第二章醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的來源最精簡

第二章醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的來源最精簡第1頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月-omicsgenomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomics第2頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Native=Anglo-saxonBorrowed=loan-word第3頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.第4頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructuresOrgansSubstancesbasicconceptsofhumanactivities第5頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)第6頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithoutSemanticalChangesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever第7頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

InO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”or‘"thatwhichburstsout”.第8頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

bleedinghemorrhagecerebralhemorrhage腦溢血;腦出血internalhemorrhage內(nèi)出血subarachnoidhemorrhage蛛網(wǎng)膜下出血subduralhemorrhage硬腦膜下出血第9頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestchest–InO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(藥箱)第10頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestThemeaningwasextendedto“thorax”in1530andreplacedbreast,onthemetaphorthattheribsareaboxfortheorgans.第11頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestflatchest扁平胸seeninweakpeopleorpeoplewithchronicconsumption第12頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschest桶狀胸barrelchestcommonlyseeninpatientwithemphysema第13頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestrachiticchest[rE5kitik]佝僂病胸雞胸pigeonchestpeoplewithrachitis[rE5kaitis]第14頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestfunnelchest漏斗胸第15頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Itwasorgane

inO.E.,andorgene

inO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.第16頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

SensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(風(fēng)琴).第17頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

GreatOrganWorks偉大管風(fēng)琴作品OrganFavorites最著名的管風(fēng)琴曲第18頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Themeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?第19頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月第20頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

Process第21頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

EarlyModernEnglish

(1500-1800)

Time:

1500-1800Event:RenaissanceResult:waveofinnovationinEnglish第22頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗瘡”“粉刺”第23頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acnewhiteheads

blackheads

pustules

nodules,orcysts

第24頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneacnevulgaris尋常性痤瘡aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.

第25頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

anorexiaanorexia–ItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexia

in1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“l(fā)ackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa

(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).第26頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisWeshowinthisfirstcasereportthatadiagnosisofHairycellleukemia(HCL)canbeaccuratelyrenderedEUS-FNAsamples.Toconsistentlymakeadiagnosisofgastritis,knowledgeofthestructuresseeninnormalstomachisrequired.第27頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosismisdiagnosis>misdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.dualdiagnosis第28頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.第29頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasisEnteringEnglishin1577,itwasderivedfromGreekmetastasis(transference,removal,change),whichwasevolvedfrommethistanai

(toremove,change)composedofmeta-(over,across)andhistanai(toplace,causetostand).第30頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasis[mE5tAstEsis]Itwasfirstusedinmedicinereferringto“shiftofdiseasefromonepartofthebodytoanother”inEnglishfrom1663.第31頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosisEnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(becomingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).第32頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosise.g.necrodermatitis壞死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia戀尸狂,戀尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸體恐怖第33頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktoRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedafterNormanConquest.AsNormaninvadersspokealanguagethatderivesfromAncientLatin,borrowingfromLatinwasinevitable.第34頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

abscessItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-

(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.第35頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

aortaBorrowedintoEnglishin1578fromMiddleLatinaorta,thetermwasappliedbyAristotletothegreatarteryoftheheart.Itliterallymeant“whatishungup.”第36頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyBorrowedintoEnglishfromModernLatinautopsia(aneye-witnessing)in1651,itisformedfromautos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“asight.”Senseof“dissectionofabodytodeterminecauseofdeath”isfirstrecorded1678.第37頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyalsocallednecropsypostmortempostmortemexamination第38頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.

第39頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cell

ItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.第40頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike

(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.第41頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cortexEnteringEnglishin1653fromLatin,originallymeaning“barkofatree.”Specificreferenceof“theouterlayerofthebrain”wasfirstrecordedin1741.第42頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

thecortexofthebrain>theadrenalgland>thekidney>thecerebellum>braincortex/cerebralcortexadrenalcortexrenalcortexcerebellarcortex第43頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaItwasfromlateLatinhydrophobia,fromhydros(water)andphobos(dread,fear).Itissocalledbecausehumansufferersshowaversiontowaterandhavedifficultyswallowingit.第44頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaalsocalledrabies/maddogdisease第45頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin–(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.第46頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation紅腫熱痛othertermsofinflammation浸潤滲出滲出液第47頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation紅:rubor/redness腫:tumor/swelling熱:calor/hotness痛:dolor/painothertermsofinflammation浸潤:filtration滲出:exudation滲出液:exudate第48頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

medicineOriginallyarsmedicina(themedicalart)inLatin,itenteringEnglisharound1225frommedicina.第49頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“l(fā)ittlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).第50頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy–/myo–.

第51頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

obstetricsItwasborrowedin1742fromModernLatinobstetricus(pertainingtoamidwife),whichwasformedfromobstetrix(midwife).Madefromobstare(standoppositeto),itliterallymeans“onewhostandsopposite(thewomangivingbirth)”.第52頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboItisMiddleEnglishfromLatinplacebo(Ishallplease).ItwasoriginallyusedfortheriteofVespersoftheOfficeoftheDead,beingthefirstwordofthefirstantiphon,thatis,“PlaceboDominoinregionevivorum”(Iwillplease(我愿意)theLordinthelandoftheliving).

第53頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboMedicalsense(amedicinegivenmoretopleasethantobenefitthepatient)isfirstrecorded1785.

第54頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea[7pAnE5siE]ItcameintoEnglishin1548fromLatinpanacea

(anall–healingherb),whichoriginatedfromGreekpanakeia(cure–all),frompan–(all)andakos(cure).第55頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea“hygiene（衛(wèi)生，衛(wèi)生學(xué)）”一詞源于希臘神話健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是醫(yī)神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女兒。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女兒、被奉為治療之神的帕娜賽婭（Panacea）的名字。第56頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

第57頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

Chemistry<alchemy煉金術(shù)duramater<duramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamater<piamatercerebri=softmotherofbrain第58頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

cephalicvein頭靜脈：該靜脈可以治療頭痛有關(guān)？basilicvein貴要靜脈，放血治療的重要選擇syrup第59頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

第60頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.第61頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).第62頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne

(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).

benefitbenedictionbeneficent第63頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

MortuaryBorrowedintoEnglishin1330fromAnglo–Frenchmortuarie(gifttoaparishpriestfromadeceasedparishioner),itwasfirstusedtoreferto“aplacewherebodiesarekepttemporarily”in1865asaeuphemismforearlierdeadhouse.

第64頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

EmbolismBorrowedintoEnglishin1387fromOldFrenchembolisme,itoriginallymeant“intercalation(置潤)ofdaysintoacalendar”astheFrenchwordwasderivedfromlateLatinembolismus(insertionofdaysinacalendartocorrecterrors).Itsmedicalsenseof“obstructionofabloodvessel”isfirstrecordedinEnglishin1855.

第65頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Malaise[mA5leiz]Borrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“ill–ease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).

第66頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAnglo–Frenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).第67頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate[5prCsteit]ItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro–(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.

第68頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostate前列腺痛prostatodynia第69頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺切除術(shù)

prostatectomyprostaglandin前列腺素第70頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

bruit雜音chancre下疳debridement清創(chuàng)術(shù)goiter甲狀腺腫grand/petitmal癲癇大小發(fā)作lavage灌洗massage按摩第71頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

German第72頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.

Suchadvancesnecessitatenewvocabularytodenotenewfindings,discoveries,conceptsandsubstances.SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.

第73頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Itwascoinedin1899inGermanasatrademarknameeitherfromGreeka–(without)andLatinspiraea(ulmaria),theplantinwhoseflowersorleavestheprocessedacidinthemedicineisfoundnaturally.Henceaspirinmeans“acetylo–salicylicacidwhichisgainednotfromtheSpiraea

ulmaria(butinachemicalway)”.第74頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Oritmaybeacontractionofacetyliertespirs?ure,theGermannameoftheacid.第75頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemo–andtherapie.第76頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

chromosome

ItenteredEnglishin1889fromGermanchromosom,coinedthepreviousyearbyGermananatomistWilhelmvonWaldeyer–HartzfromGreekchroma(color)andsoma(body).Itissocalledbecausethestructurescontainasubstancethatstainsreadilywithbasicdyes.第77頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

gene

ComingintoEnglishin1911fromGermanGen,itwascoinedin1905byDanishscientistWilhelmLudvigJohannsen(1857–1927),fromGreekgenea

“generation,race”.Geneshadearlierbeencalledpangenes.第78頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

GenomeLiterallymeaning“sumtotalofgenesinaset,”itwasborrowedintoEnglishin1930fromGermangenom,whichwascoinedin1920byGermanbotanistHansWinklerfromgen(gene)and(chromos)om(chromosome).第79頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

PsychoanalysisItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1906fromGermanPsychoanalyse,coined1896byFreudfromGreekpsykhe–(mental)andGermananalyse.Psychoanalystandpsychoanalyzewerebothfirstattestedin1911.第80頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

SchizophreniaItenteredEnglishin1912fromGermanschizophrenie

coinedbyE.Bleulerin1910fromGreekskhizein(tosplit)andphren(mind).Slangshorteningschizowasfirstattestedin1920sasanadjectiveandfrom1945asanoun.e.g.rachischisis

第81頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

influenza

ItwasborrowedduringanoutbreakofthediseaseinEuropein1743fromItalianinfluenza

(influenza,epidemic).Originally:“visitation,influence(ofthestars),”第82頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

influenza

UsedinItalianfordiseasessinceatleast1504onthenotionof“astraloroccultinfluence”.The1743outbreakbeganinItaly.Ithasbeenoftenappliedsincemiddle19thcenturytoseverecolds.第83頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

Whatisaffluenza?第84頁，課件共92頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

malari