經(jīng)典：Part-II-The-Anglo-Norman-Period-(盎格魯-諾曼時期)課件

PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriodI.TheNormanConquestII.TheLiteratureofAnglo-NormanPeriod1I.TheNormanConquest

1.TheDanishInvasion2.TheNormanConquest3.TheInfluenceoftheNormanConquestontheEnglishLanguage21.TheDanishInvasion1).about787DanishVikings(海盜)plunderingfirst,thenpermanentsettlements(849—901)KingAlfredtheGreat(1)educationandliterature(2)fromLatinintoEnglishChronicle《編年史》amonumentofOldEnglishprose2).1013,Danesagain,30years’occupation3AlfredtheGreat(OldEnglish:?lfrēd,?lfr?d,"elfadvice";849–26October899),waskingoftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessexfrom871to899.AlfredisnotedforhisdefenceoftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofsouthernEnglandagainsttheVikings,becomingtheonlyEnglishkingtobegiventheepithet"theGreat".[1]AlfredwasthefirstKingoftheWestSaxonstostylehimself"KingoftheAnglo-Saxons".DetailsofhislifearedescribedinaworkbytheWelshscholarandBishop,Asser.Alfredwasalearnedmanwhoencouragededucationandimprovedhiskingdom'slegalsystemandmilitarystructure.4

AlfredtheGreat阿爾弗烈德大帝5TheKingsucceededindrivingofftheDanes.6TheKingstartedtheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.72.TheNormanConquest

TheNormans,fromNorthernFrance,DukeWilliamin1066battleinHastingsKingofEnglandrevoltssuppressed;conquestcompleted;TheNormanConquestendedtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.8NormanConquestendedtheAnglo-Saxonestablishedthefeudalismconfiscatedthelands（沒收）Anglo-Saxonlords(貴族)agreatsurveyThe“DomesdayBook”地籍簿bestowed(贈送給)WilliamIpushedEnglandintothefeudalsociety93.TheInfluenceoftheNormanConqueston

theEnglishLanguage

Frenchnobles,lordsEnglishsubject(臣民)scholars,clergymanromancesNowrittenchronicles,religiouspoemsliteraturelanguagespeakerEnglishLatinatfirstTheAnglo-Saxons,lowposition;

English,despisedthing.FrenchwordsofWarfareandchivalry,artandluxury,scienceandlaw,begantocomeintotheEnglishlanguage.

10Bytheendofthe14thcentury,whenNormansandEnglishintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominant

speechinthecountry.ButnowitbecamesomethingdifferentfromtheoldAnglo-Saxon.11II.TheLiteratureofAnglo-Norman

Period

TheliteraturewhichtheybroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure,inmarkedcontrastwiththestrengthandsomberness

ofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.DuringthefollowingcenturiesAnglo-SaxonspeechsimplifieditselfbydroppingofitsTeutonicinflections,absorbedeventuallyalargepartoftheFrenchvocabulary,andbecametheEnglishlanguage.EnglishliteratureisalsoacombinationofFrenchandSaxonelements.12Romance

Theliteraturefortheupperclass.TheprevailingformofliteratureinthefeudalEnglandwastheRomance.

Romance:Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.(term)13Itsessentialfeaturesare:1.

Itlacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.2.

Itcontainsperilousadventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.3.

Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.4.

Thecentralcharacterisaknightofnoblefamilydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,offightingforhislordinbattle.HeisdevotedtotheChurchandtheking.(theknightcode)SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisconsideredtheculminationofRomance.

14Thevalueofromance:Itscarefulinterweavingofoneepisodewithanother,thevarioussuspenseandsurpriseasthestoryunfoldsitself,thepsychologicalanalysisofthecharacterSirGawainhaspavedthewayforthenovelwriting.Languagestyle:simpleandverystraightforward.Butnevertheless,thestorycouldnotbedevoidofdefects,forexample:sometimesthereadercansensethesuperstitionandsupernaturalelements.

15Duringthisperiod,especiallyinthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury,thefourgreatworksare:SirGawainandtheGreenKnight,ThePearl,PiersthePlowman,andChaucer’sCanterburyTales.16Popularliteraturealsodrewonthemesofromance,butwithironic,satiricorburlesqueintent.Romancesreworkedlegends,fairytales,andhistorytosuittastes,butbyc.1600theywereoutoffashionandMigueldeCervantesfamouslysatirisedtheminhisnovelDonQuixote.1718Knight:originallymeantnomorethanahouseholdservant,livinginthelordshallandtoservehiminwar,andwhennecessarytofightfortheking.Later,thegreatbaronsgivelandstoknightsonconditionthattheyshouldbereadytofightwhencalledupon.Thus,thefeudalsystemofhierarchywasformed.

Knightswereatthelowestlevelofthenobility(upperclass);andliteratureaboutknightscalledchivalricliterature.Thesystemcalledchivalry.19Classes

Thegreatmajorityoftheromancesfallintogroupsorcycles,as

a.

the“mattersofBritain”(adventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable)

b.

the“mattersofFrance”,talescenteringaboutCharlemagneandhispeers

c.

the“mattersofGreeceandRome”,anendlessseriesoffabuloustalesaboutAlexander,andaboutthefallofTroy20(2)TheClassNatureoftheRomance

Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.Theromanceshadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.Theywerecomposedforthenoble,ofthenoble,andinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenoble.

21(3)Arthurianromances

ThereweremanycyclesofArthurianromances,chiefofwhicharethoseof

SirGawainandGreenKnight.

22ExplanationofSirGawainandGreenKnight.

ThestoryofGawaincontainsfoursections,2530lines,derivedfromCelticlegend.Itiswritteninanelaboratestanzacombiningmeterandalliteration.Attheendofeachstanza,thereisarimedrefrain.23RHYME(fromOldFrench,rimemeaning"series,"inturnadoptedfromLatinrithmusandGreekrhythmos):Alsospelledrime,rhymeisamatchingsimilarityofsoundsintwoormorewords,especiallywhentheiraccentedvowelsandallsucceedingconsonantsareidentical.Forinstance,theword-pairslistedhereareallrhymes:skating/dating,emotion/demotion,fascinate/deracinate,andplain/stain.METER:Arecognizablethoughvaryingpatternofstressedsyllablesalternatingwithsyllablesoflessstress.Compositionswritteninmeteraresaidtobeinverse.Therearemanypossiblepatternsofverse.Eachunitofstressandunstressedsyllablesiscalleda"foot."GENRE:Atypeorcategoryofliteratureorfilmmarkedbycertainsharedfeaturesorconventions.Thethreebroadestcategoriesofgenreincludepoetry,drama,andfiction.Thesegeneralgenresareoftensubdividedintomorespecificgenresandsubgenres.Forinstance,preciseexamplesofgenresmightincludemurdermysteries,westerns,sonnets,lyricpoetry,epics,tragedies,etc.24STANZA:Anarrangementoflinesofverseinapatternusuallyrepeatedthroughoutthepoem.Typically,eachstanzahasafixednumberofversesorlines,aprevailingmeter,andaconsistentrhymescheme.Astanzamaybeasubdivisionofapoem,oritmayconstitutetheentirepoem.EarlyEnglishtermsforastanzawere"batch,""stave,"and"fit."REFRAIN:Alineorsetoflinesattheendofastanzaorsectionofalongerpoemorsong--theselinesrepeatatregularintervalsinotherstanzasorsectionsofthesamework.Sometimestherepetitioninvolvesminorchangesinwording.25THEME:Acentralideaorstatementthatunifiesandcontrolsanentireliterarywork.Thethemecantaketheformofabriefandmeaningfulinsightoracomprehensivevisionoflife;itmaybeasingleideasuchas"progress"(inmanyVictorianworks),"orderandduty"(inmanyearlyRomanworks),"seize-the-day"(inmanylateRomanworks),or"jealousy"(inShakespeare'sOthello).Thethememayalsobeamorecomplicateddoctrine,suchasMilton'sthemeinParadiseLost,"tojustifythewaysofGodtomen,"or"SocialismistheonlysanereactiontothelaborabusesinChicagomeat-packingplants"(UptonSinclair'sTheJungle).Athemeistheauthor'swayofcommunicatingandsharingideas,perceptions,andfeelingswithreaders,anditmaybedirectlystatedinthebook,oritmayonlybeimplied.MOTIF:Aconspicuousrecurringelement,suchasatypeofincident,adevice,areference,orverbalformula,whichappearsfrequentlyinworksofliterature.Forinstance,the"loathlylady"whoturnsouttobeabeautifulprincessisacommonmotifinfolklore,andthemanfatallybewitchedbyafairyladyisacommonfolkloricmotifappearinginKeats‘works.26GuidingQuestions

WhatdoGawain'sadventuresrevealaboutknightlyvirtues?Whatarethethemesofthestory?Whatisthesignificanceofthecolorgreen?27FiveKnightlyVirtues(a)free-giving(orgenerosity)(b)friendliness(orbrotherhood)(c)chastity(orpurity)(d)chivalry(orcourtesy)(e)piety(orcompassion)28themesTemptationandtestingHuntingandseductionNatureandchivalryGames29Thethemeofthestory:

Thestoryseemstoshowthetestingoffaith,courageandpurity,andtheprovingofhumanweaknessforself-preservation.Thetwomotifsprovidethepoemwithunmistakabletraitsofchivalricromances,plussomestrongChristiancoloring.30SignificanceofthecolorGreenGiventhevariedandevencontradictoryinterpretationsofthecolourgreen,itsprecisemeaninginthepoemremainsambiguous.InEnglishfolkloreandliterature,greenwastraditionallyusedtosymbolizesnatureanditsassociatedattributes:fertilityandrebirth.Storiesofthemedievalperiodalsousedittoalludetoloveandthebasedesiresofman.[29][30]BecauseofitsconnectionwithfaeriesandspiritsinearlyEnglishfolklore,greenalsosignifiedwitchcraft,devilryandevil.Itcanalsorepresentdecayandtoxicity.[31]Whencombinedwithgold,aswiththeGreenKnightandthegirdle,greenwasoftenseenasrepresentingyouth'spassing.[32]InCelticmythology,greenwasassociatedwithmisfortuneanddeath,andthereforeavoidedinclothing.[33]Thegreengirdle,originallywornforprotection,becameasymbolofshameandcowardice;itisfinallyadoptedasasymbolofhonourbytheknightsofCamelot,signifyingatransformationfromgoodtoevilandbackagain;thisdisplaysboththespoilingandregenerativeconnotationsofthecolourgreen.[33]312)TheBallad

Literatureforthelowerclass.Aballad

isastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.(term)Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind,asthestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueltyofjealousy,thecriticismofthecivilwar,andthemattersofclassstruggle.OfparamountimportancearetheballadsofRobinHood.

32

3)WilliamLangland

PiersthePlowman(1)Itisalongpoemofover7,000lines.Thepoemsetforthaseriesofwonderfuldreams,throughwhichwecanseeapictureoffeudalEngland.Itopenswithadescriptionoftheauthor’svisionarywanderingintheMalvernHills,wherehefellasleep,dreaming

ofafairfieldfullofpeople.Somewereindustriouslyemployedinploughingandsowing,onlytheidlersmightwastethefruitsoftheirlabor.33Langland'sPiersPlowmanisoneofthestrangestandoneofthegreatestpoemsoftheMiddleAges.Asspiritualallegoryandsocialsatire,itisnotcomparablewithanyotherpoem.Itschainofdreamvisionsrelatesnotonlytothepracticalproblemsofmedievallife,butalsotothewholegamutofChristianattitudestowardsGod.Langlandissometimesplainandforthright,sometimesclumsyandobscure,buttheselimitationsareutterlyoutweighedbyhisgiftsforbothcomedyandlyricismandbymomentsofrealsublimity.

34P.1:Inasomerseson,whan