecstasy,skillsinabrilliantworld,andthenwasawakenedbytheintertwineddesireandfrustratedcommonsenseinanotherworld.“Numberlessandinexpressiblefrustrationscombinedtomakehisrageelementalandawe-inspiring.”Jackjustbrokeawayfromthegrouptobeindependent.WhenRalphtriedtopersuadehimtostay,JacktookalookatRalph,pausedamoment,andthenscreamed‘No’furiously.FuriousJackalsopromptedtheangerofthegroup,declaringtothehuntersthatRalphsaidmyhuntersareuseless…andyouarecowards.”Jackfinallyachievedwhathehadwishedbymanagingtoestablishhisown“tribe”andbecametheleaderofthetribe.Allthis,however,ledtothedivisionandconfrontationofthetwogroups,worsenedbyahiddendangerforthemorefiercepowerstruggle.DuetoJack’sexpandingambition,morefrequentstrugglesbetweenJackandRalpheventuallyspurredthedeathsofSimonandPiggyandalsobrokeupthecivilizationontheisland.4.3.3WorshipofPublicPowerandPersonalPowerThepowerontheislandwasoriginallyintendedfortheultimateobjectiveof“rescueandreturn”.Atthispointwhenpowerbelongedtothepublic,Ralphwaselectedastheleaderashecouldgivethechildrenhopeofrescue.Hewasjustaspokesmanoratransmitteroftheoutcomeofthepublicopinion.Duringthisperiod,everyonehadtheopportunitytospeak,andpowermetthesatisfactionandthedemandsofthemajorityofthegroup—democracy,whichwasthereflectionofpowerforthepublic.Nevertheless,Jack’sambitionbegantoswellafterhisinitialinvolvementinpublicpower.Hisdesiretoenjoythepoweralonemarkedtheturningpoint,whenpublicpowerbegantobetransformedintopersonalpower.Jackestablishedhisownautocratictribe,andlaunchedcruelstrugglesagainstRalph’sdemocraticsocietylikealord,tofundamentallyenjoytheexclusivepoweroverthewholeislandandsubjectedthepublicpowertohim.Hence,alltheabovehappened.ThebigfireattheendofthenovelalsomarkedthethoroughdestructionofUtopiancivilizationontheisland.=5\*ROMANV.CONCLUSIONThisthesis,basedontheanalysisandinterpretationofthepresentresearchonLordoftheFliesandontheunderstandingoftheplotandhistoricalcontextofthenovel,probesthereflectionofUtopiainthenovelandthecausationofthefallofUtopia,mainlyfromtheperspectiveofthefearfortheunknownanddeath,theevanescenceofhumanityandofthelustforpower,etc.Thisleadstotheconclusion