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聯(lián)想啟動(dòng)效應(yīng)的認(rèn)知機(jī)制和腦機(jī)制
母性是一種非太然、非太然和非太然的內(nèi)存處理。有兩種類型的預(yù)算:產(chǎn)品的預(yù)算和改進(jìn)中的預(yù)算,并指示這類報(bào)告。母性授權(quán)是一封鏡頭。在第一階段,沒有預(yù)算授權(quán)的審查可以通過授權(quán)和改進(jìn)的新協(xié)議來執(zhí)行。修訂后的協(xié)議,學(xué)習(xí)報(bào)告的編號(hào)(e.g.邊緣、蘋果、廚房等)、反映新的微藻中的內(nèi)容、線性描述和反映新的內(nèi)容。Therearestillmanyunsolvedissuesonprimingfornewassociations.Thecentraldebateissuesarewhetherperceptualrepresentationsystemscansupportprimingfornewassociationsindependently;whetherthereisrelationbetweenassociativeprimingandconsciousretrieval;andwhataretheneuralsofassociativepriming.Forexample,whetherthemedialtemporallobeplaysaroleinassociativepriming,andwhetherotherbrainregionsmediateinassociativepriming.Aseriesofexperimentsweredonetoexplorethecognitivemechanismsandtheneuralbasisofprimingfornewassociations,usingthecognitiveneuroscienceapproachthatcombinesthestudyofcognitivepsychology,near-infraredspectroscopyandneuropsychology.Part1,whichwasaimedatthecognitivemechanismsofassociativepriming,includedthreeexperiments.Theseexperimentsexploredwhetherperceptualrepresentationsystemscouldsupportprimingfornewassociationsindependently,bystudyingtheeffectsofthelevelofprocessingandunitizationonformingmemoryfornewassociations;andexploredwhetherthereissomerelationbetweenassociativeprimingandconsciousretrieval,byapplyingprocessdissociationparadigmandanalyzingtheawarenessquestionnaires.Inexperiment1,subjectsstudiedunrelatedwordpairsofChinesecharacterunderdeeporshallowconditions,andthenperformedtheinclusionandexclusiontasks.Theprocessdissociationprocedurewasappliedtoinvestigatethecontributionofautomaticandconsciouslycontrolledprocessestoprimingfornewassociations.Theresultsshowedthatonlyunderelaborativecondition,didsubjectscompletemorecorrectstemsofoldpairsthanthatofrepairedones,andbothautomaticandconsciouslycontrolledprocessescontributedtoassociativepriming.Experiment2usedperceptualidentificationtasktomakefurtherexplorationofeffectsoflevelofprocessingonprimingfornewassociations.Effectsofunitization,orassociativestrengthwerealsoexplored,withconcreteandabstractwordpairsaswithinsubjectvariable.Aftersubjectsstudiedthewordpairsunderdeeporshallowencodingconditions,thedifferentwordpairs(oldpairs,recombinedpairsandnewpairs)werepresentedatbriefexposurethresholdduration.Subjectswereaskedtoidentifythewordpairsasfastaspossiblewithnoerror.Finallysubjectsperformedtherecognitiontest,thecorrespondingexplicitmemorytest,andfilledintheawarenessquestionnaire.Consistentwithexperiment1,theresultsshowedthatonlyinelaborativelevelwasthereassociativeprimingeffects,witholdpairsmoreidentifiedthantherecombinedones.Furthermore,unitizationaffectedassociativeprimingaswell,fortheconcretepairscouldformprimingfornewassociationsevenundershallowencodingconditions,thusproduceddissociationbetweenimplicitandexplicitmemory.Thatis,subjectshadnormalassociativeprimingundershallowcondition,buttheirexplicitrecognitionperformancewaslowerthanthatunderdeepcondition.Experiment3usedspeedednamingparadigmtofurtherexaminetheeffectsoflevelofprocessingandunitizationwithcoloredabstractwordsasmaterial,andtocompareperceptualprimingandassociativepriming.Theresultsshowedlevelofprocessinghadnoeffectsonassociativeprimingbetweencolorandabstractwords,eitherusingcolornaming(associativeprimingtask)orwordnaming(perceptualprimingtask).Buttheperformanceofrecognitionwasbetterunderdeepconditionthanshallowcondition.Itfurthershowedwhenthedegreeofunitizationwasstrongenough,associativeprimingcouldbeformedevenundershallowencodingcondition,andinferredthesimilaritiesbetweenperceptualprimingandassociativepriming.Takentogether,theresultsofpart1showedthattherewasinteractionbetweenlevelofprocessingandunitization.Semanticencodingwasoneoftheconditionsforprimingfornewassociations,butunitizationplayedacrucialroleinit.Whenthedegreeofunitizationwasstronger,deepprocessingwasnotnecessary.Therefore,althoughperceptualrepresentationsystemcouldsupporttheperceptualprimingalone,itcouldnotsupportassociativeprimingindependently.Associativeprimingmayneedtheinteractionofperceptualrepresentationsystemandothermemorysystems.Inaddition,theawarenessquestionnairesusedinexperiment2and3wereanalyzed,andshowedthatwhendoingperceptualidentificationandspeedednamingtasks,mostofsubjectswereawareoftherelationsbetweenstudyandtest,buttheydidnotconsciouslyrecollectthestudieditems.Theresultofexperiment1alsoshowedtheautomaticcontrolledprocessmediatedinassociativepriming,thussuggestedtheinvoluntaryconsciousawarenessisoneofthefeaturesofassociativeprimingandthereexistsomerelationsbetweenassociativeprimingandconsciousawareness.Theaimofpart2andpart3wastoexplorethebrainmechanismsofprimingfornewassociations.Part2exploredtheroleoftheprefrontalcortexduringmemoryencodingprocess.Forty-eightsubjectsstudiedunrelatedpairsofChinesecharactersthatwerevisuallypresentedunderbothshallowanddeepencodingconditions.TheregionalbloodvolumechangesrelatedtoperformanceofthecognitivetasksweremeasuredusingfunctionalNIRSequipmentthatwasacontinuousopticalimager.Theresultsshowedthattheactivationofbilateralprefrontalregionswasstrongerunderdeepconditionthanshallowconditionandthatareascomparabletothedorsolateralprefrontalcortexshowedgreaterbloodvolumechanges,particularlyinthelefthemisphere.ThisisthefirststudyusingNIRSimagingtoinvestigatetheroleoftheprefrontalcortexindeepencodingcomparedwithshallowencoding.Itsuggestedthattheprefrontalcortexparticipatesintheelaborativeprocessingofunrelatedwordpairsandistheneuralbasisofmemoryfornewassociations.InPart3,theMTLlesionedpatientsandfrontallobelesionedpatientswereexaminedtoexplorethebrainmechanismsofassociativepriming.Therewere18MTLpatients,25frontallobepatients,and18age,gender,andeducation-matchedcontrolsubjects.Eachsubjectdidtheneuropsychologicaltaskstoassesstheircognitivedeficits,includingMiniMentalStateExamination,WechslerMemoryScale--Revised,WisconsinCardSortingTestandwordfluencytask.TheassessmentsdemonstratedthatMTLpatientshadlowerperformanceinmemoryscale,andthemaindeficitsoffrontallobelesionedpatientswaretheabstractthinkingandinhibitingirrelevantinformation.Bothpatientgroupshadlowerwordfluencyscores.Thepatientswerefurtherdividedintomildorseverememorydeficitsubgroups,withtheirmemoryquotientwas80asthecut-off.Eachpatientdidtheperceptualidentificationtask,colornamingandwordnamingtasksincounterbalancedorder.Incontrasttothecontrolsubjects,theMTLlesionedpatientsfailedtoshowsuperioridentificationoftheoldpairsrelativetotherecombinedpairs,andfailedtoshowprimingforrecentlyexperiencednewassociationsbetweenwordsandcolors.Recognitionmemorybythesepatientswasseverelyimpaired,buttheiritemprimingwasnormal.Theresultsrecordedanabsenceofprimingfornewassociations,inwhichthenatureofthestimuliwasconsiderablydiffe-rent.TheresultsindicateacriticalroleforMTLinformingassociationsbetweenunrelateditems,whethertheassociationconcernstwoseparateitemsortwoaspectsofasinglestimulus.Asforthefrontallesionedpatients,theirassociativeprimingeffectwaslowerthanthatofthecontrolsubjectswithunrelatedwordpairsandcoloredwordsasmaterialtoo.Therecognitionperformanceofthepatientswithmildmemorydeficitwassimilartothatofthecontrolsubjects,buttheirassociativeprimingwaslowerthanthatofthenormalcontrols.Thephenomenonofintactrecognitionbutimpairedassociativeprimingmanifestedthedissociationbetweenimplicitmemoryandexplicitmemory.Thecorrelationbetweenassociativeprimingandpreservativeresponse,preservativeerrors,conceptuallevelresponsesandwordfluencytestwassignificantinpatientgroup.Itindicatedthemechanismsofthefrontallobeparticipatinginassociativeprimingweresemanticprocessing,sorting,inhibitionandwordfluency.Theresultsalsoshowedtheseverelymemorydeficitpatientscouldnotformmemoryfornewassociations,whichinferredtherelationbetweenassociativeprimingandconsciousretrieval.BothMTLandfrontallobemediatedprimingfornewassociations,buttherewassomedifferenceintheirmechanisms.Medialtemporallobeplayedacriticalroleinformingassociationsbetweenunrelateditemsorstimuli.Maybeitistheneuralbasisofunitization.Experiment3inpart3exploredthishypothesiswith11MTLlesionedpatientsassubjects.Whenthetestdidnotrequireretrievingtherelationsbetweenitemstobeformed,primingeffectsinMTLlesionedpatientshadnodifferencewiththecontrolgroup,buttheirrecognitionperformancewasstilllower.Withregardtothefrontallobe,themechanismsweremoreabstract.Frontallobeparticipatedinelaborativeprocessing,whichisnecessaryforassociati
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