植物形態(tài)與系統(tǒng)學(xué)（2 根-莖）

主講

張志翔2006年11月MorphologyandsystematicsofPlants植物形態(tài)與系統(tǒng)學(xué)Batrachium

bungeirosette11/3/20231

2.2莖莖的形狀：多為圓形，少為其他形狀，如莎草科（三棱形）、唇形科（四棱形）。特殊的如仙人掌。從力學(xué)角度講，圓的形狀具有最大的應(yīng)力。莖（枝）的概念：說法不一，此處做一概括。廣義：維管植物地上主干及地上的各級分枝系統(tǒng)稱為莖。狹義：指維管植物地上部分的主干及主枝（大的分枝）。有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為枝和葉是莖的附屬物，將地上部分的全部稱為莖。11/3/20232我們知道，在種子中有由受精卵發(fā)育形成的胚。在其簡單的構(gòu)造中，可以分辨出典型莖的發(fā)育。種子萌發(fā)發(fā)育形成幼苗。根據(jù)種子萌發(fā)時(shí)子葉，是否出土有兩種類型：子葉出土幼苗：子葉留土幼苗：2.2.1莖的發(fā)育和類型Friday,November3,20233不論是那種類型，通過上胚軸的生長，形成莖。然后在節(jié)(node)出上生長出葉子。節(jié)與節(jié)之間成為節(jié)間（internode)。節(jié)間的長度的變化決定了莖的長短。在植物的個(gè)體發(fā)育中，節(jié)間本身的變化葉是一些植物中的特征。因此，根據(jù)節(jié)間的生長將莖劃分出一些典型的生長類型。

11/3/20234TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform

鱗莖

Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot根莖

Rhizome水螅根

Stolon卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/20235蓮座狀莖

(rosetteform)植物的主莖極短或無,其葉和其他附屬物在基部輻射狀排列,形成蓮座狀。根據(jù)生長方式，蓮座狀的植物可區(qū)分為：11/3/20236

半蓮座狀植物：在營養(yǎng)生長中為蓮座狀，直到開花時(shí)節(jié)間伸長長出帶葉的花葶。這種生長方式稱為一次開花植物(hapaxanthicplant)

這些植物多為兩年生。在第一年進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)生長形成蓮座狀，到第二年，通過節(jié)間的生長形成帶葉的莖，頂端為一頂生花序。如：Lactucasativa萵苣11/3/20237

蓮座狀植物：這些植物在整個(gè)生長中都為蓮座狀，開花時(shí)，抽出無葉的主枝---花葶,頂端著生一朵花或一個(gè)花序。根據(jù)花序的位置，將蓮座狀分為有限蓮座狀和無限蓮座狀。有限蓮座狀花或花序從主莖頂端伸出。生于側(cè)莖或上部的芽進(jìn)行植株的更新。無限蓮座狀花或花序是從叢生葉腋中側(cè)枝生出。如如11/3/20238Primula

elatior

Cultivated,atGreifswald(Germany)BotanicalGarden(wholeplant)有限蓮座狀11/3/20239Agava

americana

龍舌蘭屬有限蓮座狀11/3/202310Taraxacum

officinale

無限蓮座狀11/3/202311白藥谷精草Eriocaulon

cinereumB.Br.無限蓮座狀11/3/202312TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖

Bulb

葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot根莖

Rhizome水螅根

Stolon卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/202313

鱗莖

(bulb)鱗莖是一種生于地下的蓮座狀莖。在這種莖中，葉片基部或整片葉片加厚一儲存養(yǎng)肥。其主要功能是使植物安全越冬。鱗莖的主莖極不發(fā)育，稱之為鱗莖盤（座）。在莖盤上，叢生肥厚的葉片。葉片之間可發(fā)育用于更新的芽。因此，見這種生活型成為鱗莖地下芽植物（goephyta

bulbosa）。11/3/202314鱗莖的結(jié)構(gòu)如洋蔥(Allium

cepa)11/3/20231511/3/202316

鱗莖主要發(fā)生在單子葉植物中。尤其在百合科(Liliaceae)、石蒜科（Amaryllidaceae)中。但在雙子葉植物中也有出現(xiàn)，如傘形科(Umbelliferae)回香屬中。但是生長在地上。Foeniculum

vulgarevar.azoricum11/3/202317TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade

長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot根莖

Rhizome水螅根

Stolon卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/202318葉是植物特有的、扁平器官，其功能是進(jìn)行光合作用。但是，在一些植物類群中，代替葉片的是扁平的、綠色的莖。這類莖稱之為葉狀莖。Thetypicalflattenedphotosyntheticorganofavascularplantistheleaf,butsomeplantgroupsinsteadhaveflattenedgreenstemsasthechiefphotosyntheticorgans.Thesearecalledeithercladodesorphylloclades("leaf-likebranches").Christmascactus,Schlumbergera

truncata,anepiphytefromSouthAmerica,hasflattened(two-ribbed)succulentstems11/3/202319AyoungshootofRuscus

hypoglossum,butcher'sbroomorCaesar'slaurel,showsthepresenceofasmall,vestigial,scaleleafandthebroad,leaf-likecladodearisingintheaxilofthatleaf.Oddly,fromthecenterofthecladodetheflowerofthisplantforms.Ruscus

hypoglossum，

Ruscaceae

Hutch(Liliaceae)anativeofWesternEuropetoIran,isacompactevergreen

shrubwithacreepingrootstock.leaf-like

cladodescaleleafflowerflower長葉假葉樹11/3/202320Ruscus

hypoglossumleaf-likecladodeflower11/3/202321Incertainfamiliarcases,thecladodesoresemblesaleafthatthecasualobserverwouldhavenoreasontosuspectotherwise.GrowinginshadedcanopiesofwetforestsisthisCentralAmericanepiphyticcactusspeciesofDisocactus.Itsflattenedgreenstemsaresothinthattheycaneasilyfoolacollectorintothinkingatfirstthattheseareleaveswithcoarselyserratemargins,butflowerseventuallyappearinthesinuses,wheretheaxillarybudislocated.Disocactus

，CACTACEAE

Leaforstem?11/3/202322Theproperwaytoidentifyaphyllocladeistoexaminecarefullyarapidlygrowingvegetativeshoot,onwhichleavesarestillpresent.Aphyllocladeissubtendedbyaleaf,normallyonethatissmallorscale-like,andtheleavesofthesespeciesareephemeralandsoonabscise.Atiny,ephemeral（短命的）scaleleafcanbeobservedalongthemainaxisofbutcher'sbroom,Ruscus

aculeata(FamilyRuscaceae),andfromtheaxillarybudformstheleaf-likecladode.如何正確鑒定葉狀莖？生于葉腋（葉痕）；葉常常為鱗性；這類植物的葉片是短命的，早落。11/3/202323itsphyllocladeshavehorizontallines(perpendiculartotheveins),showingthepositionsofthenodes,andfromtheaxillarybudsatnodesarewheretheflowersarisealongthephyllocladeedges.Ofthecultivatedexamples,theapply-namedtapewormplant,Homalocladium

platycladum

竹節(jié)蓼(Muehlenbeckia

platyclados,Polygonaceae);hasthemostconspicuoustriangular-lanceolateleaves既有葉狀莖，也有明顯的葉片。11/3/202324Occasionallyauthorshavereferredtotheseplantsashavingepiphyllousflowers（葉生花）("onleaf"),butthisistechnicallywrong,giventhatphyllocladesarestems.ThephyllocladouswoodyspeciesofPhyllanthus(FamilyEuphorbiaceae)areother,strikinglysimilardicotyledonousexamples(Thegenusnamemeans"leafflowers.").Disocactus

nelsonivar.hondurensis.Themembersofthisgenushave2-ribbedstems,whichalmostappearlikeleaves,andmultipleflowersformedfromasingleareole.Disocactus

nelsoniihybrids11/3/202325Amongmonocotyledons,severalgenerawithcladodesarewidelycultivated.SpeciesofAsparagusgenerallyhaveneedle-likecladodes,althoughinsomespeciesofasparagustheycanbeflattened(seealsoMyrsiphyllum).Theneedle-likestructuresofthetypicalSouthAfricanspeciesofAsparagus(FamilyAsparagaceae)arecladodes.Thesubtendingscale-likeleafisvirtuallyunnoticedontheseplants.11/3/202326ThecloselyrelatedfamilyRuscaceae(eightspecies),includingbutcher‘sbroom

(Ruscus

aculeatus，假葉樹),Caesar'slaurel(R.hypoglossum

長葉假葉樹),Alexandrianlaurel(Danae

racemosa

),andclimbingbutcher'sbroom(Semele

androgyna),hascladodesthat,again,appeartoformflowersonleavesbutinrealityhaveflowersproducedfromnodes.

11/3/202327Semele

androgyna(FamilyRuscaceae)hasdarkgreen,broadcladodesthatbearflowersalongtheirmargins.Larger,claspingleaves,eachwithaprominentleafbase,formalongtherapidlygrowingclimbingstems,beforethelateralshootswithcladodesareproduced.11/3/202328OnSemele

androgyna(FamilyRuscaceae)thestructuresthatlooklikedarkgreen,broadleavesare,infact,cladodes,i.e.,flattenedstems,whichbearflowersalongthecladodemargins.Aminutescaleleafisformedatthebaseofeachcladode,barelydiscerniblehere.Thisspeciesalsoformslarger,claspingleaves,eachwithaprominentleafbase,alongtherapidlygrowingclimbingstems,beforethelateralshootswithcladodesareproduced.11/3/202329Semele

androgyna11/3/202330ThegenusPhyllocladusisanAustralasiangymnospermgenushavingscale-likeleavesandlobedphyllocladesthatresemblepinnatelycompoundleaves.Phyllocladus

trichomanoides11/3/202331Foliage:Theultimatefoliarshootsareflattenedintocladodesor'phylloclades'whichinvolveacentralaxisandseveralalternateside'shoots'.Inoutlinethesecladodescanbeoval,triangular,deeplylobed,orcompoundandsmallmarginalhooksrepresentingreducedleavescansometimesbeseen.Phyllocladsreachseveralcminlengthorcanbeaggregatedalongbranchesincomplexestomorethan20cmlongortransitionalasalargedeeplylobedphylloclad.Shootswhicharetocontinuegrowth,whetherasecondaryaxisoralobedcladode,terminateinaglobularbudformedofoverlappingtriangularscales.Theseinturndevelopintoshortshootscoveredwithlinearlanceolate

caducousscale-leavesintheaxilsofwhichnewcladodesorfertilestructuresmaybeproduced.Seedlingsbearspirallyarranged,single-veined,linear,acutebifaciallyflattenedleavesupto1cmlongfollowedgraduallybysmaller,morelanceolateformsuntiltheadultscalesareproduced.11/3/202332Phyllocladus

aspleniifolius11/3/202333Phyllocladus

toatoa

Thisisasmalltreerecognizedbyitsverylargephyllocladesandverysymmetricalshape.

11/3/202334Mostgeneraofcladode-producingplantsoccurinthecactusfamily(Cactaceae).Morethan200speciesaretheplatyopuntias(a.k.a.pricklypears)andnopaleasofthegenusOpuntiainsubfamilyOpuntioideae.Rhipsalis

rhombeaherehasflattened,succulent,photosyntheticstemsthatfunctionlikeleaves.Spinesofthisunusualcactusaretotallyabsentonthesestems;hence,theydonotblocklightinterceptionbythegreenstemtissues.Flowersareformedfromtheaxillarybuds(areoles)alongthered-tingedstemedges.ThisepiphyticspeciesisnativetowesternSouthAmerica.Platyopuntiasarespeciesofcacti(FamilyCactaceae)possessingcladodes，i.e.,flattenedstems,whichareprotectedbyspines.Thesespinesareleafspines,producedonanareole.flattenedstems仙人掌科多數(shù)屬具有葉狀莖11/3/202335Thesearecomparativelythickcladodes,withpadsoftenexceeding1cminthickness,andtheflattenedpads,alsocalledjoints,havenodesonthetwoflatsurfacesaswellasalongtheedges,arrangedinahelicalpattern.相對較厚的葉狀莖Strophocactus

wittii,

大約有1cm厚。Strophocactus

wittiiisaflatepiphytewhichwrapsaroundthehosttrunkorbranch.Ithasdistinctiveredcolorationandfinespinesalongthetworibmargins.11/3/202336Thetermphyllocladeshouldnotbeconfusedwithcladophyll("branch-likeleaf"),i.e.,aphyllode.Acladophyllisaflattenedpetioleorrachisofaleaf,notastem.扁平的葉狀體，不一定是莖的變態(tài)，還有葉狀柄。如Acacia屬。Koa(Acaciakoa,FamilyMimosaceae)hasjuvenilebipinnatelycompoundleavesandadultphyllodesbutalsoformstransitionalleaveshavingsomeleafletsandsomeflattenedleafaxes.11/3/202337Acacia

koa

Phyllode

葉狀柄11/3/202338TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade根狀莖

Rhizome長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot水螅根

Stolon卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/202339根狀莖

（rhizome)許多草本植物具有地下生長的分枝莖，稱之為根狀莖。根狀莖在地下水平生長。根狀莖通過其產(chǎn)生無性繁殖的芽點(diǎn)和節(jié)于根與區(qū)別。也可以通過解剖結(jié)構(gòu)中的維管束類型和葉痕與根區(qū)別。根狀莖的葉極大多數(shù)為鱗形或?yàn)榘?。根狀莖具有貯藏功能。也具有繁殖和分枝功能。11/3/202340TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade根莖

Rhizome長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot水螅根

Stolon卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/202341Aneasilyrecognizedshootdesignistermedlongshoot-shortshootorganization,whereinthecanopyconsistsortwodistinctclassesofshoots:(1)majoraxesthathavelonginternodes,(2)lateralaxesthathavenointernodesandthereforeappearasveryshortprojections.Theclassicexampleoflongshoot-shortshootorganizationisthedeciduousgymnospermGinkgobiloba,themaidenhairtree(FamilyGinkgoaceae).11/3/202342Manyplantsofhigh-lightdesertandsemidesertcommunitiesexhibitlongshoot-shortshootorganization,whereasmostofthesmallleavesareformedyearafteryearonstubby,lateral,shortshoots,whichexperiencenoelongationoftheinternodes.11/3/202343Small,spatulateleavesareproducedontheprominentshortshootsofJatropha

spathulata(FamilyEuphorbiaceae),adesertshrubofNorthAmerica.Notethesteminternodesalongthemainaxis,theoriginallongshoot.11/3/202344Longshootsarerapidlygrowingshoots,producedmainlyattheouteredgeoftheplant'scanopytoachieveatallerorbroadercanopyreachingintothehighlightenvironment.Fromthewidelyspacedaxillarybudsalongthelongshootformlateralbranchesthatareshortshootswithcrowdedleaves,becausesteminternodesdonotform.Shortshootsmaybedeterminate,i.e.,theyformamaturestructureandthenterminateapicalvegetativegrowth,orindeterminate,inwhichtheapicalmeristemoftheshortshootformsleavesyearafteryear.11/3/202345ShortshootsofthisNorthAmericandesertJatropha(FamilyEuphorbiaceae)showhowtheleavescanbeformedclosetothemainbranch,therebyexposingthesmallleavestofullsunduringmostofthedaytime.11/3/202346Someplantshavelongshootsandspur（距狀）shoots,onwhichfloweringoftenoccurs.Aspurshoottendstohavesomeinternodalelongation,henceitsdistinctionfromshortshoots,whichlackinternodalelongation.Someauthorsdescribeshortshootsorspurshootsashaving"fascicledleaves."Chamise,Adenostoma

fasciculatum(FamilyRosaceae),isaverycommonandoftendominantplantofCaliforniachaparral.Itsevergreenleavesarestiffandlinearandclusteredonshortshoots,oftendescribedasbeingfascicled.11/3/202347Themoleculartriggersforlongshoot-shortshootorganizationneedtobecarefullystudiedtodeterminewhatgenesareinvolved.Studiesfromthepreviousgenerationofplantphysiologistsobservedthatdifferenttreatmentsofgrowthsubstances(planthormones)canbeusedtocauseaplanttoproducelongshootsversusshortshoots,andinternodalgrowthisapparentlysuppressed（限制）whenalowerthannormallevelofauxin（茁長素）ispresent.植物生理學(xué)家用植物激素將短枝變成長枝。11/3/202348Longshoot-shortshootorganizationhasnotbeenstudiedintensivelyfromanecologicalandevolutionaryperspective.Indesertandsemiarid,fullsunhabitatsiswheremanyexamplesoflongshoot-shortshootorganizationcanbeobserved.Thereareseveralpossiblebenefitsofthisdesign.Desertspeciesoflimberbush,suchasJatropha

cuneata(FamilyEuphorbiaceae),havelongshoot-shortshootorganization,whereinaclusterofleavesisformedeachyearonstuntedshortshoots,withoutforminglonginternodes.長短枝的形成與環(huán)境的關(guān)系研究不多。11/3/202349Especiallyindeserts,adormantshrubortreecanproduceacropofphotosynthesizingleaveswithinseveraldaysfollowinganeffectiverainfallevent.Growthismorerapidbecause,basically,nostemtissuesneedtobeformed.（沙漠中的灌木和樹雨后幾天內(nèi)長葉不長枝，目的光合作用）Woodyplantswithlongshoot-shortshootorganization,becausetheyhavefewerbranches,tendtopermitsunlighttopenetratedeeplythroughtheplant,ratherthanonlystrikingtheuppermostcanopyandcanopy（樹冠）margins.（木本植物生長短枝有利于陽光能透過樹冠）。11/3/202350Inflorescencesareformedontheshortshoots,ashortdistancefromtheleavessupplyingthenutrients.（花序生長在短枝上，利于營養(yǎng)從葉到花和未來的果實(shí)短距離運(yùn)輸）。Leavestendtohavelittledevelopmentofpetiolesandareclusteredsoclosetothestemthattheremaybesomebenefitsinavoidingwindshearoftheleaves.（葉子以發(fā)育少的葉柄并集聚在枝條上，可能以避免風(fēng)對葉片的危害）。11/3/202351ExamplesofLongShoot-ShortShootOrganization11/3/202352Amonggymnosperms,therearefourtypesoflongshoot-shortshootorganizationfoundinliving(extant)species.11/3/202353deciduousneedlesinthegeneraLarix(larches;longshoot,youngshortshoots,andshortshootsonanolderbranchofL.laricinaandwesternlarch,Larix

occidentalis)andPseudolarix(goldenlarch)(FamilyPinaceae)11/3/202354RapidlygrowinglongshootsofthelarchLarix

laricina(FamilyPinaceae)enabletheplanttogrowtallerandlateralbranches,whereasthemajorityoftheleavesontheplantformonoldershortshoots.ShortshootsofthisNorthAmericanlarch,Larix

laricina(FamilyPinaceae),bearlinearleaves,whicharedeciduousduringfall.AwoodybranchofLarix

laricina(FamilyPinaceae),hereseeninsouthernMichigan,canhaveshortshootsbearingthedeciduouslinearleaves.11/3/202355Thewesternlarch,Larix

occidentalis(FamilyPinaceae),isavaluableconiferousforesttreeofwesternNorthAmericahavingitsdeciduousleavesproducedonshortshoots.11/3/2023562.evergreenneedlesinthegenusCedrus(FamilyPinaceae)Evergreen,linearleaves(needles)oftheAtlasbluecedar(Cedrus

atlantica,FamilyPinaceae)areformedonshortshoots,lateralbranchesthathavenointernodalelongation.Thisresultsintheclusteredappearanceofleavesalongthisoldshoot.Thegrowingtipsofthemainbranchesformlongshootwithsoft,longleavesseparatedbyinternodes,andinsubsequentyearstheshortshootsdevelopfromaxillarybudsalongthelongshoottoproducemostoftheleavesonthetreeandfromwhichconesalsodevelop.11/3/2023573.themaidenhairtree,Ginkgobiloba(FamilyGinkgoaceae),whichhasdistinctivefan-shaped(flabelliform)leaves,sometimesdeeplybilobed

longshootswithdeeplylobedleavesoldshortshootswithfan-shapedleavesmalestructuresandyoungleaves,springgrowthonshortshoots11/3/202358Fan-shapedandbilobedleaveshaveformedonthislongshootofGinkgobiloba(FamilyGinkgoaceae).Thelongshoothaswell-developedsteminternodes.Eachshortshootwillsubsequentlyoriginatefromtheaxillarybud,whichishereeasilyobserved.Thefan-shaped(flabelliform)leavesofGinkgobilobahavebeenproducedontheseoldandwell-developedshortshoots,whichlacksteminternodes.11/3/202359Fan-shaped(flabelliform)leavesofthedeciduousgymnospermGinkgobiloba(FamilyGinkgoaceae)areproducedonstubbyshortshoots,whichhavenointernodes.Inthismanner,leavesareproducedinclustersalongthemainstems,eachclusterseparatedbyafewinches.Thepollen-producing(male)structuresalsoemergewiththeyoungleaves.Ginkgoisdioecious,i.e.,ithasseparatemaleandfemaleplants.11/3/2023604.pines(Pinus,FamilyPinaceae),whichhasdeterminateshortshoots,the"fascicle"ofneedles,onetofivephotosyntheticleavesandseveralscale-likeleaveswrappingthebasesoftheleaves(fasciclesoffiveneedles,e.g.,Pinus

flexilis,limberpine,andP.aristata,bristleconepine);thetreesareevergreen,andtheshortshootsabsciseaftertwoormoregrowingseasons11/3/202361LeaffasciclesofJeffreypine,Pinus

jeffreyi(FamilyPinaceae),havethreeleaves(needles)perfascicle.Theunitoffoliageleavesandleavesaroundthebaseisashortshoot.11/3/202362Limberpine,Pinus

flexilis(FamilyPinaceae),hasfiveshortleaves(needles)perfascicle.Theunitoffoliageleavesandleavesaroundthebaseisashortshoot.11/3/202363Foliageleaves(needles)areproducedinfasciclesoffiveontheColoradobristleconepine,Pinus

aristata(FamilyPinaceae),asubalpineandalpinepineofArizona,Colorado,andNewMexico.Theselong-livedleaffasciclesaredeterminateshortshoots.11/3/202364TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade根莖

Rhizome長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot

水螅根

Stolon

（匍匐莖）

卷須Tendril（攀緣莖）塊莖Tuber11/3/202365stolonisaspecializedtypeofhorizontalabove-groundshoot,acolonizingorganthatarisesfromanaxillarybudnearthebaseoftheplant.Thestolondiffersfromthetypicalvegetativeshootofthatsameplantinhavingmuchlongerand,typically,thinnerinternodes（節(jié)間稀疏）,andthehorizontalstolonalsohasastrongtendencytoformadventitiousrootsatthenodes(節(jié)間不定根發(fā)達(dá)）.STOLON11/3/202366Whiteandrose-coloredstolonsarethemeansforcloningofyerba

mansa,Anemopsis

californica(FamilySaururaceae),abroad-leavedaquaticplantofthesouthwesternUnitedStatesandadjacentMexico.Thisspeciesoccursinwetmeadowsandevendesertspringsasmonospecificstands.ThisplantwasphotographedalongHighway395inOwensValley,California.節(jié)間稀疏11/3/202367Thethinstolon(runner)ofSaxifraga

stolonifera(FamilySaxifragaceae)isrose-pinkandherebearsayoungplantletatthetip.thinstolonyoungplantlet11/3/202368Thestrawberryplant(Fragaria)clonesduringspringtimebyproducingstolonsaroundthemotherplant.Thisspecieshastrifoliateleaves.草莓在早春產(chǎn)生匍匐莖，進(jìn)行無性繁殖。11/3/202369TypesofShoots蓮座狀莖

rosetteform鱗莖Bulb葉狀莖

Cladodeorphylloclade根莖

Rhizome長短枝

Longshoot-shortshoot

水螅根

Stolon卷須

Tendril（攀緣莖，纏繞莖）

塊莖Tuber11/3/202370攀緣莖為藤本植物的一種生活方式，多為木本植物。與纏繞植物不同，常在莖的節(jié)間出常有不定根（凌霄花，Campsis

grandiflora)，或側(cè)枝變成吸盤（爬山虎,Parthenocissus）或卷須（葡萄，Vitis

vinifera），對有些植物則靠也卷須（豌豆,

Pisum

sativum）11/3/20237111/3/202372莖的變態(tài)：吸盤11/3/202373莖卷須11/3/2023