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立體定向放射治療放射生物學(xué)規(guī)范程光惠、趙紅福十七世紀(jì),法國的哲學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家ReneDescartes提出運(yùn)用三個(gè)垂直交叉的平面可以確定三維空間任意一點(diǎn)位置,稱為立體定向的概念。基于此理論,1951年瑞典神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生LarsLeksell提出立體定向放射外科(stereotacticradiosurgery,SRS)技術(shù),伽馬刀是實(shí)施SRS的主要設(shè)備,其通過多個(gè)60Co放射源聚焦照射靶點(diǎn)。隨著放射治療設(shè)備的不斷發(fā)展,SRS概念逐漸擴(kuò)展為分次大分割照射,失去了“手術(shù)”的內(nèi)涵,被稱為立體定向放射治療(stereotacticradiotherapy,SRT)。SRS和SRT概念在體部腫瘤中逐漸得到應(yīng)用,形成了體部立體定向放射治療(stereotacticbodyradiotherapy,SBRT)概念。立體定向的技術(shù)核心是聚焦照射,非共面射束是其主要特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)這一基本原理,1987年,美國斯坦福大學(xué)神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生Adler等提出了一種新的SRS設(shè)備概念,研制出射波刀機(jī)器人放射外科治療系統(tǒng)。射波刀將“智能交互式機(jī)器人”和“影像導(dǎo)航技術(shù)”整合,實(shí)時(shí)跟蹤患者體內(nèi)腫瘤與正常器官及其運(yùn)動(dòng)變化位置關(guān)系,實(shí)施基于多機(jī)械臂的多野集聚定向照射。隨著電子直線加速器機(jī)械等中心精度的提高,圓形準(zhǔn)直器、微形多葉光柵(micromulti-leafcollimator,mMLC)、弧形容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療(volumetricmodulatedarctherapy,VMAT)的應(yīng)用,通過多床角旋轉(zhuǎn)照射,直線加速器也可實(shí)施SBRT。體部立體定向放射治療(SBRT)已成為重要的放射治療治療技術(shù)。一、放射生物學(xué)4R理論(1)DNA損傷的修復(fù)DNA損傷的修復(fù)也叫“亞致死”損傷的修復(fù)。實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究表明,人類腫瘤的放射敏感性和放射治愈性有很大的不同,是由于修復(fù)亞致死損傷能力的不同所致。對于正常組織,同樣存在放射敏感性的差異。在臨床非常規(guī)分割照射過程中,兩次照射之間間隔時(shí)間應(yīng)大于6小時(shí),以利于亞致死損傷完全修復(fù)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Jeremic,2004#3456"1]。輻射致細(xì)胞損傷造成細(xì)胞死亡,是由于潛在致死損傷沒有得到修復(fù)(主要是DNA雙鏈的斷裂),和由于分次照射的亞致死損傷積累轉(zhuǎn)化為致死損傷共同組成的。亞致死損傷細(xì)胞如果給予足夠的時(shí)間,其具有被修復(fù)的傾向性。如果在原有亞致死損傷未得到足夠時(shí)間修復(fù)的情況下,相鄰的DNA進(jìn)一步發(fā)生損傷,那么亞致死損傷就變?yōu)橹滤罁p傷ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>HD</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>3473</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3473</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3473</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ThamesHD</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An'incomplete-repair'modelforsurvivalafterfractionatedandcontinuousirradiations</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationbiologyandrelatedstudiesinphysics,chemistry,andmedicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Internationaljournalofradiationbiologyandrelatedstudiesinphysics,chemistry,andmedicine</full-title></periodical><pages>319-39</pages><volume>47</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1985</year></dates><accession-num>3872284</accession-num><label>0</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09553008514550461</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"HD,1985#3473"2]。雖然為了簡化修復(fù)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,常常假設(shè)其是單指數(shù)的,但修復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)分析表明,對于關(guān)鍵正常組織,修復(fù)是多個(gè)階段的,也就是說具有兩個(gè)或更多的指數(shù)成分。平均半修復(fù)時(shí)間通常為0.5~3小時(shí)。(2)再增殖再增殖是影響快速增殖正常組織和腫瘤的一種現(xiàn)象,它可補(bǔ)償輻射誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞死亡。在兩個(gè)分次之間,靜止細(xì)胞可以重新進(jìn)入循環(huán),然后經(jīng)歷有絲分裂。在治療中斷的情況下,可以觀察到加速增殖,這是治療失敗的主要原因,也是EBRT中不將療程分割成幾部分的主要原因ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>DC</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3474</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3474</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3474</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WeberDC</author><author>KurtzJM</author><author>AllalAS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Theimpactofgapdurationonlocalcontrolinanalcanalcarcinomatreatedbysplit-courseradiotherapyandconcomitantchemotherapy</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IntJRadiatOncolBiolPhys</full-title><abbr-1>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</abbr-1></periodical><pages>675-80</pages><volume>50</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><accession-num>11395235</accession-num><label>6.203</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01510-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"DC,2001#3474"3]。研究表明,當(dāng)總治療時(shí)間小于3~4周時(shí),再增殖對很多腫瘤影響很小,但超過這個(gè)時(shí)間,加速再增殖將會非常明顯ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Bentzen,1991#3475"4]。398例活檢證實(shí)的乳腺癌接受了45Gy/25f的外照射后給予37Gy的Ir-192插植治療。外照射與近距離治療的平均間隔為5.9周,中位隨訪34.5個(gè)月(10-148個(gè)月)觀察到77例局部復(fù)發(fā),多變量分析顯示外照射和近距離照射間隔時(shí)間的延長使得局部失敗概率增加,相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為1.23,而外照射后腫瘤完全消退的情況下失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>B</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>3490</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3490</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3490</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DubrayB</author><author>MazeronJJ</author><author>SimonJM</author><author>ThamesHD</author><author>LePéchouxC</author><author>CalitchiE</author><author>OtmezguineY</author><author>LeBourgeoisJP</author><author>PierquinB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Timefactorsinbreastcarcinoma:influenceofdelaybetweenexternalirradiationandbrachytherapy</title><secondary-title>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadiotherOncol</full-title><abbr-1>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>267-72</pages><volume>25</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><accession-num>1480772</accession-num><label>5.252</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/0167-8140(92)90246-q</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"B,1992#3490"5]。同樣的,對343例接受外照射聯(lián)合近距離治療(外照射50Gy后進(jìn)行近距離推量20-30Gy)的口咽癌患者進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)總治療時(shí)間<55天、外照射與近距離治療之間的天數(shù)<20天的患者,放射生物學(xué)因素顯示復(fù)發(fā)率較低ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pernot</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>3491</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3491</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3491</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pernot,Monique</author><author>Malissard,Luc</author><author>Hoffstetter,Sylvette</author><author>Luporsi,Elisabeth</author><author>Aletti,Pierre</author><author>Peiffert,Didier</author><author>Allavena,Christophe</author><author>Kozminski,Premislav</author><author>Bey,Pierre</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Influenceoftumoral,radiobiological,andgeneralfactorsonlocalcontrolandsurvivalofaseriesof361tumorsofthevelotonsillarareatreatedbyexclusiveirradiation(externalbeamirradiation+brachytherapyorbrachytherapyalone)</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofRadiationOncologyBiologyPhysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofRadiationOncologyBiologyPhysics</full-title></periodical><pages>1051-1057</pages><volume>30</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Pernot,1994#3491"6]。這些臨床結(jié)果的分析從一定程度上證實(shí)了腫瘤的再增殖的存在。總治療時(shí)間在早反應(yīng)組織和腫瘤控制方面起著重要的作用。宮頸癌根治性放射治療的總治療時(shí)間超過52~60天,腫瘤控制率會下降,超過55天,每延長一天,腫瘤控制率下降0.6%~1%ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Mazeron,2015#665"7,\o"Chen,2003#893"8]。Tanderup等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tanderup</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>866</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>866</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">866</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tanderup,Kari</author><author>Fokdal,LarsUlrik</author><author>Sturdza,Alina</author><author>Haie-Meder,Christine</author><author>Mazeron,Renaud</author><author>vanLimbergen,Erik</author><author>Jürgenliemk-Schulz,Ina</author><author>Petric,Primoz</author><author>Hoskin,Peter</author><author>D?rr,Wolfgang</author><author>Bentzen,S?renM.</author><author>Kirisits,Christian</author><author>Lindegaard,JacobChristian</author><author>P?tter,Richard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectoftumordose,volumeandoveralltreatmenttimeonlocalcontrolafterradiochemotherapyincludingMRIguidedbrachytherapyoflocallyadvancedcervicalcancer</title><secondary-title>RadiotherapyandOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadiotherapyandOncology</full-title></periodical><pages>441-446</pages><volume>120</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>01678140</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.radonc.2016.05.014</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Tanderup,2016#866"9]多中心研究表明,在總治療時(shí)間7周的基礎(chǔ)上,每延長一周CTVHRD90需增加5GyEQD2,10劑量,才能保持相同的局部控制率。因此,由于再增殖的影響,在長療程的放射治療中,總治療時(shí)間的影響需要考慮在內(nèi)。(3)再氧合“氧固定假說”表明氧在放療中有著重要的作用。急性缺氧細(xì)胞比富氧細(xì)胞更抗拒射線。氧增強(qiáng)比(oxygenenhancementratio,OER)是指缺氧細(xì)胞和富氧細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生相同的生物效應(yīng)所需的輻射劑量之比。對于EBRT和HDR照射,OER為3,而對于LDR照射,OER為1.6~1.7ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>CC</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>3476</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3476</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3476</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LingCC</author><author>SpiroIJ</author><author>MitchellJ</author><author>SticklerR</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ThevariationofOERwithdoserate</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IntJRadiatOncolBiolPhys</full-title><abbr-1>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1367-73</pages><volume>11</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>1985</year></dates><accession-num>4008293</accession-num><label>6.203</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/0360-3016(85)90253-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"CC,1985#3476"10],顯著低于HDR照射,因此LDR照射對于乏氧腫瘤具有一定的優(yōu)勢。乏氧細(xì)胞通常在輻射中能存活下來,由于富氧細(xì)胞的殺滅,乏氧細(xì)胞會逐步再氧合,通常需要幾個(gè)小時(shí)到幾周。其機(jī)制主要包括長機(jī)制及短機(jī)制。長機(jī)制指由于腫瘤收縮和細(xì)胞殺傷,導(dǎo)致氧消耗降低,從而改善慢性缺氧。短機(jī)制指由缺血引起的乏氧,暫時(shí)關(guān)閉的血管可能急性復(fù)開。在分次照射期間,腫瘤的氧合可能增加,但這種效應(yīng)比較緩慢,有一定的延遲。(4)細(xì)胞周期再分布細(xì)胞周期包括G1期,S期,G2期和M期。細(xì)胞的輻射敏感性隨細(xì)胞周期而變化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>M</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3477</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3477</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3477</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BaumannM</author><author>D?rrW</author><author>PetersenC</author><author>KrauseM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Repopulationduringfractionatedradiotherapy:muchhasbeenlearned,evenmoreisopen</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationbiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Internationaljournalofradiationbiology</full-title></periodical><pages>465-7</pages><volume>79</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><accession-num>14530153</accession-num><label>2.266</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/0955300031000160259</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"M,2003#3477"11],S期是輻射抗拒的細(xì)胞周期,G2和M期是輻射敏感的細(xì)胞周期。隨著照射的進(jìn)行,輻射敏感期細(xì)胞的殺傷,導(dǎo)致腫瘤輻射敏感性下降。存活的相對輻射抗拒的S期細(xì)胞向更敏感的G2期或M期進(jìn)展。此時(shí)再給予新的射線照射,將導(dǎo)致更多的細(xì)胞殺滅。(5)放射敏感性放射敏感性是腫瘤的一個(gè)固有特征,這就是為什么有的腫瘤對輻射有很好的反應(yīng),有的腫瘤對輻射反應(yīng)不理想。固有放射敏感性的概念源于腫瘤細(xì)胞的遺傳不穩(wěn)定性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>A.</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>3850</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3850</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3850</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BeggA.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>4thed</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Moleculartargetingandpatientindividualization.</title><secondary-title>Basicclinicalradiobiology</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>London:</pub-location><publisher>HodderArnold</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"A.,2009#3850"12]。表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)、p53和ki67蛋白信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的激活是與內(nèi)源性放射敏感性相關(guān)的重要途徑。(6)遠(yuǎn)程旁觀者效應(yīng)當(dāng)靠近受照細(xì)胞的未受照射細(xì)胞發(fā)生與受照細(xì)胞相似的細(xì)胞變化時(shí),就會發(fā)生這種情況。早些時(shí)候有人認(rèn)為輻射會導(dǎo)致靶細(xì)胞死亡。然而,遠(yuǎn)程旁觀者效應(yīng)與這一觀點(diǎn)相悖,實(shí)際上沒有受到輻射的細(xì)胞也顯示出輻射損傷的跡象ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>C</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3851</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3851</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3851</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MothersillC</author><author>SeymourC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Radiation-inducedbystandereffects:pasthistoryandfuturedirections</title><secondary-title>Radiationresearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadiationResearch</full-title><abbr-1>Radiat.Res.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>759-67</pages><volume>155</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><accession-num>11352757</accession-num><label>2.657</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0759:ribeph]2.0.co;2</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"C,2001#3851"13]。當(dāng)輻射擊中細(xì)胞通過縫隙連接向非靶細(xì)胞發(fā)送損傷信號時(shí),就會發(fā)生這種情況。這種效應(yīng)在正常細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞中都可以看到,這可能也有一些臨床意義。二、生物等效劑量(1)生物等效劑量(biologicaleffectivedose,BED)吸收劑量是評價(jià)輻射效應(yīng)的重要參數(shù),臨床結(jié)果總是與總吸收劑量密切相關(guān)。因此,ICRU推薦報(bào)告詳細(xì)的空間劑量分布,以便理解輻射的生物效應(yīng)。而相同的吸收劑量,可能導(dǎo)致不同的生物效應(yīng),其依賴因素為:平均劑量率、分次劑量或脈沖劑量、分次間或脈沖間間隔時(shí)間、總治療時(shí)間、劑量(劑量率)分布、射線質(zhì)或傳能線密度(linearenergytransfer,LET)等。在不同技術(shù)條件下,對比和疊加幾種治療時(shí),往往需將吸收劑量通過轉(zhuǎn)換方程轉(zhuǎn)換為等效生物劑量。轉(zhuǎn)換方程需綜合考慮上述因素,轉(zhuǎn)換方程的參數(shù)因組織不同而有明顯差異,也因不同的生物終點(diǎn)有明顯差異。(2)線性二次(linear-quadratic,LQ)模型放射敏感性是指細(xì)胞(組織和器官)對電離輻射損傷和失活的敏感性。為了比較不同類型細(xì)胞的放射敏感性,我們可以直接在細(xì)胞存活曲線上讀取2Gy劑量下的存活分?jǐn)?shù)或由數(shù)學(xué)模型導(dǎo)出參數(shù)。LQ模型是比較分割敏感性、模擬常規(guī)分割放射治療中分割效果和預(yù)測腫瘤對改變分割方案反應(yīng)的最常用工具。該模型基于細(xì)胞死亡是由于DNA鏈斷裂的假設(shè)建立的。LQ模型認(rèn)為,輻射致細(xì)胞死亡與單鏈和雙鏈DNA斷裂有關(guān)。DNA雙鏈斷裂造成細(xì)胞致死性損傷,劑量效應(yīng)是線性關(guān)系(S=e-αD);DNA單鏈斷裂造成細(xì)胞亞致死損傷,劑量效應(yīng)是二次函數(shù)關(guān)系(S=e-βD2)。a和b分別代表了細(xì)胞存活曲線的初始斜率和向下彎曲的程度,a/b值是致死性損傷與亞致死性損傷貢獻(xiàn)相等時(shí)的單次劑量,它反映了修復(fù)能力和對分次的敏感性。a/b值較?。?~6Gy)表明對分次劑量敏感;a/b值較大(7~20Gy)表明對分次劑量較為不敏感。早反應(yīng)組織的a/b為7~10Gy,而晚反應(yīng)組織為1~6Gy,大部分腫瘤的a/b與早反應(yīng)組織的相似或者更高,且變化范圍較大,為7~20Gy,但是在黑色素瘤、肉瘤、乳腺癌ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>L</Author><Year>1952</Year><RecNum>3481</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3481</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3481</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>COHENL</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Radiotherapyinbreastcancer.I.Thedose-timerelationshiptheoreticalconsiderations</title><secondary-title>TheBritishjournalofradiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheBritishJournalofRadiology</full-title></periodical><pages>636-42</pages><volume>25</volume><number>300</number><dates><year>1952</year></dates><accession-num>12997667</accession-num><label>1.939</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1259/0007-1285-25-300-636</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"L,1952#3481"14]和前列腺癌ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>WR</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>3482</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3482</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3482</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LeeWR</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Extremehypofractionationforprostatecancer</title><secondary-title>Expertreviewofanticancertherapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ExpertReviewofAnticancerTherapy</full-title><abbr-1>ExpertRev.AnticancerTher</abbr-1></periodical><pages>61-5</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><accession-num>19105707</accession-num><label>3.099</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1586/147371</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"WR,2009#3482"15]屬于低a/b腫瘤。按照LQ模型,分次照射的輻射效應(yīng)由a/b值、總物理劑量D、單次劑量d和分次數(shù)n共同決定:E=nαd+β這里E是一種生物效應(yīng)的度量,或劑量與反應(yīng)關(guān)系的預(yù)測,它僅是一個(gè)與細(xì)胞存活相關(guān)的數(shù)值,但卻很難與臨床上觀察到的具體癥狀和體征,如紅斑,狹窄,纖維化,壞死等相關(guān)聯(lián)。但是,相同的等效生物劑量E,對于同一組織,將產(chǎn)生相同的生物或臨床結(jié)果。a和b是與組織相關(guān)的生物學(xué)參數(shù),同時(shí)依賴于組織的生物終點(diǎn)和射線質(zhì)。LQ模型的應(yīng)用一直存在爭議,支持者認(rèn)為,LQ模型的參數(shù)較少,具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)用性和可操作性。它對實(shí)驗(yàn)中的分次/劑量效應(yīng)具有良好的預(yù)測特性,在實(shí)驗(yàn)和理論上都得到了相當(dāng)好的驗(yàn)證。LQ模型的a/b參數(shù)大多數(shù)是離體細(xì)胞或動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中所得出的數(shù)據(jù),人體組織的精確參數(shù)很少,同時(shí)腫瘤組織存在多種不確定的內(nèi)在因素,如壞死、乏氧等均可能影響a/b值。在單次劑量較大的情況下,LQ公式的正確性存在爭議ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>JP</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>3483</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3483</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3483</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>KirkpatrickJP</author><author>BrennerDJ</author><author>OrtonCG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Point/Counterpoint.Thelinear-quadraticmodelisinappropriatetomodelhighdoseperfractioneffectsinradiosurgery</title><secondary-title>Medicalphysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MedPhys</full-title><abbr-1>Medicalphysics</abbr-1></periodical><pages>3381-4</pages><volume>36</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><accession-num>19746770</accession-num><label>3.177</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1118/1.3157095</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"JP,2009#3483"16]。在劑量0.5~6Gy范圍內(nèi),大多數(shù)組織中的生物效應(yīng)是可信的,是可量化的。單次劑量超過6~10Gy,LQ公式則可能會高估生物學(xué)效應(yīng)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>SM</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3484</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3484</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3484</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BentzenSM</author><author>D?rrW</author><author>GahbauerR</author><author>HowellRW</author><author>JoinerMC</author><author>JonesB</author><author>JonesDT</author><author>vanderKogelAJ</author><author>WambersieA</author><author>WhitmoreG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Bioeffectmodelingandequieffectivedoseconceptsinradiationoncology--terminology,quantitiesandunits</title><secondary-title>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadiotherOncol</full-title><abbr-1>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>266-8</pages><volume>105</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><accession-num>23157980</accession-num><label>5.252</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.radonc.2012.10.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"SM,2012#3484"17]。LQ模型假設(shè)在分次照射期間,細(xì)胞的亞致死損傷應(yīng)獲得完全性修復(fù),同時(shí)細(xì)胞沒有增殖,這與實(shí)際情況有一定差距。LQ模型未考慮總治療時(shí)間的影響,即以LQ模型為基礎(chǔ)的等效劑量計(jì)算要建立在相似的總治療時(shí)間假設(shè)下。由于LQ模型在高單次劑量范圍內(nèi)的不確定性,前瞻性隨機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)的臨床數(shù)據(jù)是實(shí)施SRS和SBRT的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Timmerman</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>3471</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3471</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3471</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Timmerman,RD.</author><author>Park,C.</author><author>Kavanagh,BD.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheNorthAmericanExperiencewithStereotacticBodyRadiationTherapyinNon-smallCellLungCancer</title><secondary-title>JournalofThoracicOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofThoracicOncology</full-title></periodical><pages>S101-S112</pages><volume>2</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Timmerman,2007#3471"18]。但在缺乏良好的臨床結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的情況下,生物模型可作為指導(dǎo)新的分次方案的參考依據(jù)。LQ模型因其具有較少的參數(shù),是最為廣泛應(yīng)用的放射生物模型。在單次劑量較小的情況下,LQ模型的可信度較高,當(dāng)單次劑量增加時(shí),其可信度下降。(3)等效吸收劑量(EQDX,EQD2)等效吸收劑量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>SM</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3484</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3484</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3484</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>BentzenSM</author><author>D?rrW</author><author>GahbauerR</author><author>HowellRW</author><author>JoinerMC</author><author>JonesB</author><author>JonesDT</author><author>vanderKogelAJ</author><author>WambersieA</author><author>WhitmoreG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Bioeffectmodelingandequieffectivedoseconceptsinradiationoncology--terminology,quantitiesandunits</title><secondary-title>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadiotherOncol</full-title><abbr-1>Radiotherapyandoncology:journaloftheEuropeanSocietyforTherapeuticRadiologyandOncology</abbr-1></periodical><pages>266-8</pages><volume>105</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><accession-num>23157980</accession-num><label>5.252</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.radonc.2012.10.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"SM,2012#3484"17]是專門用于比較兩種或幾種不同分次劑量模式中給予靶區(qū)和OARs的物理劑量造成的臨床結(jié)果,是指當(dāng)以特定規(guī)格分次(XGy)照射產(chǎn)生相同輻射效應(yīng)的吸收劑量。由于大量的臨床治療采用分次劑量2Gy,每周5次治療模式,因此常使用EQD2來進(jìn)行劑量換算、比對和疊加:BED=EQD由于EBRT和HDR照射的劑量率較高,照射時(shí)間很短,照射期間假設(shè)不存在修復(fù),而分次間隔超過6小時(shí),假設(shè)存在完全的修復(fù),因此上式對于EBRT和HDR照射均適用。ICRU推薦始終報(bào)告總吸收劑量,劑量分布,劑量率,分次大小,以方便計(jì)算等效劑量EQD2或在以后有新的放射生物學(xué)模型時(shí)進(jìn)行重新計(jì)算。舉例說明,在非小細(xì)胞肺癌立體定向放射治療中,處方劑量為54Gy/3f,假設(shè)分次間可以完全再氧合和亞致死損傷的完全修復(fù),計(jì)算BED和EQD2(假設(shè)a/b值為10Gy)。BED=EQD因此,采用LQ模型的簡單計(jì)算發(fā)現(xiàn),54Gy分3次治療給予肺腫瘤的劑量與126Gy分63次(假設(shè)a/b值為10Gy)照射具有等效性。對于前列腺癌,給予36.25Gy,分5次照射(單次劑量7.25Gy),同樣假設(shè)分次間可以完全再氧合和亞致死性損傷得到完全修復(fù),計(jì)算EQD2(假設(shè)前列腺腫瘤的a/b值為1.5Gy)。BED=DEQD因此,對于前列腺癌(假設(shè)a/b值為1.5Gy),36.25Gy分5次治療給予肺腫瘤的劑量與90.63Gy分45次照射具有等效性。三、劑量率效應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)表明劑量率對生物學(xué)終點(diǎn)和臨床結(jié)果有影響。在劑量率<12Gy/h范圍內(nèi),隨著劑量率的降低,照射過程中生物損傷的修復(fù)增加,見圖1。反過來說,由于累積的不可修復(fù)損傷的增加,對于給定的放射生物學(xué)效應(yīng)(37%細(xì)胞存活率)隨著劑量率的增加所需要的劑量反而減小,見圖2。在極低劑量率下,<10-3Gy/h,在照射過程中可能發(fā)生再群體化,進(jìn)一步降低輻射效應(yīng)。劑量率效應(yīng)可以用DNA損傷的修復(fù)來解釋:即劑量率高的情況下,潛在致死損傷或亞致死損傷得不到有效修復(fù),因此相同劑量的生物效應(yīng)高;而劑量率低的情況下,潛在致死損傷和亞致死損傷可以得到部分修復(fù),劑量率越低,其修復(fù)概率越高,從而相同劑量的生物效應(yīng)低。對此,Paterson提出根據(jù)總治療時(shí)間來校正總劑量,并在1952年發(fā)表了校正曲線:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的7天完成60Gy的LDR照射(劑量率為0.36Gy/h),如果治療在3天內(nèi)完成,則總劑量必須降低到46Gy;相反,如果9天完成治療,則總劑量應(yīng)增加至62GyADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>R</Author><Year>1952</Year><RecNum>3485</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3485</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3485</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>PATERSONR</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Studiesinoptimumdosage</title><secondary-title>TheBritishjournalofradiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheBritishJournalofRadiology</full-title></periodical><pages>505-16</pages><volume>25</volume><number>298</number><dates><year>1952</year></dates><accession-num>12978265</accession-num><label>1.939</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1259/0007-1285-25-298-505</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"R,1952#3485"19]。該校正曲線雖然在上世紀(jì)70~80年代受到質(zhì)疑,但也有很多報(bào)道支持劑量率對治療結(jié)果有顯著影響這一論斷。Lambin等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>P</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>3486</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3486</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3486</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LambinP</author><author>GerbauletA</author><author>KramarA</author><author>ScallietP</author><author>Haie-MederC</author><author>MalaiseEP</author><author>ChassagneD</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PhaseIIItrialcomparingtwolowdoseratesinbrachytherapyofcervixcarcinoma:reportattwoyears</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IntJRadiatOncolBiolPhys</full-title><abbr-1>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</abbr-1></periodical><pages>405-12</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><accession-num>8436517</accession-num><label>6.203</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/0360-3016(93)90060-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"P,1993#3486"20]通過對實(shí)施LDR照射(總劑量為60Gy)的宮頸癌患者隨機(jī)分組研究,兩組劑量率分別為0.38Gy/h和0.73Gy/h,0.73Gy/h組的二級以上毒性的概率顯著高于0.38Gy/h組,P<0.001。這種低劑量率照射的劑量率效應(yīng)同樣也作用于腫瘤的局部控制率。Mazeron等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>JJ</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>3488</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3488</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3488</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MazeronJJ</author><author>SimonJM</author><author>CrookJ</author><author>CalitchiE</author><author>OtmezguineY</author><author>LeBourgeoisJP</author><author>PierquinB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Influenceofdoserateonlocalcontrolofbreastcarcinomatreatedbyexternalbeamirradiationplusiridium192implant</title><secondary-title>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IntJRadiatOncolBiolPhys</full-title><abbr-1>Internationaljournalofradiationoncology,biology,physics</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1173-7</pages><volume>21</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>1991</year></dates><accession-num>1938515</accession-num><label>6.203</label><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/0360-3016(91)90273-7</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"JJ,1991#3488"21]報(bào)道了乳腺癌EBRT45Gy后推量37Gy的LDR照射中,Kaplan-Meier分析顯示:對于15年局部控制率,劑量率為0.6~0.9Gyh-1組為84%,0.5~0.59Gy/h組為72%,0.32~0.49Gy/h組為60%,均有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,P<0.02。上世紀(jì)80年代發(fā)表的等效劑量響應(yīng)曲線也表明了劑量率效應(yīng):在0.6Gy/h劑量率下照射60Gy物理劑量與在6Gy/h劑量率下照射30Gy物理劑量具有相同生物效應(yīng)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>HD</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>3489</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3489</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5xaxvzdamd5eruep20txaaf9wa5zd2z9x20d">3489</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><

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