中考長難句翻譯

PAGEPAGE1長難句翻譯中考長難句翻譯

中學(xué)英語長難句子的翻譯中考長難句翻譯一、英語漢語的不同1、英語習(xí)慣于用長的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念，而漢語則不同，常常使用若干短句，作層次分明的敘述。Althoughthesestoresaren’tveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu):“葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevinestructure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長長的枝蔓和豐碩的果實；漢語句子因為很少疊床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個短句接一個短句地往下延伸，因此被稱為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboostructure）。因此，在進(jìn)行英譯漢時，要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異，將英語的長句分解，翻譯成漢語的短句。2、英譯漢的翻譯方法和技巧是建立在英漢兩種語言的對比之上的。這兩種語言在詞匯和句法方面的一些表達(dá)手段上各有其特點。語序調(diào)整主要指詞序、句序兩方面的調(diào)整。首先我們談?wù)勗~序的調(diào)整。英漢語句中的主要成分主語、謂語、賓語或表語的詞序基本上是一致的，但各種定語的位置和各種狀語的次序在英、漢語言中則有同有異。漢語說“他正在臥室里睡覺”，而在英語中卻說Heissleepinginthebedroom.（他睡覺在臥室。）；英語漢語都說“他出生于北京”，"HewasborninBeijing"。一）定語位置的調(diào)整1.單詞作定語英語中，單詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前，漢語中也大體如此。有時英語中有后置的，譯成漢語時一般都前置。somethingimportant（后置）重要的事情（前置）如果英語中名詞前的定語過多，譯文中則不宜完全前置，因為漢語不習(xí)慣在名詞前用過多的定語。alittle,yellow,raggedbeggar（前置）一個要飯的，身材矮小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸。（后置）2.短語作定語英語中，修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后，而漢語則反之，但間或也有放在后面的，視漢語習(xí)慣而定。theirplantocrosstheriver（后置）他們渡江的企圖（前置）Onedayanearthquakerockedthemountain,causingoneoftheeggstorolldownthemountaintoachickenfarm,locatedinthevalleybelow.二）狀語位置的調(diào)整1.單詞作狀語③介詞：引導(dǎo)介詞短語，充當(dāng)修飾語。④不定式符號to：引導(dǎo)不定式做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語和補語。⑤分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)修飾語。3.五步拆分步驟：①隔離插入成分，尋找特殊標(biāo)點②尋找連詞，確定句子種類——并列句，主從句；③尋找句中的動詞或動詞結(jié)構(gòu)④確定整句框架——標(biāo)出主句主干部分及從屬連詞；⑤確定從句框架——標(biāo)出從句主謂部分；**⑥分別翻譯——主從句分別進(jìn)行翻譯；**⑦詞句推敲——中文語言進(jìn)行表述。注：**部分為翻譯要求步驟。Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Youhavenoticed—andyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwon't—howthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.五、翻譯方法在英語長句的翻譯過程中，一般采取下列的方法：(1)順譯法。即順著英文原有的順序翻譯，條件是英語句子的內(nèi)容與敘述方式同漢語習(xí)慣基本一致。如：Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYork),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.(2)逆譯法。即不再遵照英文原有的順序，甚至完全逆著原有順序翻譯，如果英文的表達(dá)次序和漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同甚至相反的話。Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通訊設(shè)備).“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.(3)分譯法。如果句子中的從句(或修飾語)與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，可以將它們與主句分割開來，使譯文變成好幾個短句。這與英漢兩種語言表達(dá)較復(fù)雜的意思的習(xí)慣是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有許多重層次的主從復(fù)合句或并列復(fù)合句，而后者往往崇尚“言簡意賅”。如：Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.(4)綜合法。上面講述了英語長句的順譯法、逆譯法和分譯法，事實上，在翻譯一個英語長句時，并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法，而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用，這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下，英語長句如果單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便，這就需要我們仔細(xì)分析，或按照時間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對全句進(jìn)行綜合處理，以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。如：peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthepolicehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Teachingthemsmallactsofkindness,suchaslettingsomeoneelsegothroughadoorfirstastheyholditopen,mayseemunimportant,butitcangoalongwaytowardhelpingstudentsrealizehowtobepoliteandthankothers.2.從句的譯法英語中主從復(fù)合句十分常見，但漢語中卻沒有這樣頻繁使用從句句式的習(xí)慣。因此，在翻譯時需要將各種從句進(jìn)行處理，使之符合漢語習(xí)慣。1)名詞性從句名詞性從句包括：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等等。通常名詞性從句可被譯成名詞詞組，有時原文語序不需變化。①主語從句Whathesaidwasrecordedinthisbook.譯文：他的話被記錄在這本書里。主語從句譯為名詞詞組，原句語序不變。Fromsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadtorewards譯文：嬰兒和其他動物由于某些做法有回報才學(xué)著做事情，這種觀點在過去一段時間里一直為人們所廣泛接受。主語從句提前，符合漢語習(xí)慣。②賓語從句賓語從句譯為漢語時，通常不需要改變語序。Manypeoplebelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsofpollutionquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakehimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyappreciatesthedamage.譯文：許多人認(rèn)為，人類沒有盡快的解決這些污染問題而只顧謀求私利，以至于錯過了悔改的機(jī)會，以后才充分認(rèn)識到這種損害。原文中有兩個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句由and連接，翻譯時根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系，添加“而”。③表語從句表語從句翻譯時通常也不用改變原文語序。Whathecaresishowmuchprofithecangetfromtheproject.譯文：他關(guān)心的是他從該項目中能獲得多少利潤。句中表語從句仍按原文順序，主語從句譯為名詞詞組。④同位語從句同位語從句的翻譯主要按照該從句與主句的邏輯關(guān)系來確定，在漢語中譯為賓語、定語或補語等，通常不改變原句順序。Thebeliefthatfailureisthemotherofsuccesshaskepthimgoonexperimenting.譯文：失敗是成功之母的信念使他繼續(xù)進(jìn)行實驗。同位語從句說明主語內(nèi)容，譯做定語從句。TheyjumpedtotheconclusionthatallourflightsoutofChinahadbeenmadefromBeijing.譯文：他們匆忙作出了結(jié)論：我們從中國飛出的飛機(jī)都是從北京起飛。同位語從句前用冒號，原句順序不變。Therewereindicationsthattheenemyhadretreated.譯文：有種種跡象表明敵軍已經(jīng)撤退。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系同位語從句譯為賓語從句，原句順序不變。 2)定語從句的譯法定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。由于二者在翻譯時無大差異，所以討論時不加嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。定語從句的譯法一般有三種：(1)譯成含“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的定語，放在先行詞之前。由于定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于定語，所以這種譯法是最普遍的。不過，條件是定語不可過長。(2)采用“分譯法”，將較長的定語從句獨立出去，并將先行詞重復(fù)一次。(3)譯成狀語從句。如：Walkingtogether,myfatherandIusedtohavealotofconversationsthroughwhichIlearnedlessonsfromhisexperiences.Doctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmindandtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieveit.Hecalledhimself“thefirstclowninspace”whoenter-tainedthecrewoftheISSandhostedashowfromspace.3)狀語從句的譯法由于在句中用來表示時間、原因、條件、目的、讓步、比較等等，這類從句往往用在主句后面，而漢語的習(xí)慣則要求將狀語的內(nèi)容先于主句表達(dá)，即要用逆譯法。結(jié)果狀語從句例外。BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearule–nocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.Heoftendrewpicturesonthefloorwithchalkandwhenhismothersawwhathehaddone,shewouldquicklycleanthemwithamop.六、實戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練1)從真題中選取有代表性的長難句，每篇文章找出2—3個。2)將這些長難句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下來。3)反復(fù)閱讀，最好能夠達(dá)到熟能成誦的境界，注意在此過程中不進(jìn)行任何語法分析。在頭腦中把英語句子中各成分拆分，然后把這些概念組合成可以理解的漢語句子就可以了。4)將真題中的長難句都如此練習(xí)一番，長難句就基本攻破了，之后，我們將會進(jìn)入到一個閱讀的新境界!中考英語常見長難句子分析Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通訊設(shè)備).Lifetodayismucheasierthanitwashundredsofyearsago,butithasbroughtnewproblems.Theystoppeoplefromburningcoal(煤)inhousesandfactoriesinthecity,andfromputtingdirtysmokeintotheair.Third，compareprices:thatis,youshouldexaminethepricesofbothdifferentbrands(品牌)anddifferentsizesofthesamebrand.Althoughthesestoresaren’tveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.WiseshoppersreadmagazineadsandwatchTVcommercials(商業(yè)廣告)，buttheydothiswithoneadvantage:knowledgeofthepsychologybehindtheads.Today,though,agrowingnumberofmentalhealthexpertsthinkthatangerisaseriousproblemthatneedsitsowntreatment.Anexample:Whilemostpeoplewouldgetupsetifadrivercutthemoff,someonewithdisorderedangermighttrytochasedownthecarandforceitofftheroad.Butpeoplewithangerproblemsoftenstayangryfordays,weeksorevenyears;theirfeelingsofangerdon’tdisappearovertime.Theprogramssometimesincludelife-skillstrainingaswell:increasingsomeone’slevelofcompetence(競爭)–whetheronthejoborasaparentorpartner–helpsbringdownstressandcutangryfeelings.Notonlycanthewholefamilygetinvolved,buteveryonecanbenefitfromtheharvest.Takingpartinnatureclean-upsorvolunteeringtodopathmaintenance(維護(hù))teacheskidsthattheyhavetheabilitytodosomethingpositivefortheenvironmentandcommunities.Whenparentsgetinvolved,theycansetagoodexamplefortheirchildrentofollow,whichwillhelpchildrenrealizetheirresponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment.Justremember:beprepared，knowyoursubjectandyouraudience，saywhatyouhavetosayandbeyourselfsothatyourideaswillbringyouandyouraudiencetogether.TwentyChinesestudentstalkeddirectlytoanastronaut(spaceman)intheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)onradioinNanjing,capitalofeastChina'sJiangsuProvinceonSunday,2007.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.Keepthisspace,whichmaybeadeskorsimplyacornerofyourroom,freeofeverythingbutstudymaterials.Youhavenoticed—andyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwon't—howthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.Then,inMarch,heenteredafree-throwcompetitionattheschool,andthetownsawjusthowbigateamplayerGueireallyis—bothonandoffthecourt(球場).Sincethattime,agrowingnumberofprivatecompanieshavecomeonthemarketmostlythroughtheInternet,offeringtoscan(掃描)yourpersonalDNAandcompareittosomediseasemarkersoftheblueprint,calledDTCgenetictests.ButoverthelastfiveyearsthemedicalworldhasbeendiscussingexcitedlyaboutwhethertheseDTCtestsarehelpfulorharmful,scientificallybelievableorcompletelyuseless.“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.Otherworriesincludetheprivacyoftheresultsandhowyourpersonalgeneticinformationmightbeusedbyinsurance(保險)companiestorefuseyourinsuranceoryourbosstodismissyou.ItwasProfessorAlbertMehrabianwhodiscoveredthatweexpressourfeelingsandattitudeswith55percentbodylanguage,38percenttoneofvoiceandonly7percentactualwords.Apersontouchinghisnose,pullingathisearorrubbinghiseyewithhislefthandmightbelyingtoyou.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearule–nocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.I’veseldomhadstudentsmakewronguseoftechnologyinmyclasses;however,Ihavebeene-mailedbystudentswhiletheywereinotherteachers’classrooms.TherealreasonwhyIaskstudentstoleavetechnologyatthedoorisIthinkthereareveryfewplacesinwhichwecanhavedeepconversations.Iwantthemtopusheachothertothinkdifferentlyandtomakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialandtheclassdiscussion.Ihavebeenteachingmyhistoryclassinthiswayformanyyearsandtheevaluations(評價)showstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizewithdeepconversationanddifficulttasks,theylearnatadeeperlevel–alevelthathelpsthemkeepthecoursematerialbeyondtheclassroom.IamnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,Iwillcontinuemyplan.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityfortheproblem.Commonsensetellsyouthatyoutakeanumbrellaoutintoarainstorm,butyouleavetheumbrellahomewhenyouhearaweatherforecastforsunshine.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Whenstudentsandparentsareaskedtogradesubjectsaccordingtotheirimportance,theartsareusuallyatthebottomofthelist.Musicisnice,peopleseemtosay,butnotimportant.Becausemusicisanexpressionofthebeingswhocreateit,itshowstheirthinkingandvalues,aswellasthesocialenvironmentitcamefrom.ThejazzinfluencethatGeorgeGershwinandothermusiciansintroducedintotheirmusicisobviouslyAmericanbecauseitcamefromAmericanmusicaltraditions.Whenwedonotgivechildrenanimportantwayofexpressingthemselvessuchasmusic,wetakeawayfromthemthemeaningsthatmusicexpresses.Onceinsidethelobby,shehadtostandattheelevatorsandwaitseveralminutesbeforeshecouldgetononegoingtothesixthfloor．Forthosesecretarieswhosebossesaskthemtoprintoutalltheire-mailsandleavethemintheirin-trays,thismeansusingupagreatdealofpapereverymonth,"Metcalfsays．Butifthebrotherhoodbundleisbroken,itwillhappentoyoujustasithastothesesticks,whichlietherebrokenontheground.”Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYork),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Globalization(全球化),ashecallsit,isdrivenbythosepersons:freewritersandtotallynewbusinessesallov